Anestrus due to inactive ovaries decreases the probability of breeding and pregnancy rates, and increases days open in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to study the effect of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) administered three days before ovum synchronization (OVSYNCH) protocol in anestrous dairy cows. Therefore, one hundred sixty nonpregnant cows were included in the research as a clinical trial study with days in milk 60 +/- 5 days, (BCS 3 +/- 0.25, milk yield 46 +/- 8 kg, parity 3 +/- 1, during the last September to April) with no signs of estrus and suffering from inactive ovary. Transrectal palpations of ovaries were conducted at the time of animal selection, and were repeated 10 days later with an ultrasound probe. The anestrous cows without ovarian corpus luteum (CL), persisted follicle or persisted CL, ovarian cysts and large follicles (>10 mm) on that two examinations were assigned to the study. Selected cows were treated with OVSYNVH (n=40), controlled intra-vaginal device releasing (CIDR) +OVSYNCH (n = 40), eCG + OVCSYNCH (n = 40) or placebo (n=40). Pregnancy examination was carried out on day 331- 3 after the insemination with a transrectal ultrasound probe, and non-pregnant animals were treated repeatedly with the same protocol in their groups. Results showed that the rate of large follicles (>15mm) at AI was significantly more (P<0.05), and the treatment to conception interval was lesser in eCG treated animals (P<0.05). It was concluded that the injection of eCG three days before OVSYNCH protocol decreased treatment to conception intervals and increased proportions of cows with a large follicle at AI in anestrous dairy cows.
This study aimed to detect slime genes and antibiotic/antiseptic-resistance genes in staphylococcal isolates from goats with subclinical mastitis in Hatay, Turkey. Thirty staphylococcal isolates were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analyses for detection of the studied genes. The genes responsible for slime production (icaA and icaD), in addition to oxacillin (mecA), gentamicin (aacA-aphD), erythromycin (ermA and ermC), tetracycline (tetK and tetM) penicillin (blaZ) and quarterly ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes (qacA/qacB and qacC) were analysed by PCR assays. Slime genes predominated in goat mastitis isolates (12/30, 40.0%). The most prevalent resistance gene was blaZ, which was found in 11 (36.6%) isolates. mecA was present in 2 (6.6%) isolates, and qacA/B was found in 1 (3.3%) isolate. The other resistance genes were not detected in any isolates. Twelve of the 30 isolates were negative for the studied genes. In conclusion, the presence of ica genes in 40% of isolates illustrates the slime production ability of staphylococcal isolates in goat mastitis. The presence of these resistance genes in goat mastitis isolates is remarkable and has implications for goat milk and goat milk products for human consumption.
Chlamydia abortus that causes abortion and fetal death in mammals, including goats and sheep, has major economic and general hygiene effects worldwide. This study intended to investigate the prevalence of Chlamydia abortus infection and its associated risk factors in goat herds in Khuzestan province, in the southwest of Iran. To that end, 368 goat serum samples were randomly collected from different cities of Khuzestan province (Susangerd 49, lzeh 60, Hendijan 80, Dezful 58, Shoushtar 60 and Ahvaz 61) and were evaluated by ELISA assay. The seroprevalence rate of Chiamydia abortus was found to be 5.71% (95CI; 3.34- 8.08%). Logistic regression showed that the odds of infection between age groups based on year and infection was 0.88 (95CI; 0.64-1.2) (P>0.05). The findings also revealed that the odds of infection in the female goats increased to 1.29 (95CI; 0.17-10.07) (P>0.05) compared to that in males. In comparison to goats without any history of abortion, the odds of infection in goats with a history of abortion was 1.74 (95CI; 0.37-8.04). The relative frequency of infection in the cities of Shoushtar, Izeh, Dezful, Hendijan, Ahvaz and Susangerd were found to be 6.67, 3.33, 5.17, 5, 13.11 and zero percent, respectively (P>0.05). This study confirmed the presence of Chlamydia abortus in the goat herds of Khuzestan province. Accordingly, preventive and controlling measures need to be considered by the health authorities and goat owners so that to reduce the infection's harmful effects.
