Właściwie zaprojektowany, wykonany, wbudowanyi pielęgnowany beton jest wyjątkowo trwałym materiałem budowlanym.Wówczas można stwierdzić, że taki beton stanowi samdla siebie najlepszą ochronę i gwarantuje trwałość konstrukcjiw standardowych warunkach eksploatacji i ekspozycji środowiska.W praktyce jednak konstrukcje wykonane z betonu, w tymżelbetowe, są eksploatowane w różnorodnych warunkach stądteż w zależności od środowiska są narażone na oddziaływanieróżnych czynników agresywnych. Po latach eksploatacji, zwłaszczaw przypadku obiektów zabytkowych wymagana jest naprawai właściwa ochrona. W artykule przytoczono uwarunkowanianormowe dotyczące metod napraw i doboru rozwiązań materiałowych.Całość zilustrowano przykładem aplikacji zgodnychz normami materiałów do napraw i ochrony elementów żelbetowychkonstrukcji wsporczej zabytkowego wiaduktu.
The possibilities for the integration of tensioned membrane structures and photovoltaics have been researched intensively in the past decade. This integration has huge potential and is intended to bring benefits to both of these individual systems. This paper presents a preliminary communication of the research that is intended to facilitate the PV/membrane integration. Upon reviewing the current body of knowledge in the field, it is concluded that the mechanical properties of PV are known, some integration already occurred, both of the systems are still being perfected, however, it is not clear what properties a membrane structure needs to have in order to be suitable for the PV integration. Therefore, the goal of this research is to find out the relation between some of the structural parameters and the strains of the membrane, which are already determined as critical for the photovoltaics efficiency. The methodology of the research is laid out in this paper. A numerical simulation will be conducted in order to achieve membrane strains lower than the critical. For this, a set of variable parameters are selected and altered. The results should help the designers in choosing the values of the structural parameters, with the goal of designing tensioned membrane structures suitable for the integrations with photovoltaics.
A dynamic development in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) has been observed in recent years. One of the manifestations of this trend is the integration of photovoltaic cells with tensile membrane structures, including canopies. Such solutions bring mutual benefits-the roofs provide a potentially large area for the application of photovoltaic cells while contributing to the improvement of the energy efficiency of the building. However, what is lacking is thorough research on the most favourable photovoltaic cell exposure within these roofs. This paper investigates the optimal position of photovoltaic cells in terms of energy gains related to exposure to solar radiation. Hypar geometries were simulated as the most characteristic of tensile membrane roofs and, simultaneously, the least obvious in the research context. Simulations were performed for 54 roof samples with the following geometric variables: roof height (1.0, 3.0 m) and membrane prestress (1:3, 1:1, 3:1). The research was conducted for three roof orientations defined by azimuth angles of 0, 22.5, and 45 degrees and three geographic locations, Oslo, Vienna, and Lisbon, representing Northern, Central, and Southern Europe, respectively. The Sofistik and Rhino + Ladybug software were used to create models and simulations. The study results show significant differences in the roof irradiation and, consequently, the optimal location of BIPVs depending on the above variables. Generally, it is the curvature that is the most important variable-less curved roofs are more irradiated and thus more suitable for BIPVs. Prestress and the azimuth angle are of lesser significance, but defining the optimal use of a BIPV depends on the adopted scenario regarding the percentage of membrane coverage with PVs-other recommendations concern the strategy of total or partial roof coverage with PV cells. The difference between optimally and incorrectly designed roofs may amount to a 50% electricity gain from PV cells.
The idea of the article is to examine the perception of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) by users of buildings in which BIPV has been applied. The study aims at determining the acceptance degree as well as problem areas related to the use of BIPV within façades in the aesthetic and utility context. The article includes survey research conducted among 232 employees working in six office and public buildings with BIPV in Poland. The buildings were selected so that the PV modules within their façades were visible both outside and inside the building. For this reason, two groups of buildings were chosen for the study: those with PV modules as external glazing and with an external PV shelves (three buildings each). The research results indicate differences in the perception of the aesthetic, semantic, and functional roles of BIPV depending on the aforementioned BIPV application method, the observation place (outside or inside the building), and employee characteristics, i.e., groups divided regarding such aspects as their age and time spent in the room with BIPV. The research novelty is in examining the influence of BIPV on users’ reactions in their workplace in terms of aesthetic and utility issues. The research includes post-occupancy evaluation method (POE), which is for the first time used in relation to BIPV in office and public utility buildings. The research can prove useful for investors and designers at the planning and design concept stage. The outcomes constitute a practical source of knowledge for BIPV manufacturers.
Contemporary problems related to the consequences of climate change and exposure to changing investment and implementation conditions are prompting the development of programmes adapting to climate change. Issues of adaptation and actions in relation to climate change are being discussed in the architectural, urban planning, and governmental communities. Models are being developed for shaping the functional and spatial structure, buildings and infrastructure in the city in relation to the projected climate change. Multi-criteria and interdisciplinary research is being carried out and solutions are being implemented for retaining water, minimising the heat island effect, reducing emissions and environmental impact by analysing the carbon footprint and introducing circular economy principles. The research is focused on the analysis of design and implementation conditions for multi-family housing projects in Poland, and the development of design guidelines enabling adaptation and mitigation of the negative effects of climate change, including heat island effects, smog, overheating, drought, and flooding in housing. Conclusions from the overview of the indicated documents and legal provisions for the implementation of sustainable development principles and adaptation to climate change in the investments under preparation (urban and architectural projects) enable the forecasting of development directions and ideological assumptions for shaping urbanised areas, providing the basis for shaping the resilience of the functional and spatial structure and the natural system in urban areas subject to transformation. Issues of implementing pro-environmental technologies and developing new urban planning standards disseminate the solutions of compact cities in which the development of multifunctional building complexes with public spaces equipped with greenery linked to the buildings are realised.
