University of Poonch is a public university located in Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The university has 3 different campuses: The Main campus in Rawalakot, the Kahuta campus, and the Mong campus. As of 2017[update], the university has 7 faculties consisting of 26 departments.
Herein, a novel NiWO4/ZnFe2O4 (NW/ZF) S-scheme heterojunction was fabricated via a precipitation–thermal treatment route and investigated for solar-light-driven photocatalysis, antibacterial performance and hydrogen evaluation. Structural analysis (XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDX) of NW/ZF confirmed the formation of a well-defined heterointerface, while UV–Vis DRS and PL studies revealed a narrowed band gap (3.07 eV) and reduced charge-carrier recombination compared to pristine ZnFe2O4 (3.19 eV) and NiWO4 (3.30 eV). The band edge positions (ECB = − 0.23 eV for ZF; EVB = 3.43 eV for NW validated the S-scheme configuration, enabling strong redox potentials for radical generation. Under solar irradiation, the NW20/ZF exhibited 99
The goal of this study is to analyze, predict, and optimize the thermal and frictional properties of the unsteady separated stagnation-point flow of a radiative magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid to minimize skin friction and maximize heat transfer. The nonlinear governing boundary-layer equations were derived to account for the combined effects of unsteady separated stagnation point flow of MHD Williamson ternary hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface, incorporating thermal radiation and mass suction, and were solved numerically using MATLAB's bvp4c method. Using the data, a scaled conjugate gradient-based Artificial Neural Network (SCG-ANN) demonstrated exceptional predictive performance, with MSE ranging from 10#8315;(6) to 10#8315;(7) and correlation coefficient (R) exceeding 0.999, indicating high model accuracy and generalization potential. To determine the best operating conditions, the effect and interaction of unsteadiness ( $ \beta $ beta), nanoparticle volume fraction $ (\phi ) $ (phi), Weissenberg number ( $ We $ We), and radiation ( $ Rd $ Rd) on the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number were quantified using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD). The ANOVA findings showed significant models with R2 = 95.09% for skin friction and 95.46% for Nusselt number. With a composite desirability of 100%, the RSM optimization projected the minimal skin friction (0.4686) at $ \beta = 1.68179,\phi = - 1.61384 $ beta=1.68179,phi=-1.61384, and $ We = 1.68179 $ We=1.68179, and the highest Nusselt number (129.68) at $ \beta = - 1.68179, \phi = - 1.68179 $ beta=-1.68179,phi=-1.68179, and $ Rd = 1.68179 $ Rd=1.68179. Research shows that increasing the Weissenberg number and flow deceleration (negative $ \beta $ beta) reduce drag, while increasing nanoparticle volume fraction and radiation intensity enhance heat transfer. For designing advanced cooling, energy, and drag-reduction applications, the integrated SCG-ANN-RSM framework predicts and optimizes thermo-hydrodynamic transport in radiative non-Newtonian nanofluid systems using a computationally efficient and powerful hybrid modelling strategy.
Gallium Nitride (GaN) is transforming power electronics and optoelectronics; not only that, but it is also quickly becoming a primary component of the new generation of supercapacitors. GaN is a unique material that combines excellent electrochemical stability and tunable nanostructures with the best electrical properties. This review analyzes recent developments in GaN-based supercapacitor technology, emphasizing the rationale behind the increased research in this area and presenting the main challenges. The enhancement of the field of pure and porous GaN to more elaborate hybrids, including GaN with carbon materials, or transition metal oxides or nitrides, or doping with some metal. The main parameters that have been summarized here include specific capacitance up to 1915.5 mF cm-2, energy and power density up to 13.3 mWh cm-2 and 1000 mW cm-3, and cycle stability remains high at 99 % despite 10 000-50 000 cycles. Chemical view brings together the connections between the different methods of synthesis, which include Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), hydrothermal processes, and electrochemical etching, and how these have been applied to affect electrochemical performance. When comparisons are made between electrodes, electrolytes, and device designs, then a better understanding of how GaN accumulates charge and which factors deplete it is achieved.
Mitigating the polysulfide shuttling effect remains the most critical prerequisite for realizing lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries as viable next-generation energy storage systems, despite their remarkably high theoretical energy density. The concurrent challenges of lithium dendrite growth and uncontrolled polysulfide migration severely compromise rate capability, cycling stability, and areal capacity-particularly at higher sulfur loadings. To address these issues, we present a separator engineering strategy in which a polypropylene (PP) separator is modified with a phosphazene-based titanium MOF (Ti-MOF) and subsequently decorated with polyaniline, forming a PANI@Ti-MOF composite layer (denoted as PANI@TMMS). Benefiting from the electrical conductivity of polyaniline and the intrinsic catalytic activity of titanium centers, the PANI@TMMS coating exhibits a highly porous architecture, superior thermal stability, and robust electrochemical performance. Polysulfide adsorption studies confirm the strong binding affinity of this hybrid framework toward lithium polysulfides, ensuring their effective immobilization while maintaining uniform Li+ transport through interconnected nanochannels. The conductive polyaniline matrix further accelerates redox kinetics, promoting rapid polysulfide conversion and effectively suppressing the shuttle effect. As a result, the Li-S cells employing the PANI@TMMS separator deliver an impressive initial discharge capacity of 1330 mAh g- 1 at 0.1C, and maintain outstanding cycling stability with excellent capacity retention even under long-term operation at 1C. This scalable and versatile separator engineering strategy successfully integrates conductivity, catalytic functionality, and structural stability, advancing the development of high-performance Li-S batteries with superior efficiency, durability, and lifespan.
The rapid progress of highly efficient thermal systems necessitates the development of novel cooling and heat transfer fluids that exceed the constraints of traditional and basic nanofluids. An investigation into the heat transfer and unsteady three-dimensional saddle-point stagnation flow of a water-based tetra-hybrid nanofluid including graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), Al₂O₃, CuO, and TiO₂ is underway in this work. The model assumes transverse magnetic field, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, suction, Joule heating, and entropy generation in incompressible laminar flow. The governing boundary layer equations are reformulated using similarity variables and solved numerically using MATLAB’s bvp4c solver. The analysis scrutinizes the impacts of unsteadiness, radiation, magnetic field intensity, mixed convection, nanoparticle volume fraction, Brinkman and Eckert numbers, and suction on velocity, temperature, skin friction, Nusselt number, and entropy generation. According to the results, the tetra-hybrid nanofluid has better skin friction and heat transfer than the mono and hybrid nanofluids because of its higher viscosity and effective thermal conductivity. Furthermore, entropy generation escalates with more robust dissipative and radiative processes. Overall, the study finds, tetra-hybrid nanofluids show promise for high-performance thermal management and energy-efficient systems.
