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Background Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important viral diseases reducing poultry production throughout Africa. This is one of the reasons why this disease is subject to a large-scale annual vaccination program. In Burkina Faso, over the past decade, there has been an increase in unconfirmed cases of ND. Our study aimed to identify ND virus (NDV) circulation in traditional livestock farms in Burkina Faso. Results one hundred and ninety-five (195) poultry were sampled in 42 farms from four regions of Burkina Faso in 2022. NDV seroconversion was assessed using the ID Screen® Newcastle Disease Indirect kit. Birds from each farm were swabbed (nasopharyngeal and cloacal) to detect the presence of the virus, for a total of 102 swab pools. RNA extracted from the swab samples was tested by RT-qPCR using the OneStep RT-PCR Kit (Qiagen, Hilden). Antibodies to Newcastle disease virus were detected in 70.77 ± 6.38% (138/195) of the poultry tested (i.e. chicken, Guinea fowl, ducks, quails and turkey) and 100% of villages were positive for Newcastle disease antibodies. 23.81% of samples were RT-PCR positive. The seroconversion rate shows the presence of antibodies indicate exposure to NDV or NDV vaccine with a significantly higher in vaccinated poultry than in unvaccinated poultry (p = 0,0006). All study regions demonstrated virus circulation and poly-specific farms showed significantly less virus presence than mono-specific farms (p = 0,004). Conclusions the present study provides important information on anti-NDV antibody titers and the circulation of this avian virus in Burkina Faso. It also emphasizes the importance of maintaining vaccination programs and surveillance of avian diseases in Burkina Faso.
Dans de nombreux contextes marqués par des contraintes structurelles persistantes, les projets de développement soutenus par l'aide publique au développement opèrent comme de véritables régimes d'exception. Une fois le soutien externe retiré, assurer la pérennité des acquis représente un défi majeur, mais encore trop peu exploré. Cet article examine les mécanismes qui permettent de maintenir les projets éducatifs après leur phase active au Burkina Faso. Pour cela, il a comme cadre d’analyse, le cadre ICC (Shediac-Rizkallah et Bone 1998 ; Scheirer, 2005 et Brinkerhoff, 2000) qui articule trois dimensions à savoir l'ancrage institutionnel, les capacités organisationnelles et l'appropriation communautaire dans une perspective configurationnelle. Et qui trouve son sens dans la pérennisation des interventions de développement, Ce modèle aide à décrypter comment ces éléments s'articulent en phase post-projet. La recherche adopte une méthode mixte, qui combine des données qualitatives avec une analyse quantitative via un modèle de régression linéaire multiple. Les résultats révèlent des trajectoires post-projet très variées : érosion progressive, maintien localisé, reconfiguration ou consolidation relative. Ces parcours s'expliquent moins par la qualité intrinsèque des projets que par la façon dont les dimensions du cadre ICC s'articulent entre elles. Ils soulignent en particulier que renforcer les capacités et favoriser l'appropriation communautaire ne suffit pas sans une institutionnalisation effective, qui inclut un financement récurrent, une supervision continue et une stabilisation des ressources humaines. Cet article propose une lecture ancrée dans les réalités du terrain pour comprendre comment les interventions éducatives peuvent réellement durer dans des contextes institutionnels fragiles.
This study compares electron dynamics in the Van Allen belts and the slot region during two major geomagnetic storms: the Halloween storm (October–November 2003, disturbance storm time index Dst = -383 nT), driven by successive interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), and the 10–11 May 2024 storm (Dst = -412 nT), caused by a composite ICME formed by interacting coronal mass ejections. I n the slot region (L = 2–3), the flux enhancement during the main phase of the 2024 storm was very limited (median During/Before ratios: 3.0 at 0.55 MeV, 1.9 at 0.65 MeV, 2.4 at 1.70 MeV), in clear contrast to the Halloween storm’s large immediate increases (136.7 at 3.75 MeV, 31.3 at 8.25 MeV). However, the 2024 event exhibited a remarkable delayed amplification, with median After/Before ratios of 1681, 693, and 317, and After/During ratios exceeding 500, compared to 10–12 in 2003. This result demonstrates that the final slot state depends more on post-storm acceleration efficiency, via very low frequency (VLF) chorus waves, ultra-low frequency (ULF)-driven radial diffusion, and substorm injections, than on storm intensity alone. Post-peak exponential decay fits yield systematically shorter lifetimes that are energy-dependent. In 2024, τ = 3.83 ± 0.26 d at 0.55 MeV, 3.82 ± 0.23 d at 0.65 MeV, and 11.77 ± 0.98 d at 1.70 MeV. For the November 2003 recovery, τ = 8.34 ± 0.78 d (3.75 MeV) and 8.20 ± 1.26 d (8.25 MeV); during the later December phase, the timescales diverge sharply, with τ = 3.13 ± 0.10 d at 3.75 MeV versus 18.77 ± 1.90 d at 8.25 MeV. All fits show good to excellent correlations (R ≥ 0.882), confirming that pure exponential loss dominates once the acceleration ceases. The loss timescales increase with energy, consistent with pitch-angle scattering by plasmaspheric hiss, and the strong divergence in the December 2003 period reveals a pronounced energy filtering effect. Overall, extreme storms can produce significant delayed enhancements when the interplanetary driver sustains wave activity and injections, even with a weak prompt injection. These findings provide valuable new insights for radiation risk forecasting for satellites in medium-Earth orbit (MEO), geostationary Earth orbit (GEO), and low-Earth orbit (LEO).
This paper assesses the effects of social protection interventions in mitigating the COVID-19 shocks on household food insecurity in Nigeria. It employs the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study for Nigeria, focusing on the dataset collected before the COVID-19 shock and during a postCOVID-19 phone survey. A difference-in-difference approach was used to explore the heterogeneous effects of social protection on all the individual measures of food insecurity across the gender of the recipient, household location and wealth status. The results show that food insecurity was greater in all households after the pandemic shock. Social protection measures were effective in mitigating the effects of the pandemic, and these effects were greater for cash assistance. The mitigating effect was greater among female-headed households, poor households, those in rural areas and those involved in farming. The findings of this study highlight the need for a well-organised social protection programme. In particular, policies aimed at promoting cash assistance among female-headed households, poor individuals, those in rural areas and those involved in farming can have important implications for improving the food security of households in Nigeria.
Résumé : Le présent article s’intéresse à la forme et au sens de quelques anthroponymes individuels bua dans le village de Koussaro. Plus précisément, il est question de décrire ces anthroponymes individuels sur le plan morphologique et sémantique. Notre analyse s’inspire de l’approche descriptive de Philippe NTAHMBAYE (1983). L’analyse des anthroponymes individuels recueillis dans le village de Koussaro suit une démarche qualitative. À Koussaro, les anthroponymes individuels sont de diverses formes. Nous distinguons entre autres les anthroponymes individuels de formes simples, dérivées, composées et complexes. Mots-clés : anthroponymes individuels, morphologie, sémantique.
