This study investigates visitor preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for adaptive Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes in Komodo National Park (KNP), Indonesia. Using a choice experiment framework, five adaptive capacity dimensions (assets, flexibility, organization, learning, and agency) were evaluated through Random Parameters Logit (RPL) and Latent Class Models (LCM). Three adaptive funding scenarios were developed to capture visitor trade-offs: (1) eco-friendly and sustainable practices, (2) improved governance and education, and (3) adaptive conservation interventions. Results indicate that visitors assign significant monetary value to initiatives promoting environmental protection, community participation, and transparent park management. The estimated WTP values suggest that moderate conservation fees between IDR 250,000 and IDR 600,000 per visit would maintain high participation and financial sustainability, whereas the officially proposed IDR 3.75 million fee would likely reduce visitation and local income. The findings underscore the importance of designing realistic, transparent, and socially inclusive funding mechanisms that link conservation financing with adaptive ecosystem management and community benefits.
The development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed the process of intellectual creation and raised issues regarding authorship and copyright ownership. However, Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright is still based on the human authorship paradigm and therefore does not provide legal certainty for works produced with the help of AI. This study aims to analyze the adequacy of legal protection for AI works, identify weaknesses in the concept of creator in Indonesian copyright law, and formulate a Human-Centered Copyright Ownership model. The study uses a normative legal method with a statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case approach through an analysis of laws and regulations, international instruments, court decisions, doctrines, and scientific literature. The results of the study indicate that Indonesian copyright law still experiences a normative vacuum regarding the ownership of AI works and therefore is unable to provide legal certainty. As a novelty, this study offers a Human-Centered Copyright Ownership model that positions AI as a creative tool, while copyright ownership is determined based on substantial human creative contribution. This model provides more objective normative parameters for determining creators and copyright holders and serves as a basis for reforming the Copyright Law to achieve a balance between protecting human creativity, legal certainty, and technological innovation.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan pembelajaran berbasis teks bagi pemelajar Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing (BIPA) di Manila, Filipina. Desain penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode studi kasus. Sumber data pada penelitian ini berupa peristiwa, sedangkan data berupa hasil observasi pembelajaran menulis teks deskripsi pada pemelajar BIPA tingkat A1. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik rekam dan catat dengan objek penelitian yakni seorang pengajar BIPA di Manila, Filipina. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa pembelajaran berbasis teks pada keterampilan menulis deskripsi tentang keluarga terdiri atas beberapa tahapan. Tahapan tersebut adalah 1) pembangunan konteks melalui penyampaian refleksi, tujuan pembelajaran, dan materi ajar; 2) pemodelan teks melalui bagan sebagai acuan; 3) pembuatan teks secara bersama-sama melalui kalimat pembangun paragraf; dan 4) pembuatan teks secara mandiri. Pembelajaran berbasis teks merupakan pembelajaran dengan pola yang berpusat pada teks dan model pemebelajaran ini dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan menulis pemelajar. Materi ajar dan kreativitas guru berperan dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran berbasis teks bagi pemelajar BIPA. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran berbasis teks dalam keterampilan menulis deskripsi bagi pemelajar BIPA di Filipina dapat diterapkan untuk melatih dan mengembangkan kemampuan menulis mereka.
This study examines Christian parents’ perceptions of children’s faith formation within the family as an expression of Christian faith praxis in the context of the Protestant Church of Maluku. The study is grounded in the theological understanding that the family serves as a primary space for nurturing faith across generations within the life of the church. This research employs a qualitative approach using descriptive-analytical methods through interviews and document analysis involving church families. Data were analyzed thematically within the framework of practical theology and family theology. The findings indicate that parents perceive children’s faith formation as a spiritual responsibility closely related to life example, family worship practices, and the internalization of Christian values in daily life. However, contextual dynamics influence these practices, including social change, digital challenges, and limited theological understanding among families. This study contributes to the development of practical theology discourse, particularly in the areas of family theology and intergenerational faith formation within the context of local churches in Indonesia. Theologically, this study reaffirms the importance of the family as an essential space of faith praxis in sustaining church life and shaping the spirituality of younger generations.
Introduction: This paper analyzes the strategic role of legal structure in addressing crime as a social phenomenon that threatens public order and legal stability. Legal structure comprises legal norms and law enforcement institutions, including the police, prosecutors, courts, and correctional facilities, which collectively support crime prevention, law enforcement, and offender rehabilitation.Purposes of the Research: The research aims to examine the functions of legal structure in preventing, suppressing, and rehabilitating criminal conduct, as well as to identify institutional and societal challenges affecting the effectiveness of crime control.Methods of the Research: This study applies a normative juridical approach, using statutory and conceptual analysis to assess criminal law policies and the performance of the criminal justice system in crime prevention and control.Findings of the Research: The findings reveal that legal structure operates through three key stages: legislative formulation grounded in legality, proportionality, and humanism; judicial application requiring institutional coordination within the criminal justice system; and administrative execution focused on offender rehabilitation and reintegration. The study identifies internal obstacles such as corruption, limited institutional capacity, regulatory complexity, and bureaucratic inefficiency, alongside external challenges including low public legal awareness, unequal access to justice, and rapid technological change. The research proposes reforms to strengthen institutional integrity, enhance legal capacity and infrastructure, harmonize regulations, expand legal education and free legal aid, and promote restorative justice involving community participation. The originality of this study lies in its integrated, stage-based analysis of legal structure and its emphasis on institutional synergy and public engagement as essential elements for sustainable crime prevention and substantive justice.
