This study presents the results of an integrated study of the petrophysical and lithological properties of Jurassic and Triassic rocks in the Morskoye field and the Ogayskoye block, within the Caspian Basin. The research aims to refine reservoir evaluation parameters through detailed laboratory analyses of core samples with geophysical well log interpretation. Core material from 23 wells (1980 samples) was analyzed using mineralogical, granulometric, and petrophysical methods, with additional verification from seismic data and well test results. Mineralogical studies based on X-ray diffraction confirmed the predominance of quartz, carbonates, and clay minerals, while granulometric analysis revealed the dominance of fine-grained and pelitic fractions, explaining the generally low filtration capacity of the studied reservoirs. The laboratory experiments established robust empirical relationships between porosity, permeability, and saturation parameters. Strong statistical reliability was achieved, particularly for the K1al-K1nc stratigraphic intervals, where reservoir properties demonstrated stability and consistency. A clear linear corre-lation between bulk density and porosity was identified, allowing accurate determination of the matrix density (2.69 g/cm3) used in quantitative well log interpretation. Special attention was given to the recognition of thin coal interbeds within Jurassic deposits. These intervals showed distinctive geophysical responses, including abnormally high neutron porosity and low bulk density, and were systematically excluded from reservoir classification to avoid misinterpretation. Phase permeability tests demonstrated the significant influence of residual oil and water saturations on multiphase flow behavior, offering insights into displacement efficiency and fluid mobility within pore networks. The study also determined lithology-and depth-specific threshold values of porosity and permeability, which enhance the accuracy of identifying and delineating productive intervals. The results provide a reliable methodological foundation for improving reservoir characterization, refining hydrocarbon reserve estimation, and supporting exploration and development strategies in geologically complex settings.
The growing demand for sustainable and high-performance materials has positioned cellulose as a key biopolymer for next-generation functional systems. Beyond its traditional use, cellulose undergoes a qualitative transformation at the nanoscale, where increased surface area, interfacial dominance, and tunable chemistry enable functions unattainable in bulk form. This review provides a critical and integrative analysis of functionalization strategies governing the transition from structural modification to application-specific performance in cellulose and nanocellulose-based materials. A unified structure-property-function-process (SPFP) framework is introduced to systematically connect modification approaches with resulting structural features, physicochemical properties, and functional outcomes. Chemical, physical, and surface/interface modification strategies are comparatively evaluated with respect to their efficiency, scalability, and environmental trade-offs. Rather than cataloguing methods, the review emphasizes cross-domain synthesis and identifies key limitations, including high energy demand, reagent consumption, structural instability, and challenges in large-scale implementation. Particular attention is given to applications in biomedicine, environmental remediation, and energy technologies, where performance is governed by surface reactivity, accessibility, and hierarchical organization. The analysis highlights that no single modification strategy is universally optimal, and that effective material design requires balancing performance, sustainability, and process feasibility. By integrating conceptual frameworks, comparative analysis, and emerging design principles, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on the development of cellulose-based functional materials, supporting their transition from laboratory-scale demonstrations to application-ready technologies.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a transition metal compound with a layered structure and unique physical and chemical properties, which has been widely explored as a catalyst for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The crystal structure of MoS2 consists of an S-Mo-S layer, in which the edge sites are considered to be catalytically active. However, challenges are still faced regarding the defect control, stability, electrical conductivity, and large-scale synthesis of MoS2. This review summarizes the use of MoS2 in HER and explores its advantages as a catalyst for hydrogen generation, as well as outlines challenges and strategies to improve its catalytic efficiency. Particular focus has been given to summarizing various methods for the activation of edge sites to improve the electrocatalytic performance of MoS2. In addition, nanostructuring of MoS2, doping and heterostructures, phase transition control, surface modification, and advanced synthesis technologies to improve edge site activation and overall catalytic performance have been reviewed. Further, the potential of MoS2 in practical HER applications, future research directions, and comparison with other electrocatalytic reactions have been elaborated. Although MoS2 is widely regarded as a competitive electrocatalyst for hydrogen production, further research work is needed to harness its potential in the electrolyzes for hydrogen energy.
This study presents a sustainable approach for processing low-grade lithium-bearing aluminosilicate ores via carbothermic treatment with selective lithium stabilization in the slag phase. The proposed method is based on controlled phase transformations that suppress lithium volatilization and promote its retention in the condensed phases. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that lithium volatilization is unfavorable within a defined temperature window, enabling its stabilization in the slag. Experimental smelting, conducted at 1550-1600 degrees C with the addition of an iron-bearing component, resulted in the selective reduction of silicon and aluminum into a ferro silicon aluminum alloy, while lithium was efficiently concentrated in the slag phase. Lithium recovery to the slag reached up to 94%, with losses to the gas phase below 6%, demonstrating a significant reduction in volatilization compared to conventional high-temperature processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that lithium is predominantly immobilized in the form of LiAlSiO4 (pseudo-eucryptite), which enhances the chemical reactivity of the slag. From a sustainability perspective, the proposed process enables efficient utilization of low-grade lithium resources, minimizes lithium losses, and eliminates the need for energy-intensive pre-treatment steps such as roasting or vacuum processing. The resulting lithium-bearing slag represents a reactive intermediate suitable for subsequent hydrometallurgical extraction, enabling an integrated and resource-efficient process route. The results demonstrate that phase-controlled carbothermic processing is a viable and sustainable strategy for lithium recovery from low-grade aluminosilicate ores.
Introduction Effective teacher education is critical for preparing educators who can respond to diverse classroom demands and translate educational theory into professional practice. Methods This scoping—conceptual review synthesised 103 sources on practice-oriented learning (POL), professional competence, and the methodological contribution of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) in teacher education research. Searches were conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, and Crossref, with additional backward and forward citation tracing. Eligible sources were screened against explicit criteria and coded for POL design features, competence dimensions, mediating mechanisms, contextual moderators, methodological approach, and evidence quality. A formal quality-appraisal and evidence-weighting procedure informed the synthesis. Results The synthesis shows that POL is most strongly associated with competence development when authentic school-based experience, mentored enactment, systematic reflection, structured feedback, and competence-aligned assessment are integrated as mutually reinforcing components. Reflective practice, teaching self-efficacy, professional identity, and teaching readiness emerged as plausible mediating mechanisms. Mentor quality, institutional capacity, programme design, and national policy context influenced the transferability of POL outcomes across settings. Discussion The review positions SEM as a theory-testing approach for future POL research because it can examine latent competence constructs, mediation, moderation, and cross-context comparability. The article contributes an integrated conceptual, methodological, and evidence-appraised agenda for designing, evaluating, and modelling POL in teacher education.
