This paper presents a novel edge-computing-based architecture for optimal inverse time overcurrent relays installed to protect mesh microgrids (MGs) with distributed generation. The procedure employs graph theory to automate the detection of network changes, fault locations, and relay pairs in an MG. In addition, an automated process obtains the initial protection settings based on the operating conditions of the MG. Furthermore, the Continuous Genetic Algorithm (CGA), Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) were implemented to determine the optimal protection settings to obtain better coordination between primary and backup protection relays. These processes were implemented using PowerFactory 2024 Service Pack 5A and Python 3.13.1. The proposal was validated in 68 operating scenarios that considered the islanded and connected operation modes of the MG, charging and discharging cycles of electric vehicle stations, and the presence or absence of photovoltaic generation. The overcurrent protection relays were organized into 100 primary–backup relay pairs to ensure proper coordination and selectivity. The total miscoordination time (TMT) index was used to measure when all pairs of relays were coordinated, with a minimum time close to zero. The results of the graph theory show that all the meshes, fault locations, and relay pairs were identified in the MG. The approach successfully coordinated 100 relay pairs across 68 scenarios, demonstrating its scalability in complex real-world MGs. The automation process obtained an average TMT of 12.2%, while the optimization obtained a TMS of 91.6% with the CGA, and a TMT of 99% was obtained with the SSA and PSO, demonstrating the effectiveness of the optimization process in ensuring selectivity and appropriate fault clearing times.
This systematic review examines recent advances in blockchain-based electronic voting systems, motivated by the need for more transparent, secure, and verifiable electoral processes. The rapid growth of research between 2022 and 2025 highlights blockchain as a promising foundation for addressing long-standing challenges of integrity, anonymity, and trust in digital elections, particularly in academic contexts where pilot deployments are more feasible. The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and applied the evidence-based methodology proposed by Kitchenham & Charters. Searches were conducted in six major databases, yielding 861 records; after removing duplicates and applying eligibility criteria, 338 studies were retained. Data were extracted using a structured template and synthesised qualitatively due to the conceptual and methodological heterogeneity of the evidence. The included studies reveal significant progress in blockchain architectures, smart contracts, and advanced cryptographic mechanisms—such as blind signatures, zero-knowledge proofs, and homomorphic encryption. Multiple authentication and verification strategies were identified; however, real-world validations remain limited and largely confined to small-scale academic pilots. Overall, blockchain-based voting systems demonstrate conceptual advantages over traditional and conventional electronic models, especially regarding transparency and auditability. Nevertheless, the field requires stronger empirical evaluation, greater scalability, and clearer regulatory alignment to support broader institutional adoption.
Objetivo: analizar la incorporación de la Sentencia STC 4360/2018, en los Proyectos Ambientales Escolares (PRAE) en Florencia, Caquetá. Metodología: cualitativa con un diseño de investigación-acción, revisando los documentos PRAE en 12 instituciones educativas. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con expertos en educación ambiental y funcionarios locales, para comprender las perspectivas y prácticas actuales en torno a la implementación de la Sentencia. Resultados los hallazgos revelaron deficiencias en la implementación de la Sentencia en los PRAE, especialmente en la enseñanza del cambio climático y la conservación de la Amazonia. Se observó una escasa alineación entre los PRAE y las políticas nacionales y locales en relación con el cambio climático, además de una integración limitada de la educación climática. Se subraya la urgencia de reestructurar los PRAE, adoptando enfoques participativos que promuevan competencias científicas e investigativas y una conciencia ambiental más sólida de las comunidades educativas. Conclusión es necesaria una mayor articulación y seguimiento entre las políticas educativas y ambientales para fomentar compromiso con la conservación de la biodiversidad y la mitigación del cambio climático. Esta coordinación es fundamental para formar desde las escuelas ciudadanos conscientes y comprometidos con los desafíos ambientales contemporáneos, así como con el cuidado y preservación de la Amazonia.
El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar la validez y confiabilidad de un instrumento de evaluación de cualidades físicas de los jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas con clasificación funcional 3-4-4.5. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo con enfoque empírico analítico, de tipo evaluativo y longitudinal, utilizando un muestreo no probabilístico con 50 deportistas de las Ligas Nariñenses de Deportistas en Sillas de Ruedas. El análisis estadístico se ejecutó en el software SPSS versión 25 y Jamovi versión 2.3.18. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) cumplió con 4 de 5 criterios y estableció una estructura de 5 factores para el instrumento. Posteriormente, en el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) las medidas de ajuste de bondad confirmaron la validez de constructo: X² = 0.052 (p > 0.05), CFI = 0.938, TLI = 0.921 y RMSEA = 0.06. La confiabilidad del instrumento fue verificada mediante pruebas de Alpha de Cronbach (α = 0.702), Omega de McDonald (Ω = 0.73) y el Test-retest: p > 0.91(todos los valores). En conclusión, el instrumento es válido y confiable para usar con deportistas de baloncesto en silla de ruedas con clasificación 3-4 y 4.5.
BackgroundHelicobacter pylori infects more than half of the world’s population and is the main risk factor for gastric cancer, although only a small percentage of those infected develop the disease. This disparity suggests the influence of bacterial, environmental, and host susceptibility factors. In Colombia, the department of Nariño presents a unique scenario: in both the Andean region and the Pacific coast, the prevalence of infection reaches 90%, but gastric cancer rates differ markedly (150/100,000 and 6/100,000 inhabitants, respectively), a phenomenon known as the “Colombian enigma.”MethodsThis study analyzed gastric cancer mortality in 64 municipalities in Nariño, Colombia, using official epidemiological data and genome-based Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA evolution and virulence.ResultsThe results showed a positive correlation between altitude and gastric cancer mortality. Phylogenomically, two local subpopulations were identified: hspColombia_Andes, predominant in high-risk areas and hspColombia_PacificCoast, associated with low risk. These populations showed genetic overlap, reflecting flow between nearby regions.ConclusionsOur findings show that the genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori, particularly the hspColombia_Andes and hspColombia_PacificCoast subpopulations, is associated with regional differences in gastric cancer mortality. Furthermore, the influence of environmental factors such as altitude and the association of the vacA and cagA oncogenes with gastric lesions reinforce their role in pathogenesis and in the possible prediction of cancer risk.
