Introducción: La automedicación constituye un problema de salud pública y presenta una elevada prevalencia entre los estudiantes universitarios. Objetivos: Identificar factores sociodemográficos asociados a la frecuencia de automedicación en estudiantes universitarios de Lima. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico y transversal realizado entre octubre y diciembre de 2023 en 232 estudiantes seleccionados por conveniencia. La frecuencia de automedicación fue evaluada mediante un cuestionario validado de 12 ítems y clasificada en tres categorías: nunca, a veces y siempre. Los factores sociodemográficos incluyeron sexo, grupo de edad, año de estudio, estado civil, lugar de procedencia, zona de residencia, tener hijos y ocupación. El análisis bivariado se realizó con la prueba ji cuadrado y el análisis multivariable mediante un modelo logit estimando odds ratio (OR) con intervalos de confianza del 95 %. Se consideró significativo un valor de p< 0,05. Resultados: El 69,40 % de los participantes reportó automedicarse, siendo “a veces” la categoría más frecuente (60,78 %). El análisis multivariable identificó como factores protectores ser estudiante del tercer año (OR= 0,037) y dedicarse solo a estudiar (OR= 0,154). El sexo femenino (OR= 46,758) y residir en zona rural (OR= 5,713) se asociaron a un mayor riesgo de automedicación. No se hallaron asociaciones significativas con la edad, estado civil, lugar de procedencia o tener hijos (p> 0,05). Conclusiones: La automedicación presenta una alta prevalencia, en concordancia con lo reportado en otras poblaciones universitarias y evidencia asociación estadística con el año de estudio, la ocupación, el sexo y la zona de residencia.
The relationship between food consumption and eating disorders (ED) is pivotal, given that eating disorders are characterized by abnormal eating habits which can result in significant health issues. However, research on this topic in non-western, economically underdeveloped countries is limited, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean. To gather and examine the available evidence on food consumption and eating patterns in people diagnosed with eating disorders (ED), in studies conducted in Latin American and Caribbean countries, with particular interest in identifying food consumption assessment tools used in this population. The scoping review was carried out in three bibliographic databases: Medline (PubMed), Cochrane Library, and LILACS, with no restrictions, up to November 2025. PRISMA guidelines were used for reporting this review. Four studies were identified that met the eligibility criteria, all conducted in Brazil. The studies included adults diagnosed with binge eating disorder (BED) or bulimia nervosa (BN). No participants with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) were included in these studies. High energy variability was observed in the diets; when considering only binge eating episodes, the highest intake was found in participants diagnosed with BED. Among the most common macronutrients consumed are carbohydrates, lipids, and finally, proteins; there is no greater variation when considering only binge eating episodes. Micronutrient intake is below the RDI levels, with deficiencies of vitamin E, folic acid, magnesium, and iron. Among the most frequently consumed foods are highly palatable foods, as well as beef, rice, and beans. The most common methods for assessing food consumption were food diary, food frecuency, and 24-hour recall, among others. Common foods in Brasil, such as rice and beans were frequently consumed in the studies selected. Consumption in patients with BN varies, ranging from 19,257 to 158 kcal/day. More studies are needed to validate and culturally adapt food consumption and eating patterns assessment tools in this population. Few studies have been published that address food consumption and Eating Disorders in Latin America and the Caribbean with the use of instruments that approximate actual food consumption in this population. The four selected studies belong to Brazil and have a 20-year difference between the first one and the other two more recent ones. The studies addressed BED and BN as diagnosis. The summary findings show a high variability in the diets in terms of calories. Important micronutrients, such as iron, magnesium and folic acid, are below recommended intakes. Beef, rice, and beans were the most consumed foods. Further research should be conducted on the foods most commonly consumed by these patients in other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to improve the recommendations.