Chylous ascites is a rare clinical condition, characterized by the accumulation of lymph in the peritoneal cavity with a high concentration of triglycerides. This report describes a case of chylous ascites diagnosed in a 9-month-old female mixed-breed calf with a history of abdominal distension. On admission to the hospital unit, the animal was standing with no signs of abnormal behavior. It exhibited a normal appetite but mild dehydration, and it had a normal respiratory rate, tachycardia, a bulging abdomen on both sides, and soft feces. Serum biochemical analysis revealed hypoalbuminemia. Gamma glutamyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase serum activity, as well as concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine were within normal ranges. An odorless, light yellow milky fluid of viscous consistency and cloudy appearance was obtained via abdominocentesis. Cytology revealed a predominance of small lymphocytes, and biochemical evaluation of the peritoneal fluid revealed concentrations of 3.95 mmol/L triglycerides and 5.67 mmol/L total cholesterol. The intense abdominal distension associated with pulmonary compression resulted in the death of the animal. Anatomical changes in the urinary system, including ureteral ectopia and a large volume of chylous fluid in the abdominal cavity, were found at necropsy. The high concentration of triglycerides in the peritoneal fluid was 13 times higher than the serum concentration and the anatomopathological findings confirmed a diagnosis of chylous ascites of congenital origin.
This study aimed to determine the nutritive value of barley (untreated and heat treated at 120 degrees C) in Ghezel sheep by using the nylon bag technique. Three fistulated Ghezel sheep with an average body weight (BW) of 50.5 +/- 2.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design. The degradability of ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) was measured in situ at 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h. DM degradability of untreated and treated barley at 48 h showed significant differences (P<0.05). Moreover, difference in terms of CP degradability between untreated and treated barley at 48 h was found significant (P<0.05). The comparison of different digestion models showed that model 3 provided the best fit for measuring DM and CP of untreated and treated barley.
Doxycycline is used to treat or to prevent respiratory infections in calves. Doxycycline can be easily administered to calves in milk or milk replacers; under farm conditions, therefore, overdose may occur in calves. A male, one-month-old Simmental calf was brought to Firat University Veterinary Animal Teaching Hospital because he had anorexia and lethargy. Clinical examination revealed a swollen tongue and tongue paralysis. Doxycycline hyclate, total amount 1500 mg (which is 6.5 times the recommended dose of 5 mg/kg BW), had been administered orally to the calf 3 days previously to treat diarrhea. Based on the history and the results of clinical examination the calf was diagnosed with doxycycline overdose. The case history revealed that two calves on the same farm were also suffering from doxycycline overdose and another calf had died suddenly after doxycycline administration. Increased serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration of the three calves was determined with a human commercial cTnI assay. The first calf progressively deteriorated and died on day 9 despite decreasing serum cTnI concentration. The serum cTnI concentration of the other two calves returned to physiological levels. In this report, calves with doxycycline overdose had increased serum concentrations of cTnI. Further studies are required to detect whether temporary myocardial damage occurs in doxycycline-overdosed calves.
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of both temperature and storage time interval on the cauda epididymal sperm quality in bucks. This investigation addresses the pre-freeze/post-thaw quality of goat epididymal sperm as a function of testicle storage temperature (environment or +4 degrees C) and time elapsed between animal's death and sperm recovery (0, 24, 48, 72 h) to establish the optimal protocols for the recovery and cryopreservation of epididymal sperm in this species. Testicles of 40 mature bucks collected at the abattoir were divided in two groups: half of the testicles (n = 40) were transported to the laboratory at environment temperature (E), whereas the remaining half (n = 40) at a refrigeration temperature (R) of +4 degrees C. In the two groups (E) and (R), one testicle from each pair was processed after slaughter forming the time 0 groups (0E and 0R). The contralateral testicle was processed after 24, 48 or 72 h of storage, at the corresponding temperature. Sperm motility and kinetic parameters, viability, intact acrosom, HOStest and morphology were assessed in pre-freeze and post-thaw samples. Until 48 h post-mortem, both E and R temperatures are able to maintain very good pre-freeze epididymal sperm quality. After 48 h post-mortem, refrigeration temperature is fundamental to reduce epididymal sperm quality decay in pre-freeze samples. Therefore, when sperm cryopreservation is not immediately practicable, goat testicles should be transported and stored at 4 degrees C up to a maximum of 48 h post-mortem to ensure an acceptable sperm quality.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of L-arginine on sperm quality in the ram. Twelve Akkaraman fertile rams, 2-3 years old and weighing 50-60 kg, were divided into 2 lots: 6 treated and 6 controls. The treated animals were injected intramuscularly every 48 hours with 5 mg/ kg L-arginine; for 7 weeks; the witnesses an injection of isotonic saline of sodium chloride at the same rate. Semen was collected once a week in the presence of a sheep in heat (caused by an injection of prostaglandin). While intramuscular administration of L-arginine caused significant reduction in erection time (in 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th weeks) and abnormal spermatozoon ratio (only in 2nd week) when compared to control group, mass activity, motility, concentration (in 3th, 5th and 6th week), membrane integrity (in 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th weeks) were significantly increased. Consequently, intramuscular administration of L-arginine provides improvement in sperm quality parameters while reduces erection time in rams.
