One of the most serious challenges to human health is environmental pollution and biosecurity, which directly or indirectly affects both human and animal health. Environmental pollution is considered an increasing threat to community health security. Therefore, the study aimed to analyses the reality of environmental health pollution in Wasit Governorate and to assess repercussions on skin and immune diseases in both animals and humans. The study's dependent variable relied on the analytical review method, though integrating secondary data that depends on reports from organizations, including the WOAH (OIE). 2021, and the Iraqi Ministries of Health and Environment, as well as scientific researchers indexed within approved global databases from 2015 to 2024. The results showed that in air, water and soil pollution levels in Wasit Governorate exceed global standards significantly when compared to neighboring countries. This is further supported by the increased prevalence of skin diseases and immune disorders in humans. In addition, the health effects observed are highly significant in animals, which serve as early bioindicators of environmental degradation in the region. Therefore, the study can conclude that environmental pollution In general and especially in Wasit Governorate, represents a major and decisive risk factor that threatens health security. Thus, for focusing on and adopting integrated policies that link human, veterinary and environmental health to achieve sustainable development in health security in Wasit Governorate.
Lumpy Skin Disease is a viral infection caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease virus, a member of the genus Capripoxvirus. LSD results in significant economic losses in cattle production through its effects on milk yield, growth rate, an increased incidence of abortion, and restrictions against trade. There is limited information on the prevalence of LSD; moreover, the risk factors and farmer knowledge are not well documented in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey study was thus carried out in Habiganj district from June 2025 to September 2025 and included 50 farms with a total of 400 cattle (300 dairy and 100 beef). Through structured questionnaires, clinical assessments, and farmer interviews, the prevalence, risk factors, and farmer knowledge of LSD were determined. The prevalence of animals was 27.5%, which increased to 50% for local breeds, and the animals of over 2 years of age had a higher prevalence rate compared to the calves. Moreover, the prevalence rate of LSD was significantly lower in vaccinated animals than in unvaccinated animals, at 10%. Among these, the commonly reported clinical signs included skin nodules, fever, and Lymphadenopathy. The prevalence rates of skin nodules, fever, Lymphadenopathy, reduction in yield of milk, and poor growth in beef cattle were recorded as 81.8%, 63.6%, 45.5%, 54.5%, and 13.6%, respectively. This study has identified moderate levels of farmer awareness about LSD; it was recorded that only 60% of farmers were aware that LSD is transmissible, while only 50% of farmers in this study were practising vaccinations in their cattle. The smallholder farms were more severely affected, and there were no biosecurity measures employed by farmers. Considering the given findings, there is a need for vaccination campaigns, farmer education, vector control management practices, and routine epidemiological surveillance to monitor LSD in Bangladesh.
Teat fibrosis, a significant health issue in cattle, compromises productive lifespan and milk quality, necessitating effective therapeutic interventions. This study investigates the therapeutic efficacy of Hill Lemon (Citrus pseudo lemon Tanaka) essential oil, both independently and in combination with other drugs like a traditional local recipe (Hill lemon extract), in treating teat fibrosis (teat hardness, stiffness, nodularity, and atrophy) among cattle in the Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The therapeutic trial was conducted on 32 cattle diagnosed with teat fibrosis, divided into four treatment groups designated as A, B, C and D. Group A received 1% hill lemon essential oil 10ml per affected teat IMM, Sid, for 14 days; Group B, a local recipe (Hill lemon extract) containing Hill Lemon pulp, sugar, Himalayan pink salt and ammonium chloride 500g on alternative days for 14 days (PO); Group C, a combination of Hill Lemon essential oil 10ml per affected teat IMM, Sid, for 14 days and the local recipe (Hill lemon extract) 500g on alternative days for 14 days (PO); and Group D, Hill Lemon essential oil 10ml per affected teat IMM, Sid, for 14 days scombined with the commercial preparation Mastifit (10ml IMM,60ml Bid PO). Each treatment protocol was administered over 14 days with assessments on days 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20. Recovery metrics for teat hardness, stiffness, nodularity, and atrophy indicated that Group C achieved the highest efficacy, showing nearly complete recovery across the first three parameters (100%) and partial recovery of the fourth parameter (90%) by day 20. The combination of Hill Lemon essential oil and the local recipe (Group C) emerges as a potent intervention for teat fibrosis in cattle, demonstrating superior recovery outcomes. These findings position Hill Lemon essential oil as a promising natural therapeutic agent for fibrotic mastitis management in cattle.
