El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la situación que atravesaron los comerciantes y los artesanos de la confección después de la guerra de la Independencia y sus consecuencias dentro de la Casa Real. También se analiza el periodo de 1814 a 1833, en aras de ver los cambios sucedidos en la estructura palatina y sus repercusiones en los sectores de la confección. A través del análisis de facturas, expedientes personales y nóminas del personal de palacio, conoceremos a aquellos que estuvieron presentes a lo largo del reinado de Fernando VII y tuvieron que jurar lealtad para ser artífices reales.
En este trabajo se explora el tópico literario de los celos hacia la mascota de la amada en Juan Meléndez Valdés. Previamente, se presenta el tópico literario implicado, en su extenso recorrido por la literatura occidental. El motivo conoce dos modalidades retóricas, no exclusivas: la envidia de la mascota, porque ella disfruta de la cercanía de la amada; y el deseo de transformarse en ella. El tópico florece en géneros de contenido romántico o sentimental, como era esperable. Se documenta en poetas antiguos, como los autores de epigramas griegos, o como Catulo y Ovidio; y en escritores modernos como Gutierre de Cetina, Esteban Manuel de Villegas y Juan Meléndez Valdés. En el ciclo de Meléndez Valdés dedicado a «La paloma de Filis» el tópico aparece como leitmotiv en no menos de doce ocasiones. Dos referencias latinas relevantes que el poeta pacense pudo haber tenido en cuenta son los poemas de Catulo dedicados al gorrión de Lesbia (2 y 3) y las composiciones Basium III y XI de Jean Bonnefons. En el contexto ideológico del erotismo rococó, Meléndez Valdés recurre al motivo con dos motivaciones: ensalzar el atractivo erótico de la dama y expresar su deseo por ella, especialmente en circunstancias de distanciamiento físico o de desdén amoroso. El uso del tópico refleja, por un lado, la formación clásica del poeta y, por otro, la ideología sensualista de la burguesía ilustrada en la España del siglo XVIII.
Eclipsada por sus acontecimientos sociopolíticos, la Revolución francesa constituyó igualmente un punto de inflexión científico. A partir de ella la ciencia cayó definitivamente bajo el control del Estado y se consagró como un valor espiritual que situó a los savants en un elevado puesto dentro de la jerarquía social. Cuando la nación necesitó ser salvada de la crisis, fueron los «científicos» quienes ocuparon los cargos políticos y guiaron al pueblo hacia su liberación. La ciencia, antes periférica, se situaba en el centro de la política. El presente artículo enfatiza el cambio de relaciones Ciencia-Poder que opera en esta época, así como plasma el modo en que el fallido intento de establecer una «ciencia democrática» llevó a dichos científicos a elevarse a una suerte de atalaya desde la que sentían que debían guiar a la humanidad.
El objetivo es determinar los rasgos comunes de los territorios presentes en la exposición de las civilizaciones pertenecientes a la antigüedad, contenidos en la Introduction à l´histoire universelle de Michelet. Uno de ellos es la condición de parte de la naturaleza y su movilidad relativa; existen otras características poseídas por todas las zonas geográficas mencionadas, como la de ser lugares donde se desarrolla la lucha contra la naturaleza -salvo el caso de la India- la cual, aparte de poseer una dirección este-oeste, pone de manifiesto la distinta aptitud de aquéllos para el movimiento. Además, existe una presentación dual de las civilizaciones antiguas y, por ende, de sus territorios, en el marco de la contraposición de los continentes europeo y asiático, lo cual permitió a Michelet comparar sus atributos que, en algunos casos, dieron lugar a expresiones metafóricas cargadas de simbolismo.
The article examines the written sources that emerged after the death of Charles II in the kingdom of Naples. The proclamation of Philip V exposed the discontent of a part of the nobility who, due to family or personal interests, confrontation with the viceroy or political ideas favouring either independence or Archduke Charles. This discontent culminated in a conspiracy that challenged a longstanding consensus that had endured for two centuries. The opinions of ambassadors, chroniclers, jurists, anonymous people, manifestos and replies shaped the battle of letters between the Austracists and the Bourbons at this crossroads. Although the conspiracy was suppressed and Philip V travelled to Naples in 1702, Austrian forces would later enter the capital. This literature showed that both trials had contradictory elements. Perhaps, for this reason, the subsequent government of a king who would also be king of Spain was possible.