Egg yolk is one of the first cryoprotective agents in semen freezing extenders, but it has some disadvantages to use in industrial scale. The objective of this study was to compare the whole egg yolk, Egg yolk saline soluble fraction (SS) and ammonium sulfate insoluble yolk fraction (ASI) in freezing extender. In this study bull semen was extended in extender containing one of the different dosages of egg yolk (15, 20 and 25%), SS (20 and 25%) and ASI (6, 8 and 10%). After freeze-thawing, no significant differences were observed between ASI treatments (6, 8 and 10%). Inclusion of 20% SS in semen freezing extender improved motility, viability and plasma membrane integrity parameters of cryopreserved bull sperm compared to 25% SS. Although there was no significant difference between 20% and 25% of egg yolk but, 20% egg yolk increased some motility parameters in comparison with 15% egg yolk. Inclusion of different dosage of AST or 20% SS improved motility, viability and plasma membrane integrity of cryopreserved bull sperm compared with egg yolk. Different dosage of ASI improved viability and plasma membrane integrity of cryopreserved bull sperm over 20% SS but, the extra time required to prepare ASI does not warrant the small increase in sperm cryosurvival. No significant differences were detected in acrosome abnormality of sperm with different treatment groups. 20% SS was as efficient as ASI in terms of motion parameters for freezing bull semen, but compared with egg yolk, both ASI and SS had higher value.
The present study was conducted to investigate presence and prevalence of Theileria and Babesia in sheep and goats of Nigde by microscopic and molecular methods. For this purpose, it was chosen a total of 690 small ruminants including 520 sheep and 170 goats between 1-10 year olds belonging to 28 flocks in Nigde province, in Central Anatolia of Turkey between April-July 2014. Blood smears were prepared from the blood samples, stained with Giemsa, and examined under the light microscope for Theileria and Babesia piroplasms. The piroplasm DNAs of Theileria and Babesia species was amplified using the RLB-F2 ve RLB-R2 primers. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were hybridized to the membrane connected species-specific probes. The ticks were removed from sheep and goats and they were identified. Out of blood samples examined microscopically, 119 sheep (17.2%) were positive for Theileria spp. or Babesia spp., whereas no goats were positive. Of 690 animals 344 (49.8%) were positive for Theileria or Babesia by RLB method. Theileria ovis was the most common blood parasites in sheep and goats in the region with 46.9%, this is followed by B. ovis with 3.5% and Theileria sp. MK with 1.4%. The other Theileria species (T. lestoquardi, T. luwenshuni, T. uilenbergi) and genotypes (Theileria sp. OT1, Theileria sp. OT3) and Babesia species (B. motasi, B. crassa) were not detected in sheep and goats in the region. A total of 1361 ticks were collected in sheep and goats and they identified as Rhipicephalus bursa, R. turanicus, Hyalomma marginatum, Hy. excavatum, Hy. anatolicum, Haemophsalis parva, Hae. punctata, Hae. sulcata and Dermacentor marginatus. In determining blood parasites in sheep and goats, it was determined that PCR and RLB results were more susceptible than microscopy (P < 0.05,chi(2) = 105.823; P < 0.05,chi(2) = 164.548), and RLB than to PCR.
This study was conducted to isolate generic enterococci from horses in Nigeria, and to determine the antibiotic resistance profile and phenotypic vancomycin (VAN) resistance of the isolates. Non-duplicate rectal swabs were collected from 200, randomly-selected apparently-healthy horses. Isolation of enterococci was done using Slanetz and Bartley enterococcal selective medium. Resistance of 30 non-repetitive/duplicate isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. VAN resistance was assessed by high-level disc diffusion and agar screening methods while high-level aminoglycosides (gentamicin and streptomycin) resistance was determined by agar screening method. Out of 200 samples, 197 (97%) gave positive growth. From these, 210 enterococcal isolates comprised of 13 (6.2%) haemolytic and 197 (93.8%) non-haemolytic strains, were obtained. Of the 30 isolates, 11 (36.7%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 24 (80%) to erythromycin, 15 (50%) to tetracycline, 27 (90%) to rifampicin and 7 (26.7%) to VAN. Of the 7 VAN-resistant isolates, 3 (42.9%) were haemolytic strains while 4 (57.1%) were non-haemolytic. An isolate was susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. Among 29 resistant isolates, 18 (62.1%), including 6 (85.7%) of the 7 VAN-resistant strains, exhibited resistance to at least 3 classes of antibiotics. This study showed that horses in Nigeria are potential reservoirs and disseminators of multidrug- and VAN-resistant enterococci.