The understanding of the factors that influence vector susceptibility to insecticides is important. The current study aimed at investigating the importance of rabbit’s blood meal in the assessment of factors that influence vector susceptibility to Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Karate, as a commercial product name). Surveys were organized in the Couffo department, and larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti mosquito populations were collected in the breeding sites from April to July 2025 during the great rainy season. The WHO susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed male and female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old, and also conducted on unfed, blood-fed, and gravid female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. These susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed, blood-fed, and gravid female mosquitoes aged 20 days old. The effects of synergist Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) on lambda-cyhalothrin tolerance in Aedes aegypti larvae were also investigated. The results showed that Aedes aegypti females were more susceptible than the males. After females had taken their blood meals, vector susceptibility to Lambda-Cyhalothrin did not increase. Similarly, after females possess eggs in their abdomen, the results also showed that the old mosquitoes were more susceptible to Lambda-Cyhalothrin. Mono-Oxygenase enzymes may play a role in Aedes aegypti larvae tolerance to lambda-cyhalothrin in Djakotomey district. Many factors influence vector susceptibility to insecticides. The rabbit’s blood meal is important in the assessment of factors which influence vector susceptibility to insecticides. The method which exposes human hands to mosquitoes in a cage to be fed is not recommended.
Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when fed to poultry in an acceptable amount, provide health benefits. As an alternative to the utilization of antibiotic growth promoters, the utilization of probiotics is increasing rapidly in the poultry industry, with significant growth, productivity, immunity, and gut health. This review elaborates on the common probiotic strains, their mechanism of action, and effects on growth rate, immune system, and heat stress alleviation in poultry. An efficient probiotic is characterized by its ability to exert a beneficial effect on a host, resistance to low pH, non-pathogenicity to the host, and the capacity to produce antimicrobial substances against pathogenic microorganisms. Probiotics have several health benefits, with increased growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, weight gain, and carcass quality by promoting lean muscle growth. However, the efficiency of probiotics depends on the dosage, administration techniques, and atmospheric conditions of poultry houses. Utilizing probiotics is an effective method of controlling microbial populations, pH, and gut control in poultry, so the practices of probiotics will be an efficient solution as an alternative to antibiotics. Future research should focus on probiotics use and encourage farmers to utilize probiotics for growth and production.
Precision Livestock Farming integrates sensor technologies, automated monitoring systems, and data-driven decision tools to improve the management of livestock at the individual-animal level. In dairy systems, PLF has rapidly expanded as a tool to enhance productivity, environmental sustainability, and animal welfare. This literature review synthesizes current knowledge on PLF applications in dairy cattle, with emphasis on heat stress detection, behavior and welfare assessment, automatic milking systems, and performance optimization. Findings highlight that PLF improves early disease detection, enhances milking efficiency, optimizes resource use, and provides welfare-related behavioral insights. However, challenges remain, including technical failures, risks of reduced human-animal interaction, welfare trade-offs, and ethical concerns linked to excessive technologization of animal care. Significant knowledge gaps also persist concerning positive welfare assessment, long-term impacts, standardized metrics, and applicability across diverse production systems. This review concludes that Precision Livestock Farming has strong potential to support sustainable and welfare-friendly dairy production when integrated with thoughtful management, ethical oversight, and robust farmer engagement.
