Thiruvalluvar University is a public state University in the city of Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India . It was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu, under the Thiruvalluvar University Act, 2002 (Tamil Nadu Act 32 of 2002). The University was named after the Tamil poet and sage Thiruvalluvar. It is enshrined with the motto "கண்ணுடைய ரென்பவர் கற்றோர்".It began functioning as the 'Post Graduate Extension Centre of University of Madras', at the Fort Campus, Vellore. After bifurcation from the University of Madras, Thiruvalluvar University moved to a new campus at Serkadu, Vellore. The University affiliates Arts and Science colleges under the area comprising the districts of Ranipet, Tirupattur, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore .
An efficient proton transporting poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan/polybenzoxazine (PVA/CS/PBZ) composite membrane embedded with SnO2 nanoparticles was successfully synthesized via the sol-gel method, with cross-linking of PVA using dialdehyde, and thin film formation achieved through the doctor blade technique. This study focused on enhancing proton conductivity in nanocomposite membranes for proton exchange membrane cells (PEMCs) by incorporatingSnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) into the PVA/CS/PBZ matrix. The ion exchange capacity(IEC) ofthe base polymer with dialdehyde-modified PVA reached 0.25 mmol/g, while the addition of SnO₂ NPs at 2
Hydrogels are three-dimensional hydrophilic polymer networks that can absorb and hold immense amounts of either water or biological fluids. The distinct structure of hydrogels facilitates solute diffusion into the internal network, and it has an abundance of ionic and non-ionic functional components that can absorb or retain ionic dyes from sewage. The key objective of this research is to develop an assortment of pH-responsive biodegradable hydrogels combining citric acid, 1, 6 hexanediol and 2 Furoic acid. The two-step melt condensation approach in a solvent less condition forms the basis of the synthetic methodology. The hydrogels have been investigated by FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, SEM and TGA analysis respectively. Swelling investigations of hydrogel were carried out at an array of pH values from 2.0 to 11.0. The results of swelling studies demonstrate that the proportion of swelling is relatively larger at higher pH than at lower pH levels. The biodegradability of the hydrogel was investigated through a soil burial test over a 60-day duration. The agar well diffusion method was implemented to evaluate the antibacterial activity against two pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. They demonstrated effective antibacterial properties against gram-positive bacteria. Malachite green oxalate has been selected as a cationic dye model. The dye adsorption experiments showed that bio-polymeric hydrogels based on hexanediol had very good dye removal ability. This specific type of hydrogel may be recommended for environmentally advantageous applications, including water purification, sewage water treatment, dye and metal ion removal.
Graph products have remained a vital area of exploration in graph theory, offering deep structural insights into complex networks. Among these, the corona product has emerged as a particularly versatile operation, especially when analyzed through the lens of subdivision graphs, which effectively capture structural modifications resulting from edge transformations. In this study, we focus on the generalized vertex neighborhood corona of total graphs with a diameter of at most 3. We establish tight bounds for the Wiener index of such graphs and provide a closed-form expression for the corresponding hyper-Wiener index. These distance-based topological indices play a crucial role in various applications, including network reliability assessment, epidemic spread modeling, molecular graph structural analysis, and spectral studies of graphs. The results presented contribute to a broader understanding of graph invariants under advanced graph operations and underscore their relevance across multiple scientific and engineering disciplines.
Sperata aorides (Jerdon, 1849) is a commercially important freshwater catfish endemic to the Cauvery River basin, including its tributary, the Bhavani River. The present study report a range extension of the species to the Bharathappuzha River in Kerala, documenting its previously unrecorded distribution based on morphometric and molecular evidence. Specimens for the study were collected from different river systems in the Western Ghats, including the type locality at Erode, Tamil Nadu. Morphometric comparisons revealed minor variations between populations in head proportions, particularly in interorbital distance (19.5-24.5% vs 15.8-22.1% in HL) and eye diameter (12.0-17.3% vs 8.8-17.9% in HL). identity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. aorides forms a distinct clade, with low intraspecific genetic divergence (0.19%) between Cauvery and Bharathappuzha populations and higher divergence (4.61-9.85%) from congeners. These findings confirm the taxonomic validity of S. aorides and extend its known distribution to the Bharathappuzha River in the southern Western Ghats.
This study explores the issue of synchronizing fractional-order complex-valued bidirectional associative memory neural networks with time-varying delays, employing an event-triggered control (ETC) strategy. Unlike existing approaches that rely on decomposition methods, this study employs a Lyapunov direct approach to derive sufficient conditions for synchronization. The proposed ETC mechanism significantly reduces communication and energy consumption by updating control signals only at event-triggered instants determined by a rigorously defined triggering condition. Using fractional Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals and Razumikhin-type stability criteria, the paper guarantees global Mittag-Leffler synchronization despite the presence of fractional-order dynamics and time delays. Furthermore, the proposed ETC scheme ensures practical implementation by excluding Zeno behavior through strictly positive inter-event intervals. The effectiveness of the theoretical results is demonstrated through numerical simulations, and their practical relevance is highlighted by applying the proposed synchronization strategy to secure image encryption.
