The University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir is a university in the Pakistani Administered self governing region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The University of Kotli (کوٹلی یونیورسٹی) (UoK) was formerly a constituent college of the University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. It was formerly known as the University College of Administrative Sciences Kotli (UCK) and as the Faculty of Administrative Sciences Kotli (FASK). UoK is state university and the President of Azad Jammu & Kashmir State serves as the Chancellor of the University. The Vice-Chancellor is the chief executive and manages the university.For the past three decades, the University's School of Administrative Sciences Kotli has had over 3,000 graduates in the field of Business Management, Public Administration, Commerce, Computer Science and Information. The Vice-Chancellor is the chief executive and manages the university.
Predicting brake light activation in semi-autonomous vehicles (SAV's) is critical for improving road safety and optimising adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems. Despite the remarkable performance of deep learning bated object detectors such as YOLOUS er inherent opacity in decision-making processes limits transparency, interpretability, and user trust factors essential for the deployment of sufety-critical systems. This study introduces a novel, explainable framework that integrates state-of-the-art attribution-based explainability techniques, including EigenCAM, EigenGrad-CAM, LayerCAM, and HiResCAM, into the YOLOVS architecture. The proposed framework systematically analyses activation patterns within the model, generating fine-grained saliency maps that highlight the spatial regions most influential in brake light detection. Using a real-world vehicle dataset comprising diverse lighting and environmental conditions, the model is fine-tuned to predict binary brake light states (car_BrakeOn and car_BrakeOff). Comparative experiments demonstrate the ability of these CAM-based methods to provide interpretable visual explanations while maintaining detection accuracy. This study is the first to explore the integration of explainability techniques within YOLO-based brake light detection systems for semi-autonomous vehicles (SAE Levels 2 and 3), addressing a critical gap in the literature. By bridging the divide between black-box Al models and human-understandable reasoning, this research promotes transparency, accountability, and user trust in Al-driven perception systems for intelligent transportation. The findings contribute a foundational step toward the broader adoption of explainable and reliable Al in safety-critical SAV applications.
This study examines club convergence and the deqterminants of club membership for a set of 113 global economies over the period 2012–2022. Using the Phillips and Sul (2007) methodology, the study identifies convergence patterns in food security across countries, forming distinct clubs based on food security levels. In addition, applying an Ordered Logit approach, the study investigates the role of initial conditions in countries’ club formation. The findings reveal seven clubs for overall food security, six for affordability, and five each for availability, quality and safety, and sustainability and adaptation. Regarding the drivers of club formation, differences in initial conditions across countries are shown to significantly shape club membership. Specifically, GDP growth, agricultural value added, livestock production, agricultural water use, and urbanization lower the likelihood of joining the top tier food-security clubs (1 and 2) while increasing the probability of a country to become the part of mid-tier clubs (4, 5 and 6); Club 3 remains unaffected, and the effects on Club 7 are relatively weaker. This pattern aligns with the multiple-equilibria framework of club convergence, wherein heterogeneous initial conditions direct countries toward distinct basins of attraction. Therefore, strengthening the food security infrastructure of low- and middle-income countries is essential to enhance absorptive capacity and accelerate the pace of convergence.
To broaden the biological scope of Ni(II) complexes, three new homoleptic Ni(II) complexes, including bis[4-(2methoxyphen-yl)piperazine-1-carbodithioato-k 2 S,S')nickel(II) (1), bis[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioato-k 2 S,S')nickel(II) (2), and bis(4-dibenzyl- amine-1-carbodithioato-k 2 S,S')nickel(II) (3) were synthesized and characterized by elemental and spectroscopic (FTIR, UV-visible and multinuclear NMR) techniques. These techniques and the DFT-based theoretical investigation predicted a pseudo-square planar geometry, and electron density shift towards the nickel center, for 1-3. The DNA binding studies, crucial to gauge the anticancer potential of metallo-drugs, were performed using UV-visible spectroscopy, viscometry, cyclic voltammetry, and molecular docking. The anticancer potential of 1-3 was further assessed computationally by examining their interaction with cancer receptors: Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, Epidermal Growth Receptor, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. A positive correlation was noted between the anticancer activity and binding affinity of 1-3 to DNA and cancer receptors. Moreover, these complexes demonstrated considerable potential as antioxidants, antimicrobial and anticancer agents.
The promising biocompatibility of Zn(II) dithiocarbamates prompted us to synthesize three new compounds of this class: bis[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioato-k2 S,S']zinc(II) (1), bis[4-(2-hydroxyoxyphenyl) piperazine-1-carbodithioato-k2 S,S']zinc(II) (2), and bis(benzylmethyl-1-carbodithioato-k2 S,S']zinc(II) (3). To elucidate the structures of these compounds, a variety of characterization techniques were employed, namely elemental analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, and both 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the assessment of geometry and stability was carried out using DFT-based calculations. Molecular docking with CT-DNA, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR2) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) have indicated their strong and specific interactions, underpinning their potential as anticancer agents. Multiple complementary assays, including UV-visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and viscometry, have confirmed their high DNA-binding capability operating through distinct binding modes. The determination of key thermodynamic and kinetic parameters further validated their biological potential and also indicated the spontaneous nature of drug-DNA interaction. Additionally, complexes 1-3 exhibited excellent potential as antioxidant and antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) agents. In nutshell, the biocompatible and the bioactive nature of Zn(II) dithiocarbamates (1-3) necessitates for further exploration in the domain of anticancer and antimicrobial research to gain in-depth understanding of their mechanism of action and challenges associated with their use.
Green synthesis emerged as an effective approach for the eco-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles with improved biological applications. This study assesses the potential of root extract of Swertia cordata for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and examines their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Different analytical techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, were employed to characterize silver nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was initially verified using UV-visible spectroscopy, which exhibited a characteristic absorption peak at 454 nm. XRD analysis revealed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure. The zeta potential of -35 mV indicated the highest colloidal stability due to repulsion between the particles. The DLS confirms that the particle size distribution was between 80 and 120 nm. EDX analysis detected silver as the highest amount in the sample. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibit remarkable antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria. The largest zone of inhibition was observed against Streptococcus pneumoniae (29 +/- 1.5 mm) at a dose of 0.9 mg/mL. The synthesized silver nanoparticles also showed efficient and strong antifungal activity against two fungal strains, viz., Penicillium nutatum and Rhizopus stolonifera. The free radical scavenging activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was highest (69.5%) at 50 ppm of AgNPs concentration. The results confirm that silver nanoparticles synthesized from S. cordata root extract exhibited remarkable antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, making it therapeutic alternative for treating several diseases.