The arrival of Fran & ccedil;ois Jacquier's Institutiones philosophicae as a basic philosophy course at the University of Salamanca, replacing the scholastic teaching of Antoine Goudin's compendium, has traditionally been considered secondary within the process of reforming its studies. However, an analysis of the author's career, his motivations, the strong resistance its reception aroused from more conservative sectors, and, especially, his role in embracing modern science and laying the foundations for new philosophical currents, demonstrates its relevance in the process of intellectual and political transformation that emerged in the classrooms of Salamanca.
During the first half of the eighteenth century, Bilbao emerged as a strategic location for Jacobite conspiracies aimed at restoring the Stuart dynasty to the British throne. Its geographic position, degree of political autonomy, and the substantial presence of Irish Catholic exiles rendered the city particularly well-suited to clandestine operations associated with successive insurrectionary efforts. These & eacute;migr & eacute;s offered logistical support, financial resources, and expansive communication networks that proved instrumental to the Jacobite cause. Consequently, Bilbao attracted the scrutiny and apprehension of the English intelligence services. The case of Bilbao thus exemplifies how ostensibly peripheral urban centres could assume a pivotal role within transnational Stuart conspiracies, sustaining a discreet yet effective web of collaboration that intertwined political, religious, and economic interests.
This article explores the representation of Central America in El Peregrino Septentrional Atlante (1737) and the Chronica Apostolica y Seraphica (1746), written by fray Isidro Felix de Espinosa. Through a historiographical, rhetorical, semiotic, and theological approach, it analyzes how these texts construct a symbolic imaginary that transforms the region into a spiritual space, a setting for miracles, martyrdoms, and institutional failures. Special attention is given to fray Pablo de Rebullida, fray Antonio Margil de Jesus and the Talamanca region, conceived as a Christian frontier and a symbol of Indigenous resistance. The study concludes that these chronicles are not merely historical accounts, but vehicles for a theology of space that articulates the transition from late Baroque to Enlightenment discourse in the Eighteenth Century.
This article analyzes religious conversions from Protestantism to Catholicism in 18th-century Spain through the documentation of the Court of the Inquisition, within the context of the migratory flow that arrived in our country from various European countries (France, Ireland, England, Switzerland, and Germany). It highlights the importance of the Society of Jesus in its institutional concern for the poverty and the greater presence of women over men in the religious mutation.
Although some studies about the history of Spanish language in Honduras have been published during last years, there are still certain topics that have not aroused the interest of researchers. A good example is the situation of the ortography during the colonial or republican era: generally relegated in the diachronic works of Spanish, there are no studies about it in the specific case of the Honduran variety. Precisely for this reason, the present paper aims to provide some initial data on the evolution of the graphic uses used in Honduras in the late colonial era, as a way of outlining the development of the (ortho)graphy that is diachronically used in this country.
Overshadowed by its socio-political events, the French Revolution was also a turning point for science. Since then, science fell under the control of the State and became enshrined as a spiritual value that placed savants in a high position in the social hierarchy. When the nation needed to be saved from crisis, & laquo;scientists & raquo; occupied the political positions and led the people toward their liberation. Science, once peripheral, was placed at the centre of politics. This article emphasizes the changes in Science-Power relations at work in this era and how the failed attempt to establish a & laquo;democratic science & raquo; led scientists to ascend to a sort of watchtower from which they could guide humanity.
The objective of this work is to understand the situation faced by merchants and artisans in the clothing industry after the War of Independence and its consequences within the Royal Household. The period from 1814 to 1833 is also analyzed, revealing the changes that took place within the palace structure and their impact on the clothing industry. Through the analysis of invoices, personal files, and payrolls of palace personnel, we will learn about those who were present throughout the reign of Ferdinand VII and had to swear loyalty to become royal craftsmen.
American political scientist Joseph Nye introduced the concept of soft power to describe a diplomatic strategy aimed at influencing the behavior of other nations through attraction, rather than resorting to violence. This article examines theatrical staging in the ancient Kingdom of Guatemala as an effective means of implementing soft power, beyond the well-known objective of evangelizing indigenous peoples. We propose that the staging of Golden Age comedies was a friendly resource for transmitting the values of the classic Spanish identity imaginary, which were centered on honor, loyalty, obedience, and purity of blood, to the Creole audiences. As a counterpart, we argue that, through theater, representatives of the colonial administration tried to project abroad an idea of civic responsibility that highlighted the distinctive features of the pre-Columbian past. However, disruptive elements infiltrated the performances, challenging official narratives.
