Microalgae are considered as promising cell factories for the production of various types of biofuels, including bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen by using carbon dioxide and sunlight. In spite of unique advantages of these microorganisms, the commercialization of microalgal biofuels has been hindered by poor economic features. Metabolic engineering is among the most promising strategies put forth to overcome this challenge. In this chapter, metabolic pathways involved in lipid and hydrogen production by microalgae are reviewed and discussed. Moreover, metabolic and genetic engineering approaches investigated for improving the rate of lipid (as a feedstock for biodiesel production) and biohydrogen synthesis are presented. Finally, genetic engineering tools and approaches employed for engineering microalgal metabolic pathways are elaborated. A thorough step-by-step protocol for reconstructing the metabolic pathway of various microorganisms including microalgae is also presented.
The ceria substituted zirconia with general formula CexZr(1-x)O2 where x = 0.1-0.6. are fabricated with solidstate method at 1200 degrees C for 4h using air furnace. The morphological, functional, optics, ferroelectric, M-H analysis and electrochemical effects are investigated with X-ray diffractometer, fourier infrared spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectrometry, ferroelectric, cyclic voltametric, charging/discharging analysis, electrochemical and impendence analysis respectively. The monoclinic symmetry is depicted with XRD and Rietveld refinement. The band gap decreases from 1.80 to 1.51 eV with increase of crystallite sizes which allowing electronic states to move closer together. The soft diamagnetic behavior and minor leakage current in the ferroelectric analysis points toward pseudocapacitive effect due to distorted tetrahedral sites. In electrochemical measurements using the trasatti method, the total capacitance (Ct), electric double layer capacitance (Cedl), and pseudocapacitance (Cpc) Ce0.1Zr0.9O2 at x = 0.1 are 339.254, 87.11, and 252.144 F/g, respectively. For Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 at x = 0.6 are 734.94, 87.21, and 647.83 F/g. The trasatti contribution analysis at x = 0.1 revealed the 25.58 % of the electric double layer (Cedl), while the remaining 74.32 % of the pseudocapacitive (Cpc) behavior. Meanwhile, the fabricated cell at x = 0.6 shows only 11.85 % to the Cedl, whereas 89.1 % is contributed by pseudocapacitance. The dun's relation shows the capacitive charge storage of 87.7 %, leaving the 12.3 % of the faradaic diffusion-controlled process at a scan rate of 10 mVs-1. The improved pseudocapacitive properties of these materials are crucial for developing next-generation energy storage devices like supercapacitor.
This study investigates the impact of energy aid on energy poverty from 2003 to 2022 in the case of Asian developing countries. More specifically, the contributions of energy aid in promoting the availability, accessibility, and consumption of energy are investigated in present study. This study utilized two types of energy aid—non-renewable and renewable—provided by the OECD to developing economies. Employing the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) and Driscoll-Kraay estimation techniques, empirical findings demonstrate that energy aid plays a significant role in alleviating energy poverty. Specifically, renewable energy aid positively influences primary energy consumption, access to electricity, and electric power consumption. In contrast, non-renewable energy aid significantly increases primary energy usage and has a limited impact on renewable energy consumption. Additionally, environmental vulnerability contributes to increased energy consumption, access to electricity, and energy development, largely due to increased support in areas prone to climate risks. The study recommends that policymakers prioritize the efficient utilization of energy aid in ways that foster self-reliance in the energy sector. In particular, energy aid should be directed toward energy development programs in climate-vulnerable and underserved areas to ensure the effective eradication of energy poverty in the region.
Ageing causes complications, especially with chronic diseases like cancer. Long-term care for older cancer patients causes care burden. Resilience factors are essential for coping with adversity. The current study sought to establish a relationship between spirituality and altruism as predictor variables of caregiver resilience and context of care as a moderating variable. The study was conducted using quantitative research design. Data was collected from 305 family caregivers from four hospitals using convenient sampling techniques. By using Model 1 in PROCESS Macro, the results indicated spirituality and altruism have positive and significant effects on caregiver resilience within the context of care as a moderating variable.
This research presents MgO nanostructures doped with a fixed amount (3 wt %) barium (Ba) and varying concentrations (2 and 4 wt %) of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) synthesized by a cost-effective and facile coprecipitation approach. This study approach for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and disinfection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with molecular docking along DFT study. Doping of g-C3N4 (GCN) and Ba was aimed at promoting electron transfer and enhancing the surface area of MgO thereby creating potential active sites for improved catalytic and antibacterial activity. The de-colorization analysis was conducted under various pH conditions, the 4 wt % GCN/Ba doped MgO showed the highest RhB degradation (88 %) in an acidic medium and significant bactericidal activity in opposition to S. aureus (3.05 mm inhibition zone). Molecular docking contributed to clarifying the bactericide mechanism of GCN/Ba-doped MgO by underlining their suppression of DNA gyrase in S. aureus.