BACKGROUND:Numerous review typologies currently exist in the scientific literature. Inconsistent terminology, overlapping objectives, and variable methodological structures may complicate the selection process for researchers. Existing evidence hierarchies primarily address primary studies and often do not account for the methodological characteristics of review typologies. AIMS:To develop a standardized, expert-validated taxonomy for review typologies and construct an evidence hierarchy ranking them by inherent methodological rigor and evidence certainty. METHODS:A multi-methods design was used. A systematic review of six databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, ProQuest, Cochrane Library) and grey literature identified 70 distinct review typologies. These were refined via a three-round Delphi process by 67 international experts from 30 countries. The process achieved strong consensus (Kendall's W = 0.90). Each typology was appraised using adapted GRADE and ROBIS tools applied to methodological procedures, not individual reviews. A pre-specified composite scoring algorithm (Faulkner et al., 2022; Lee, 2019; Haidich, 2010; Grant and Booth, 2009; Lachal et al., 2017; Botes, 2002; Hellman, 2024; Bartolucci and Hillegass, 2010; Moons et al., 2021 [2-10]) integrating GRADE certainty and ROBIS risk-of-bias judgments determined placement within a three-tier hierarchy. RESULTS:The systematic literature review yielded 3462 records, identifying 70 distinct review typologies. Following expert consolidation, 13 functionally distinct typologies emerged, classified into a three-tier evidence hierarchy. Tier 1 (high-certainty) included meta-analyses and review overviews; Tier 2 (moderate-certainty) included systematic, scoping, rapid, and RE-AIM reviews; Tier 3 (low-certainty) included narrative, realist, integrative, and mapping reviews. This hierarchical ranking reflects a methodological rigor gradient, with scores rising from exploratory, flexible typologies to rigorous, protocol-driven methods. CONCLUSION:This study proposes a taxonomy of review typologies organized within a three-tier hierarchy. By linking expert-derived typology definitions with standardized methodological rigor assessments, the framework enhances clarity, comparability, and transparency across evidence synthesis. It provides a practical foundation for selecting appropriate typologies and supports consistent, reliable evidence-based decision-making across research, clinical practice, and policy. Future research should prioritize empirically validating this framework across diverse disciplinary contexts and developing automated tools supporting its implementation. IMPLICATION FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE:This validated three-tier taxonomy equips clinicians to rapidly appraise synthesis rigor, anchoring evidence-based practice to the most methodologically robust literature.
Purpose:This in vitro study evaluated the effect of cigarette smoke from three tobacco types on the color stability and surface roughness of a nanohybrid resin composite. Material and Methods:Sixty standardized Filtek Z350 XT nanohybrid resin composite discs were prepared and randomly allocated into three groups (n = 20) according to cigarette type: flavored tobacco, blond tobacco, and filterless tobacco. Baseline color and surface roughness measurements were obtained before smoke exposure. Color was assessed using the CIE L*a*b* system, and overall color change (ΔE) was calculated after the experimental period. Surface roughness was measured as arithmetic mean roughness (Ra, μm). The specimens were exposed to cigarette smoke using a custom-built smoking device under standardized conditions for 30 consecutive days, followed by final color and roughness measurements. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results:All groups exhibited color alteration after smoke exposure. Mean ΔE values were 10.09 ± 1.78 for flavored tobacco, 13.19 ± 1.97 for blond tobacco, and 16.57 ± 3.74 for filterless tobacco, with significant intergroup differences (p < 0.001). The filterless tobacco group showed the greatest chromatic alteration. Surface roughness increased significantly within all groups after smoke exposure (all p < 0.001). Mean ΔRa values were 0.116 ± 0.039 μm, 0.139 ± 0.049 μm, and 0.148 ± 0.054 μm for flavored, blond, and filterless tobacco, respectively; however, intergroup differences in ΔRa were not statistically significant (p = 0.100). Conclusion:Cigarette smoke adversely affected both the color stability and surface roughness of the tested nanohybrid resin composite. Filterless tobacco produced the greatest color alteration, whereas all tobacco types significantly increased surface roughness without significant intergroup differences in ΔRa. Under the present experimental conditions, color change was more discriminative than surface roughness for detecting differences among cigarette types.
The maxillary sinus exhibits sexual variation that is useful for forensic identification. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables precise quantification of linear and volumetric dimensions; however, evidence regarding the most discriminative parameter remains heterogeneous. This study aimed to determine whether CBCT-derived morphometry of the maxillary sinuses discriminates biological sex in adults and to quantify classification performance. We conducted a retrospective observational study and randomly selected 108 CBCT scans from 150 eligible records (age 20-70 years, permanent dentition). Height, width, length, and volume were measured bilaterally from standardized multiplanar reconstructions; normality was assessed and sexes were compared using Student's t test. Males showed larger sinus volumes than females (right: 17.41 ± 1.61 vs 15.38 ± 1.79 cm³; left: 17.46 ± 1.37 vs 15.86 ± 2.02 cm³; p <0.001). In side-specific univariate linear discriminant analysis with 10-fold cross-validation, width was the best single predictor: right width AUC = 0.80 (95% CI: 0.72-0.88) and accuracy = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.63-0.79); left width AUC = 0.74 (0.64-0.83) and accuracy = 0.68 (0.59-0.76). In multivariable models using width + age, linear discriminant analysis achieved AUC = 0.771 (95% CI: 0.676-0.858) and accuracy = 0.722 (95% CI: 0.631-0.798), with sensitivity = 0.729 (95% CI: 0.590-0.834) and specificity = 0.717 (95% CI: 0.592-0.815); logistic regression performed similarly (AUC = 0.771; accuracy = 0.713). Conclusions: CBCT-based morphometry of the maxillary sinus discriminates sex with moderate performance; width is the most informative single metric in this cohort. For forensic application, population-specific external validation and multivariable models integrating shape and volume descriptors are recommended.