This paper explores the literary topos of jealousy towards the beloved's pet in the poetry of Juan Melendez Valdes. Previously, the long journey of this literary topos through Western letters has been traced. The motif is known in two non-exclusive rhetorical forms: the envy of the pet, on the ground that it enjoys the proximity of the beloved; and the lover's wish to transform into the animal. The topos flourishes in genres with a romantic content, as expected. It is documented in ancient poets such as the authors of Greek epigrams, or poets like Catullus and Ovid; and in modern writers like Gutierre de Cetina, Esteban Manuel de Villegas and Juan Melendez Valdes. In Melendez Valdes' cycle dedicated to Filis' Dove, the topos appears as a leitmotif on no fewer than twelve occasions. Two important Latin references that the poet from Badajoz might have considered are Catullus's poems (2 and 3) dedicated to Lesbia's sparrow and Jean Bonnefons' compositions Basium III and XI. In the ideological context of Rococo eroticism, Melendez Valdes employs the motif for two reasons: to express his desire for the beloved, especially under circumstances of physical separation or unrequited love; and to extol the erotic appeal of his Lady. The use of the topos resonates with the poet's classical education and with the sensualist ideology of the enlightened bourgeoisie in Spain during the 18th century.
The aim is to determine the common features of the territories present in the exhibition of ancient civilizations contained in Michelet's Introduction a l'histoire universelle. One of them is the condition of being part of nature and its relative mobility; there are other characteristics possessed by all the geographical areas mentioned, such as being places where the struggle against nature takes place-except in the case of India-which, apart from having an east-west direction, reveals the different aptitude of those for movement. In addition, there is a dual presentation of ancient civilizations and, therefore, of their territories, within the framework of the contrast between the European and Asian continents, which allowed Michelet to compare their attributes that, in some cases, gave rise to metaphorical expressions loaded with symbolism.
This study analyzes the predominant linguistic ideologies of El Salvador during the colonial era. The objective is to understand the formation and consolidation of the ideology of superiority of Spanish over the indigenous languages of El Salvador in the 18th century. This study used a qualitative methodology with a documentary approach and was developed under the analytical method. From the perspectives of glottopolitics and discourse analysis, colonial texts that demonstrate these ideological manifestations were examined. As a result, the text explains the internal relations (hierarchical idea and linguistic prejudice) and external relations (evangelization and Castilianization) that were part of a strategy of cultural and linguistic homogenization in the country and that positioned Spanish as the only legitimate language of El Salvador's colonial society.
This article examines some of the documented lexical data on the indigenous languages of Costa Rica in the 18th century in terms of the information they provide about their respective societies and their cultural and linguistic contact with the group of Spanish tradition. It is shown that the vocabulary of incidental documentation in the missionary chronicles, as well as the vocabulary compiled at the request of Tsarina Catherine II, although with defects, serve as input for studying the complex sociocultural dynamics of these peoples based on concepts that had been lexicalized through the adoption of a Spanish loan, the semantic extension of a heritage word, or lexical creation.
Gabriel Bouquier (1739-1810), a painter, poet and deputy of Dordogne in the National Convention, is a nearly forgotten figure in the history of literature; in total, his only published works are five pamphlets of questionable quality. Nevertheless, his case is exemplary in one aspect: his entire poetic work was consecrated to the partisan fighting of his time. For this reason, his poetry illustrates the effectual uses that the statemen of letters of the French Revolution gave to their literary productions. This paper, consequently, aims to analyze Bouquier's use of rhetorical strategies in his work and to identify the political campaigns in which each piece was included. In doing so, our objective is to delve into the relationship between poetry and politics in the literary practices of the writer-deputies of the late 18th century.
The Fiestas reales (1675) have a double importance, as it is both the only baroque festival in verse that has been preserved from the kingdom of Guatemala and the only one dedicated to celebrating the birthday of a member of the royal family. Furthermore, its autor, Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzm & aacute;n, is one of the most important literary figures in the entire Central American colonial period. This article proposes a reading that highlights the interests of the local authorities behind the monarchical celebration.
The essay studies the perspective of fray Francisco Xim & eacute;nez O.P. on the origin and nature of the Mayan languages K'iche', Kaqchikel and Tz'utujil, which he works in his comparative linguistic works, grammar and vocabulary. Likewise, the essay addresses his assessment of them and some analytical innovations and metalanguages that he introduces in his effort to describe them beyond the Latincentric model prevailing at his time and common in Spanish missionary linguistics of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
