Universiti Teknologi MARA (literally MARA University of Technology, abbreviated as UiTM) is a public university based primarily in Shah Alam. It was established to help rural Malays in 1956 as the RIDA (Rural & Industrial Development Authority) Training Centre (Malay: Dewan Latihan RIDA), and opened with around 50 students. It has since grown into the largest institution of higher education in Malaysia as measured by physical infrastructure, faculty and staff, and student enrollment.[citation needed]The university comprises one main campus and 34 satellite campuses. It offers over 500 programmes taught in English that range from undergraduate to the postgraduate level. The school is home to some 170,514 full-time and part-time bumiputera and international students. Postgraduate programme is open for international students and bumiputera but not for non-bumiputera.
PURPOSE:We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to explore its use as an adjunctive therapy for adult patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). METHODS:Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE databases were searched until January 2025 for English-language studies reporting pre- and post-rTMS seizure frequencies and detailed protocols in adult patients with DRE. Random-effects meta-analyses pooled standardized mean differences in weekly seizure frequency at immediate, 4-week, and 8-week follow-ups. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools, and evidence certainty was graded using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) and Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) frameworks. RESULTS:12 studies involving 150 participants were included, with seven contributing to the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis demonstrated a small but statistically significant reduction in seizure frequency at 4 and 8 weeks following rTMS (pooled SMD -.49 [95% CI -.98 to -.01, p = .46] and -.19 [95% CI -.35 to -.02, p = .91]), with insignificant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). In contrast, no statistically significant difference was observed immediately after rTMS (pooled SMD .19 [95% CI -1.69 to 1.31, p = .38]). Common adverse effects included headaches (14%-33%) and hearing problems (9%-14%). Quality of life improved significantly in two of three studies, and one study reported depression improvement in 67% of participants. Risk of bias was low in three studies, moderate in five, and high in four. CONCLUSION:rTMS use as adjunctive therapy for DRE demonstrated moderate (GRADE level 2) and low-quality (OCEBM level 3) evidence. rTMS was associated with modest reductions in seizure frequency in selected populations. However, effect sizes were small and heterogeneous. Larger, prospective, multicenter studies are needed to further evaluate its efficacy. REGISTRATION:International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (ID #CRD42024553998).
Using a sample of unlisted companies from the 2007–2020 stock market, this study validates the association between tax reduction, rate reduction, digitization, model modification, and total element productivity. The study found that (1) Tax cut and rate reduction policy greatly increases the company's total element productivity. (2) Conversion of digitization encourages high-quality development through the resource optimization effect and technological energy supply. (3) Digitization conversion had the strengthening effect on the tax cut and rate reduction policy, and the total element productivity increased by 7.75% by the synergistic effect of both. Heterogeneity analysis shows that synergistic effects of non national and high-tech industries and low competitive markets are more pronounced. According to the verification of the mechanism, the tax reduction and the rate reduction are promoting quality development through the relaxation of the loan constraint, the promotion of the innovative investment, and the expansion of the scale economy.
Students’ positive perceptions of sentence-based mathematics problem solving have been shown to support better performance and overall achievement in Mathematics. However, many students continue to struggle with sentence-based problem solving, a persistent issue in the Malaysian context where limited problem-solving skills remain a major concern. Mathematics teachers also face considerable difficulties in teaching sentence-based problems, particularly in helping students to comprehend problem contexts and apply mathematical concepts to real-life situations. Therefore, this study aims to identify the challenges encountered by Mathematics teachers when teaching sentence-based problem solving and to explore the teaching strategies they employ to support students’ learning. This study adopted a mixed-methods approach and was conducted in a secondary school in Subang Jaya, Selangor. The findings are presented across three dimensions: students’ perceptions, teachers’ challenges, and the teaching strategies used in sentence-based Mathematics problem solving. A total of 175 upper secondary students (Forms 4 and 5) were selected through stratified sampling to examine students’ perceptions. Ten Mathematics teachers from the same school participated in the investigation of teaching challenges, while four teachers were interviewed to obtain qualitative insights into instructional strategies. The results indicate that upper secondary students generally hold poor perceptions of sentence-based Mathematics problem solving. The study further reveals that the primary challenges faced by teachers stem from student-related factors, particularly students’ weak mathematical foundations and limited mastery of essential mathematical skills. Several effective strategies were identified, including the use of Polya’s problem-solving steps, problem-based learning in groups, questioning techniques, contextual learning, and structured group discussions. These findings provide valuable insights into students’ perceptions and teachers’ challenges, enabling Mathematics educators to adopt more effective instructional approaches. Nevertheless, further research involving larger samples and diverse school settings is recommended to deepen understanding and refine strategies for teaching sentence-based Mathematics problem solving.
The Bidayuh language, spoken by Sarawak's second-largest indigenous community, is critically endangered due to urbanization creating a generational language gap. This paper presents the Bidayuh Translator Engine (BiTE), a mobile application designed to tackle this decline through digital revitalization. BiTE integrates a robust technical stack featuring Firebase, Google's ML Kit for on-device translation, and the Cloud Translation API for online functionality. The system provides a comprehensive suite of features, including bidirectional multilingual translation, an audio-visual dictionary narrated by native speakers, interactive learning modules, and gamified vocabulary exercises. The application's efficacy was validated through a multi-method evaluation. A community survey ($n=35$) established a strong precedent for mobile learning, with 80 % of respondents endorsing such tools. Furthermore, BiTE underwent rigorous dual expert assessment for linguistic and cultural authenticity by a native Bidayuh community leader and for technical usability by academic experts. The technical evaluation resulted in a 100 % pass rate across all core functionalities. The results demonstrate that BiTE successfully bridges communication divides, facilitates cultural transmission, and provides an engaging pedagogical resource. This study suggests that ethically constructed, community-informed technology provides a realistic foundation for preventing language extinction. BiTE serves as a scalable and exportable model for global indigenous language preservation initiatives, effectively transforming an ancestral tongue into a dynamic digital experience for future generations.
This article explores how armed conflicts recently starts in the Middle East can cause serious environmental damage and require the examination on the role of international law in addressing these impacts. Despite the existence of legal principles and treaties aimed at protecting the environment during war, environmental destruction continues to occur in conflict zones. This is doctrinal research. The results of research derive from literature review on available primary data and online contribution and availability of access. The objective of this article looks at the overview of the relationship between the relevancy of international law and the destruction of environment in zone of conflict recently activated by the act of USA, Isreal and other supporting States upon Iran and Palestine and it’s allied around the Middle East. At the end, the article manages to shows; The impact from the conduct of military operations causing direct and indirect environmental harm and severely weaken the protection of environment which were built by treaties as early as 1945. Furthermore, the United Nations specific organ of International Court of Justice, in its Advisory capacity has determined that the act of States of Israel defending itself under self-defense, which starts the armed conflict is illegal. Furthermore, Israel’s policies in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) according to ICJ decision in 2024, violate jus in bello. The armed conflict in the Middle East joined by US, UK and some European Union States, and that armed conflict witness by all independence States around the world, is actually based on illegal act in International Law. In the conclusion the impact of armed conflict, which the United Nation Organization, identifies to begins in 2022 causing destruction which felt worst on environment, and its degrading civilians’ life and crushed peace, safety and harmony on what is understood as modern civilizations.