The aim of this research was to determine the effects of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE) and Nerium oleander distillation (NOD) on the colon aberrant cryptal foci (ACF) score, serum cytokines [Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10], prostaglandin E2, and oxidative status parameters (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) in an experimentally induced colon cancer model in rats. Male rats (38 in total) were divided into 4 groups: Control group (n = 8), Colon Cancer group (CC, n = 10), CC+TCAE group (n = 10), and CC i NOD group (n = 10). Except for the Control group, the rest of rats received azoxymethane (15 mg/kg, SC) once a week for two weeks to induce colon cancer. TCAE was administered once a week at 0.2 mL/kg (SC) and NOD was administered in water to CC+TCAE and CC+NOD groups for 18 weeks. After blood samples were collected, the rats were euthanized, colons were removed, washed with saline, then fixed with 10% formaldehyde, and stained with 0.2% methylene blue. ACFs were scored by light microscopy. Serum levels of cytokines, prostaglandin E2, and oxidative status parameters were determined with ELISA. ACF score of the CC group was higher than CC+TCAE and CC+NOD groups. The prostaglandin E2 level of the Control group was lower than the CC i TCAE group, while IL-2 and IL-10 levels of the Control group were lower than all other groups. In conclusion, it can be stated that TCAE and NOD applications may be beneficial in the treatment of colon cancer.
Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by several species from the Cryptosporidium genus. This disease affects all vertebrates, including humans, and is most frequently clinically expressed by diarrheal enteritis. Little data has been published on either human or animal cryptosporidiosis in Algeria. The objective of this review is to discuss all studies conducted to date in Algeria, and to place them into perspective in a global context. To date, Cryptosporidium. spp has been described in several domestic or breeding animals in Algeria: rabbit, horse, sheep, donkey, chicken, turkey, camel, as well as some wild or captive birds (ostrich, wild mallard, graylag goose). The few molecular studies available have identified 12 species (C. parvum, C. hominis, C. erinacei, C. cuniculus, C. meleagridis, C. ubiquitum, C. andersoni, C. muris, C. bovis, C. ryanae, C. xiaoi, C. baileyi) including 8 zoonotic Cryptosporidium species/subtypes. The single human study in Algeria reported a very low Cryptosporidium prevalence (0.4%) in humans, but this is very likely linked to disease under diagnosis. The detection of zoonotic species or subtypes in animals from Algeria highlights the potential risk for zoonotic transmission. Further molecular studies are needed to determine the circulating anthroponotic or zoonotic species and subtypes, in order to implement effective preventive strategies. Improving collaborations between veterinarians and medical professionals aligned with the "one world-one health" program is absolutely necessary to trace the history and improve prevention of cryptosporidiosis in Algeria.
In France, the veterinary pharmacy offers few phytotherapeutic drugs. Several hypotheses can explain this fact but the need to obtain a market authorization seems to be the main obstacle to the development of herbal medicines. Indeed, the market authorization procedures are not very suitable for phytotherapeutic drugs. This article proposes some ways to adapt the procedures to phytotherapeutic veterinary drugs.
Actinic and photo-aggravated dermatoses have been described in domestic species, particularly in dogs and horses. Their control and prevention include the use of sunscreens. Very little information if any is available on the real effectiveness of products launched or used in veterinary medicine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the real UV protective index (SFP) using an in vitro method based on the transmittance measurement carried out using a spectrophotometer equipped with integrating sphere after spreading of products tested on polymethylmetacrylate plates. Six topical preparations were tested: creams (4), stick (1) and wipe (I) with announced protective index ranging from 15 to 30 for 4 of them and containing organic filters (octylmethoxycinnamate, benzophenones) and or inorganic titanium dioxide (TiO2). The results show that only one product Ecran solaire chien chat (R) SPF 30+ (Dermoscent) really afford experimentally the claimed protective index (SPF determined in vitro is equal to 29.30). Another product Doggy sunwipes (R) SPF 15 shows a low activity (SPF close to 6) instead of announced 15, finally the 4 other products are completely devoid of any UV protective effect (values obtained between 1 and 2). The authors conclude in the necessary improvement of validation of photo-protective products used in veterinary medicine similarly to the procedures used for humans.
The conservation of food has always been a major concern for humans. Methods allowing it have appeared regularly over the centuries, including ionization. Ionization of food consists of exposing foodstuffs to radiation of sufficient energy to create ions. The effect of these on the biological agents present in the foodstuffs generally makes it possible to prolong the life of the foodstuffs and to improve the microbiological safety of these. The nature and the properties of the radiation used are obviously at the origin of the expected effects, but also of a wide societal controversy and a specific regulation. This bibliographical summary aims to take stock of this method of preserving foods in terms of the nature of the radiation used, their effects on micro-organisms and applications of this technique.