This study aims to know sperm quality and daily testosterone profile from fecal samples of the Kokok Balenggek rooster (KBR).This study used 10 KBR consisting of 1 Balang phenotype, 4 Biriang phenotypes, 1 Jalak phenotype, 2 Kinantan phenotypes, 1 Kuriak phenotype, and 1 Taduang phenotype.Semen was collected three times and evaluated for the quality of spermatozoa, including volume, pH, color, consistency, mass movement, motility, concentration, viability, and abnormalities.A fecal sample was carried out on the second day of semen sampling and was collected eight times within 24 hours at 01.00, 03.00, 07.00, 10.00, 13.00, 16.00, 19.00, and 22.00.The resul ts showed that the Taduang phenotype had the lowest quality compared to the other phenotypes (P<0.05) with a mass movement value of 1.0±0.0(+), spermatozoa concentration 154±69×10 6 cells/ejaculate, spermatozoa motility 50±10%, viability 88±7.0%, and spermatozoa abnormalities showed the lowest rate with a percentage of 4.6±2.1%.On the other hand, the highest mass movement (+++) and sperm motility of 90±0.0%was established in the Jalak phenotype.The Kuriak phenotype exhibited the highest concentration of sperm and the greatest sperm viability, with values of 2453±530×10 6 cells/ejaculate and 96±1.0%,respectively.The results of the ELISA analysis showed that the dried fecal testosterone concentration was 179.86±2.22ng/gand was not significantly different between phenotypes (P>0.01), with a testosterone peak occurring at 9-hour intervals in each phenotype.Meanwhile, an increase in testosterone has a positive correlation with an increase in pH and a negative correlation with the concentration, motility, and viability of KBR spermatozoa.
Utilizing mangrove (Sonneratia alba) fruit as an alternative feed source presents a viable avenue for enhancing livestock feed efficiency and sustainability.However, the intrinsic high tannin content of S. alba poses a significant barrier to its digestibility and utility as a feed component.The application of fermentation processes facilitated by Aspergillus niger emerges as a strategic intervention to diminish tannin impediments and elevate the feed material's nutritional profile.This investigation delves into the ramifications of varied fermentation periods with A. niger on the digestibility, nutrient quality, and fermentative by-products of S. alba fruit.Adopting a completely randomized block design, the study administers treatments spanning fermentation durations of 7, 10, 13, and 16 days, scrutinizing their influence on a spectrum of digestibility indices, ruminal fluid properties, microbial protein synthesis, and gaseous production.The findings articulate that protracted fermentation markedly augments the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein, alongside elevations in volatile fatty acids and ammonia levels, while sparing rumen pH and overall gas output from significant alterations.Notably, a 16-day fermentation tenure culminates in optimal feed digestibility and nutritional amelioration, underscoring the potency of extended A. niger fermentation in curtailing tannin contents and fostering the adaptability of S. alba fruit as livestock feed, thereby advocating for advanced, sustainable feed formulation methodologies.
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV )and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV )are highly infectious, particularly among stray cats, with reported cases documented worldwide.This retrospective study analyzed cats infected with FeLV and FIV or co-infected with both in the Thonburi area of Bangkok from 2018 to 2022.A total of 830 cats were admitted to the animal clinic exhibiting clinical signs of depression, emaciation, ataxia, pale mucous membrane, gingivitis and corneal opacity.Twenty-nine cats tested positive for FeLV (3.49%), ranging in age from 2 to 60 months, while 16 cats tested positive for FIV (1.93%), ranging in age from 5 to 96 months and 30 cats tested positive for both FeLV and FIV (3.61%) with ages ranging from 4 to 108 months.None of the infected cats had received vaccination against FeLV or FIV and they were raised in an open husbandry system.Co-infection with FeLV and FIV was associated with a higher incidence of Mycoplasma spp.infection compared to cats infected with FeLV (P<0.001) or FIV (P<0.001) alone.Anemia was observed in co-infection with FeLV-FIV (24.24+9.97%),leukocytosis in co-infection with FeLV-FIV (21.3821.6610 3 cell/L), neutrophilia in FeLV (64.28+16.2810 3 cell/L), FIV (67.19+11.9210 3 cell/L) and FeLV+FIV (64.03+17.0910 3 cell/L).Thrombocytopenia was found in FeLV+FIV (247.13+148.9810 3 cell/L), with increased BUN in FeLV, FIV and FeLV+FIV, increased creatinine in FIV and elevated ALT in FeLV+FIV infected cats.
