Мета. Науково-технічне обґрунтування вибору ефективних методів сепарації високоолійних відходів переробки соняшника з урахуванням їхніх фізико-механічних властивостей, підвищеної вологості та морфометричної схожості компонентів. Методи. Проведено порівняльні експериментальні дослідження із застосуванням 11 типів лабораторного сортувального обладнання, що реалізують геометричні, гравітаційні, оптичні, магнітні та аеродинамічні принципи розділення. Використано модельну суміш відходів насіння соняшника із заданим вмістом олійної домішки (41%) та контрольованою вологістю 9,0 ± 0,2%. Ефективність оцінювалася за зміною частки олійної домішки до і після сепарації, а також аналізувалися фізичні механізми обмеження процесу. Результати. Установлено, що традиційні геометричні, морфометричні й оптичні методи практично не забезпечують вилучення олійної фракції через адгезійні явища, конгломерацію часток і близькість їхніх фізичних параметрів. Часткову ефективність засвідчили гравітаційні та барабанні системи, однак рівень очищення залишався недостатнім. Найвищі результати досягнуто при застосуванні пневматичних та аеродинамічних методів, особливо в умовах керованого повітряного потоку та псевдозрідження шару. Мінімальний залишковий вміст домішки (8,54%) отримано на денсиметричній колоні, що підтверджує визначальну роль аеродинамічних характеристик частинок у процесі розділення. Висновки. Для ефективної сепарації високоолійних відходів соняшника доцільно використовувати системи, базовані на взаємодії частинок із повітряним потоком, які забезпечують руйнування адгезійних зв’язків і стратифікацію суміші за густиною та парусністю. Виявлено критичний вплив вологості та конгломерації часток на якість процесу. Отримані результати можуть бути використані для розробки спеціалізованих лабораторних аналізаторів і вдосконалення технологій переробки відходів олійно-жирової галузі. Ключові слова: сепарація, відходи соняшника, олійна домішка, аеродинамічне сортування, пневматична сепарація, псевдозрідження, лабораторне обладнання, конгломерація часток, вологість сировини.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the characteristics of gene expression of inflammation, apoptosis, and intestinal barrier function markers in broiler chickens with bacterial chondronecrosis and osteomyelitis, as well as under the influence of a composition of organic (fatty) acids. The study was conducted on ROSS-308 broiler chickens under commercial production conditions. Experimental groups were formed retrospectively according to clinical status. Samples of the small and large intestine, chyme, and feces were collected for molecular analysis. The relative expression levels of the genes TNF-α, IL-1β, Caspase-9, Claudin-1, Occludin, MUC-2, and Fibronectin were determined using the RT-qPCR method. It was established that under pathological conditions, a redistribution of the inflammatory response occurs between the tissue and luminal compartments of the intestine, manifested by decreased TNF-α expression in the small intestine and increased IL-1β expression in chyme and feces. Changes in Caspase-9 expression indicate modification of apoptotic processes, with a tendency toward suppression in tissues and possible enhancement in the luminal environment. Impairment of the intestinal barrier function was revealed, as confirmed by decreased expression of Claudin-1 and MUC-2 in tissues and feces, as well as multidirectional changes in Occludin expression. Increased Fibronectin expression in the luminal compartment indicates activation of extracellular matrix remodeling processes and destructive-reparative changes in the mucous membrane. The obtained results indicate a profound restructuring of the functional state of the intestine in bacterial chondronecrosis and osteomyelitis, accompanied by an imbalance between inflammation, apoptosis, and barrier function. The use of a composition of organic acids may modify the nature of the intestinal response, contributing to the limitation of inflammation in tissues and the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity.
The article presents a thorough analysis of the current state of development in the field of machines and mechanisms for surface application of mineral fertilizers - a technological process that remains one of the key ones in modern agriculture, but at the same time extremely sensitive to external conditions. Particular attention is paid to the physics of the movement of fertilizer particles in the air environment. It was investigated how the coefficient of aerodynamic resistance (pressure coefficient Cx ), air viscosity, size, shape, density of granules and their initial speed determine the flight trajectory. It was shown that even a small increase in wind speed significantly changes the picture: a headwind reduces the range of the discharge, a side wind causes a strong asymmetry of the distribution, and a tail wind can create excessive material overturning beyond the working area. As a result, the distribution variation coefficient increases sharply, which leads to an overexpenditure of fertilizers in some areas of the field and their deficiency in others, reducing the overall efficiency of fertilization and increasing the risk of uneven plant development. A separate section is devoted to a quantitative description of the impact of wind. In particular, data is provided that at a wind speed of 4–6 m/s, the distance of particles can be reduced by 15–40% depending on the direction, and at 8 m/s and more, high-quality application with classic disc spreaders becomes practically impossible without special compensation measures. That is why a significant part of the work is devoted to modern technical solutions that allow minimizing or almost completely neutralizing the negative impact of the weather. Among them is the WindControl system from Amazone , which works in conjunction with Argus sensors. Twin or independently: a high-frequency ultrasonic wind sensor records the speed and direction in real time, after which the on-board computer automatically adjusts the blade angle, disc rotation speed or deflector position, maintaining the specified width and uniform distribution even in moderately strong winds (up to 8–10 m/s). Alternative approaches are also being considered: pneumatic boom spreaders with adjustable nozzles, multi-disc systems with lower initial ejection velocity (which reduces sensitivity to lateral wear), GPS/RTK systems with electronic rate setting maps and automatic section shut-off, and hybrid designs combining the centrifugal principle with controlled pneumatic conveying.
This study quantifies the translocation factor (TF) for heavy metals transferred from wild honey plants to beekeeping products. The research area is located near the war zone, so its contamination with heavy metals is possible. Analysis of honey plants and bee products can make it possible to establish their safety. Field studies were conducted in July 2025 in the village of Stepanivka (Ukraine). The concentration of Cd, Pb, As, as well as the TF for these heavy metals transferred from wild honey plants to beekeeping products (bee pollen and honey), were determined using generally accepted methods. It was found that the concentration of Pb in wild honey plants is 1.64 ± 0.44 mg/kg, which exceeds the level permitted in Europe and Ukraine for plants by 5.5–8.2 times. However, in bee bread and honey, the concentration of Pb is within the normal range (0.15 ± 0.01 mg/kg and 0.09 ± 0.01 mg/kg, respectively). This indicates that pollen is less contaminated compared to vegetative parts of the plant, acting as a barrier for heavy metals, and bees have the ability to reduce the concentration of pollutants. This is also confirmed by the fact that the concentration of Pb in bee bread is higher than in honey, which may indicate the ability of bees to act as a biofilter. The same effect is observed with other toxins. The level of Cd in honey (0.007 ± 0.01 mg/kg) was lower than its concentration in bee bread (0.01 ± 0.05 mg/kg). The concentration of As in honey is also 0.1 mg/kg lower than its concentration in bee bread. At the same time, it was found that the concentration of As in wild honey plants (< 0.0001 mg/kg) is significantly lower than its concentration in beekeeping products. The highest bioaccumulation of Cd was registered in bee bread (TF = 0.13). Considering that the translocation factor of heavy metals does not exceed 1, honey and bee bread collected in the study area can be considered safe for consumption