Hemosiderosis is an iron accumulation syndrome that can advance to hemochromatosis, which is the accumulation associated with disorders in organ function. Although howler monkeys have a specific iron metabolism related to their fur colour, iron accumulation in this specie has never been investigated. Hemochromatosis has been reported in other non-human primates. The main goal of the present study is to investigate post mortem iron accumulation on 105 livers of Allouata clamitans, from the biological material collection of the Centro de Pesquisas Biologicas de Indaial. This paper compares post mortem iron accumulation in the liver of free-ranging and captive Howler monkeys through Prussian Blue staining. For microscopic study, Hematoxilin-eosin stain exposed the cellular morphology and Prusian blue stain quantified the amount of iron accumulation. Chi-square test of independence and Prevalence Test were used for statistical evaluation. From 105 animals, 60 (57%) were negative for iron (by Prussian blue staining) and 45 (42%) were positive. There was no significant association between hepatic hemosiderosis and habitat, gender, or age. This is the first study addressing hepatic hemosiderosis in howler monkeys. Iron accumulation was present, however, liver damage (hemochromatosis) was not detected.
The Algerian goat herd has an extraordinary genetic diversity but till now, its populations have been narrowly described. The objective of this study is the morphological characterization of goat populations living in southeastern Algeria in perspective to develop a goat breeding strategy in the study's area. In total, 906 goats including 791 females and 115 males were phenotyped from 12 districts representing five zones of Biskra using 17 quantitative variables and 10 qualitative ones. Goats have been identified by breeding location. The results showed that the breeding site had a significant effect on some external measures and qualitative morphological traits. Strong positive correlations were observed between the majority of external measurements. PCA revealed the most discriminant characters describing size and shape of goats, namely head length (HL), body length (BL), hair length (HairL), and tail length (TL), ischium width (IW), chest circumference (ChC) and chest depth (ChD), height at withers (HG) and rump (HR), and the round of the anterior cannon (RAC). It allowed goat repartition into homogeneous groups. Three subpopulations were obtained by the clustering method. This study is the first step towards establishing programs for the conservation and improvement of local goat genetic resources threatened by uncontrolled crosses.
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important agents in gastrointestinal infections both in developed and developing countries. Determining the source of the human infections and the relationship of virulence gene properties and origin of the isolates are necessary epidemiologic data to control the infection in an area. We conducted a present study to genotype C. jejuni isolates recovered from human, broiler, cattle, poultry meat, and cattle meat in Mazandaran province, north of Iran. For this purpose, 100 isolates of C. jejuni (20 isolates from each source), which had been previously isolated, were subjected to Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR), 16S rRNA Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and six virulence genes (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, cadF, iamA and pldA) pattern. In total, 98 isolates were typed using RAPD-PCR and 32 different genotypic patterns were observed. All 100 isolates showed similar enzymatic digestion pattern in 16S rRNA-RFLP technique by using DdeI and AluI enzymes. The cadF gene showed a 100% presence among the isolates. The prevalence of cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, pldA, and iamA genes was 97%, 97%, 96%, 72% and 60%, respectively. Ten different genotypic patterns (VP1-VP10) were identified from the presence of six virulence genes. According to the results, 16S rRNA-RFLP cannot type the isolates, but both RAPD and virulence typing methods showed significant relationships between some of the genotypes and a specific source. A potential role of poultry isolates in human infections was observed using these two methods. RAPD technique had the best results for typing of the Campylobacter isolates between these three methods.
The effects of several kinds of anticoagulants on biochemical analytes of plasma have been studied in human beings and different animals. The objective of the present work is to investigate the possible influences of various anticoagulants on biochemical analytes of plasma in Buffalo. For this purpose, blood specimens were taken from seventeen clinically healthy male buffalo into a dry tube for serum and tubes containing heparin, EDTA, and citrate for collecting plasmas. The concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total bilirubin, urea, total protein, albumin, calcium, inorganic phosphate, and magnesium and the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured by commercial kits and a biochemical analyzer. Most analytes did not demonstrate any difference, but significantly lower concentrations of calcium, magnesium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were established when using EDTA compared with serum (P<0.05). Using heparin as an anticoagulant resulted in significantly higher albumin concentration (P<0.05). Sodium citrate caused significantly lower results in most of the analytes, which might be due to the dilution effect on specimens.