Leptospirosis is a serious zoonotic disease causes by Leptospira spp.infection, and Thailand is an endemic area for both humans and animals.Infected animal such as cattle, sheep and goats can mostly be asymptomatic but can experience foetal abortions and stillbirths.Infected animals play a role in spreading the bacteria via urine.This study determined leptospirosis in meat goats of Southern Thailand by a molecular detection method.In total, 323 serum samples were collected from meat goats from representative provinces of Southern Thailand, namely Songkhla (179) and Yala (144), from April to June 2022 by the veterinarian of the Regional Livestock Health Unit 9, Songkhla, Thailand.Antibodies from previous infections were screened using the lepto-latex test.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeted the LipL32 gene, and overall positivity was 76.47% (247/322).There was no statistically significant difference between the results from Songkhla (76.54%) and Yala (76.39%).The LipL32 PCR indicated an overall positivity of 9.29% (30/323), positive samples from Yala (18.75%) were significantly more abundant than those from Songkhla (1.68%) (P<0.00001).This study indicates a low active infection with a high previous infection (seroprevalence) of leptospirosis in meat goats, suggesting the circulation of leptospirosis of meat goats in Southern Thailand.DNA sequencing for analysing the serovars distribution among goat is needed.Disease prevention via vaccination based on serovar in Thailand be considered.Moreover, molecular detection of leptospirosis be applied for surveillance at herd level, and farmers and persons in contact with goats should be aware of Leptospira infections.
Global concern surrounds Acinetobacter baumannii (A.baumannii), a dangerous pathogen.The fact that this bacterium can develop resistance to carbapenems used in clinical practice is one of the biggest worries associated with it.Furthermore, it has a strong propensity to rapidly disseminate this resistance, affecting healthcare settings across national borders and socioeconomic levels.Based on our research, out of 70 bovine milk samples were positive for Acinetobacter spp with an incidence (17.14%).Phenotypically, all Acinetobacter spp were confirmed as A. baumannii.Thus, the frequency of A. baumannii in milk samples was 17.14% (12/70).The isolates of A. baumannii exhibited the highest frequency of resistance to imipenem (10g), gentamicin (10g), and ceftazidime (30g), with an incidence of 100%.The PCR results showed that all A. baumannii strains (100%) carried the blaOXA-51, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-58 genes.These results raised the possibility that raw milk consumption could expose humans to a zoonotic risk of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB).
Herbal medicine in Indonesia is often used as a healing medium.Red fruit as one of the endemic medicinal plants in Papua has a high content of various active ingredients and antioxidants so it can treat various diseases.The use of topical medicinal preparations in the form of ointments for the treatment of burns is considered the easiest to apply to livestock.The antioxidant content in red fruit accelerates the regeneration of dead skin cells so it is hoped that it can be used as a topical treatment for burns.Antioxidant therapy for burn management has been widely researched.This study aims to determine the quality and effectiveness of red fruit oil herbal from Papua in the ointment preparations for healing burns in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 4 treatments.The treatment given was P0 = Vaseline without red fruit oil (negative control); P1 = Red fruit oil ointment 15%; P2 = Red fruit oil ointment 30%; P3 = Red fruit oil ointment 45%.Variables to be measured and observed in this study include the stability of the ointment preparation (organoleptic test, homogeneity test, spreadability test, ointment pH test, and freeze-thaw cycle stability test and the effectiveness of red fruit oil ointment against burns in rabbits.The quality of red fruit oil ointment for the treatment of burns in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was the best in the P3 formulation (45% red fruit oil) but in the spreadability test, it was still relatively low.
