В статті досліджено особливості кредитної діяльності як основи забезпечення стабільності банківської системи України. Проаналізовано основні показники банківської системи та визначено позитивні тенденції розвитку, що оцінює її адаптивність та стійкість в умовах сучасних викликів економічного середовища. Здійснено аналіз наданих кредитів у розрізі секторів економіки й у розрізі видів валют і строків погашення та оцінено динаміку непрацюючих кредитів як чинника стримування кредитної активності банків щодо реального сектора економіки. Зроблено висновки, що банківська система України розвивається в умовах нових викликів, що значно ускладнює процеси формування та управління кредитними портфелями банків. Обґрунтовано необхідність адаптації банківської системи України до нестабільних умов економічного середовища задля підвищення ефективності кредитної діяльності в довгостроковій перспективі, зокрема через впровадження цифрових інноваційних технологій.
The object of research is the process of designing and optimizing parking areas in complex geometric configurations in conditions of dense development. The main problem is to solve the use of areas of complex geometric configuration for parking areas. In addition, there are currently no universal models and methods for the corresponding calculation and optimization. The result of the work was the receipt of a universal mathematical model with which it is possible to determine the number of parking spaces based on the geometric dimensions and area of the plot. A special feature is the possibility of calculating for complex geometric configurations (polygons). For this, the Gauss formula and the JavaScript programming language are used. The initial data are geodetic measurements, and the error in such a calculation is less than 2%. The development of JavaScript code based on the shoelace formula was practical importance. The experimental object was the residential area “Vyshenka” in Vinnytsia (Ukraine). The selected plot has an area of 1350 m2 with an initial number of parking spaces before optimization –50, after –59. In general, the efficiency of using the area increased from 70% to 88%. In addition, a 22% reduction in accidents is noted, which indicates the significant effectiveness of the model and minimal calculation error. A feature of the proposed solution is also that not only linear dimensions are taken into account, but also the relief, infrastructure facilities and the initial shape of the site. There is also the possibility of integration into web applications and CAD programs for simultaneous planning and construction, which allows for an increase in the number of parking spaces of up to 20% without expanding the territories. The results of the modeling can be used by engineers and builders to improve the landscaping of residential areas where there is no possibility for expanding the territories, programmers – by integrating the model into web applications and business.
Soil pH is among the most consistent abiotic axes structuring arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities, yet the pH dependence of individual taxa has not been turned into a transparent, parsimonious instrument that resolves preference at the genus level and can be projected globally. We introduce HESI (Hydrogenic Edaphic Suitability Index), a fuzzy-set trapezoidal pH-membership function for twelve Glomeromycotina genera whose four parameters are read directly from binned presence-rate profiles in GlobalFungi rather than fitted, and scored on an independent SoilGrids pH surface. Validated by spatial (continental) block cross-validation and the binned Boyce index, HESI returned a positive predictive signal for ten of twelve genera (mean Boyce index + 0.20; eight with confidence intervals above zero). The flexible pH spline matched or exceeded machine-learning models, most clearly at the species level, where the learners fell below zero while the parameter-free function remained positive. The two genera scoring negative — a cosmopolitan generalist and a genus pooling species of opposite preference — mark the diagnostic limits of a single-axis model. The genus niches were transferred to an independent database (GlobalAMFungi) without retraining and agreed in rank with virtual-taxon optima (cross-marker Spearman ρ up to + 0.90) on small-subunit (SSU) marker, demonstrating that they are not marker artifacts. Soil pH sorted which genera occur, while temperature governed richness, consistent with global richness maps. The per-genus suitability surfaces are offered as spatially explicit, empirically testable hypotheses.
The article examines the feures of minced meat transportation in screw systems, taking into account its viscoelastic properties. It is shown that the process of product movement in the working chamber is determined by the ratio of viscous friction forces between the minced meat, the screw, and the casing walls. Unlike Newtonian fluids, minced meat is characterized by the presence of a yield shear stress and an elastic modulus, which creates a risk of structural mechanical destruction when critical shear rates are exceeded. This leads to a deterioration in product quality, in particular moisture loss and fat separation. The influence of screw and working chamber geometry on the efficiency of minced meat transportation has been analyzed, particularly for group B raw materials, which exhibit increased viscosity and a complex structural organization. It has been established that key factors include the screw diameter, helix angle, channel depth, and the radial clearance between the screw and the casing. Excessive reduction of the clearance causes local overheating, while its increase leads to higher backflow and a loss of productivity. An integral transportation efficiency criterion has been proposed, taking into account the ratio of productivity to the energy consumed to overcome viscous friction. A mathematical model of the process has been developed, based on the superposition of forward and backward flows and accounting for the temperature dependence of minced meat viscosity. It has been shown that energy dissipation leads to product heating, a decrease in viscosity, and a reduction in the overall process efficiency. Based on the construction of a three-dimensional response surface, the rational values of the screw’s geometric parameters were determined. It was established that the maximum efficiency is achieved at a diameter and helix angle that ensure a balance between productivity, energy consumption, and preservation of the minced meat structure. The proposed approach allows a transit from empirical selection to analytical design of screw systems, enhancing the efficiency of processes in the meat processing industry.
The article presents the results of a study on the morphological and mechanical characteristics of sugar beet leaf petioles as an object of mechanized removal during root crop harvesting. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to improve the quality of cleaning beet root crowns from haulm residues and to reduce crop losses during the operation of sugar beet harvesting machines. The shape and structure of the leaf petiole were investigated from the standpoint of assessing the possibilities of its mechanical destruction. It was established that the petiole is characterized by a variable cross-sectional geometry that significantly depends on the distance from the apex of the root crown. Analysis of cross-sections revealed a regular change in their shape and dimensions in the direction from the crown toward the leaf blade, which should be taken into account when substantiating the design parameters of the working bodies of machines intended for cleaning beet root crowns. The study determined functional relationships between the root diameter, the height of the crown protrusion above the soil surface, and the height of the green leaf zone. The obtained relationships make it possible to predict the position of haulm residues relative to the crown surface and to justify rational operating modes of cleaning devices. It was found that the geometric parameters of the crown and petioles significantly affect the quality of root crop cleaning. Experimental studies showed that the hardness of the surface layer of haulm at a distance of 0-5 mm from the root crown differs from the hardness of the crown surface in the zone of green leaves and dormant buds by only 20-30% and is practically equal to the hardness of its upper part. This indicates the possibility of efficient mechanical removal of haulm residues without significant damage to the root crop, provided that the design and operating parameters of the cleaning working bodies are properly selected. The obtained results can be used for improving sugar beet harvesting machines and for developing new designs of beet root crown cleaning devices.
