This scientific paper presents the Predictive Border Filter (PBF) as an innovative model of state border protection against chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive threats. The proposed solution integrates electronic freight transport documentation, artificial intelligence, multisensor data fusion and advanced Smart Gate technologies into a unified risk management system. The architecture consists of three layers: pre-border screening, intelligent border inspection and operational response. The model provides objective risk assessment and enables predictive border security.
The European Union's environmental policy represents one of the most developed and comprehensive systems of environmental regulation in the world. Its basic principles and principles are enshrined in Article 191 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and form the conceptual framework for all European environmental legislation. The main principles of the policy are the precautionary principle, the prevention principle, the polluter pays principle, the principle of remedying damage at source and the principle of integrating environmental requirements into all other Union policies. These principles are complemented by the horizontal objective of sustainable development and the requirement to achieve a high level of environmental protection. The article analyses the legal and conceptual basis of these principles, their historical development from the Maastricht Treaty to the current European Green Deal and their practical application in key areas such as climate protection, biodiversity, the circular economy and the control of chemicals. Special attention is paid to the tension between the principles of prevention and precaution on the one hand and the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality on the other, as well as the challenge of effectively enforcing these principles in the context of Union enlargement and geopolitical changes.
International cooperation represents one of the key pillars of the Slovak Information Service (SIS) in protecting national interests and state security in a globalized security environment. The aim of the presented study is to analyze the strategic goals, priorities and forms of international cooperation of SIS in the context of current security threats. The work focuses primarily on identifying the main areas of interest, which include the fight against international terrorism, illegal migration, proliferation, hybrid threats and monitoring of crisis regions. Special attention is paid to bilateral cooperation with strategic partners (USA, Great Britain, France, Germany and V4 countries) as well as to the multilateral engagement of SIS in the structures of the EU and NATO. The contribution of the work is the systematic mapping of the current state of international cooperation of the SIS, including its institutional framework, decision-making mechanisms and planned development in the period 2025-2032. The study also assesses the extent to which the SIS can effectively respond to the changing geopolitical environment and new types of security threats through balanced cooperation with both Western and Eastern partners. The results of the work contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of the civilian intelligence service in the system of national and European security and can serve as a basis for further research in the field of intelligence diplomacy and international security cooperation.
International efforts to systematically protect the environment experienced significant growth in the second half of the 20th century. A key milestone in this development was the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972. This first-ever global environmental conference at the highest level placed environmental issues at the centre of international political and diplomatic relations. The conference, attended by 113 countries, was established during a period of growing global awareness of the environmental risks caused by the industrial revolution, rapid urbanisation and numerous ecological disasters of the 1960s (the Great Smog in London, oil spills, massive use of DDT, etc.). Its main output was the Stockholm Declaration and its Action Plan, which for the first time formulated the basic principles of international environmental governance and recognised the right of every person to a healthy environment. The article analyzes the significance of the Stockholm Conference for the emergence and formation of the concept of environmental security in international law. The authors focus on describing how this conference laid the foundation stones of environmental security from an international legal perspective and created a framework for linking economic development with nature protection, thereby significantly influencing the further development of international environmental diplomacy and global environmental governance.
Belt conveyors are essential systems for the continuous transport of various materials in many sectors and applications, including heavy industry or mining, which are characterized by demanding environmental and operational conditions. Our research is focused on the development of the system based on magnetic sensors for the detection of ferromagnetic objects. These detection systems are designed to prevent damage to conveyor belts and the downstream vehicles, machines, and processing equipment involved in material transport and processing. By detecting hazardous foreign objects, they help avoid belt damage or tearing, thereby reducing operational disruptions and the associated maintenance and repair costs. Our study confirmed that in addition to the development of the hardware and software solutions, it is also necessary to develop methods for the processing and evaluation of the data recorded by the detection system, as the data represent a valuable source of information not only for the operational workers but also for the managers and are very helpful in the creation of the sustainable transportation system. The article describes an innovative application of the Weibull distribution for the operational enhancement of the system and its comparison to the conventionally used histograms. In addition to that, the utilization possibilities of the obtained statistical data to evaluate the belt conveyor loading for a better planning of the process, to monitor the work of the operational or other employees’ quality of the supported material, or to reveal failures of the detection system or even of the belt conveyor are overviewed and discussed.