This study explores the potential of a plant-based feed supplement, "Udder Care Formula (UCF)," to address udder health concerns in dairy cows. Traditionally, antibiotics are used to treat udder conditions; however, antibiotic resistance has been reported. This study investigates UCF as a possible alternative approach for cows with subclinical or clinical udder issues. They were given UCF 30g/day/cow for 5 days and monitored for various health markers, including temperature, udder condition, milk quality, and milk production. The results were promising. Cows receiving UCF showed significant improvement (p < 0.001) in several key areas, including reduced inflammation, improved udder quality, and increased milk yield. Although the milk's white blood cell counts and pH did not change significantly, other measures suggested an overall positive impact on udder health. Based on these findings, the study indicates that UCF supplementation could be a valuable preventative measure for udder health in dairy cows.
One of the most commonly used hypertensive rat models is the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive model.However, there is limited research on whether this model can induce cardiac hypertrophy.This study aimed to provide a reliable animal model for chronic hypertension that triggers cardiac hypertrophy using an echocardiographic approach to detect changes in cardiac performance.Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to normal and DOCA-salt groups.Induction of chronic hypertension with cardiac hypertrophy was carried out by uninephrectomy, DOCA (20mg/kg/b.w)dissolved in 0.1mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) subcutaneously twice weekly and 1% NaCl in drinking water daily for five weeks.Blood pressure (BP) and echocardiography were observed.Serum was taken and checked for CK-MB and LDH.qRT-PCR determined the mRNA expression of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).Furthermore, we examined the histopathological characteristics of cardiac tissue.In the DOCA-salt model, BP were significantly increased, echocardiography showed that left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness (LVPWd), interventricular septal end-diastole thickness (IVSd) was significantly increased (P<0.01,respectively) and also exhibited decreased left ventricular internal diameter end-diastole (LVIDd).There was a significant increase in CK-MB, LDH activity, and mRNA expression of BNP in DOCA-salt group.Additionally, histopathological changes in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area indicate cellular hypertrophy of the heart upon DOCA-salt administration.The findings showed that uninephrectomy with subcutaneous injection of DOCA dissolved in 0.1mL DMF followed by administration of 1% NaCl in drinking water could be a reliable animal model for chronic hypertension that triggers cardiac hypertrophy.
A total of 20,823 Holstein × Lai Sind crossbred dairy cows from three farms in Central and East-Southern Vietnam were examined to clarify the prevalence of clinical mastitis and evaluate its effects from July to October 2022.The results indicated that clinical mastitis in cows was present at a relatively low rate (7.05%), and the high-density farms had a higher rate of clinical mastitis in cows than in other farms.In a hot, humid month, the incidence of clinical mastitis in cows (7.78%) was higher than in other months in this study, especially in the high-density farm.Cows at the first parity were clinical mastitis (32.58%) higher than at other parities, followed by cows at the second parity.As indicated, farm scale, months, and parity affected the incidence of clinical mastitis in cows in those survey farms.Clinical mastitis caused the fluctuation in milk yield, which was determined at 15.45±8.67 to 18.44±0.72kg/cow/day; moreover, the milk yield of clinical mastitis cows in the large-scale farm showed a significant fluctuation.Among examined bacterial pathogens, Streptococcus agalactia (34.65%) was the most detected from milk samples of clinical mastitis cows, followed by Klebsiella (14.47%) and Escherichia coli (10.09%), but Staphylococcus spp. was present at the lowest rate (0.88%).The treatment followed the veterinarian's guidelines and was adequate for clinical mastitis cows in this study within five days (79.15%).Thus, mastitis management in dairy farms is significantly required to prevent disease spreading in farms, especially in high-density herds.
