Mass-Mobilization is one of the key ingredients for not only launching a movement but also for spreading any political agenda. The involvement of the masses always plays an important role in a process of bringing change anywhere and at any time. The history of South Asia, however, witnessed that in the struggle against the colonial rulers, to begin with, started by the elite alone. Politics was considered as the domain of a selected few and the common men were considered as ignorant and perhaps irrelevant and thus were kept at a distance. It was only after the beginning of the twentieth century and especially after the entrance of Gandhi on the political screen that the masses gained importance and were directly involved in political affairs. They not only became part of the Non-Cooperation Movement but also played an important role in spreading the movement all across India. In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlight Gandhi’s efforts to mobilize Indian masses during the Non-Cooperation Movement and its impact on the future politics of the region. The paper also discusses in detail different groups of society that actively participated in the process of mass-mobilization.
Very little has been written on cultural identity and national identity in contemporary Lebanese novel in the diaspora. This study explores how border identity is presented in Rabih Alameddine's Koolaids (1998), I, the Divine (2001), and The Angel of History (2016), three novels about the failure of the Lebanese immigrants to establish their cultural identity in the diaspora. It also gives a bird's-eye view of the myriad problems encountered by the immigrants while trying to build their cultural identity. Rabih Alameddine, a Lebanese American writer whose early literary pursuits focus on melting in the new homeland, represents the impossibility of redefinition and introduces the immigrants' remarkable preoccupation with the quest for national identity and nationhood. He mixes melancholic and ridiculous moments to represent the quest for cultural identity in order to subvert the neo-orientalist discourse which is based on the East/West dichotomy. Moreover, the use of multiple settings and narrators in each novel is also a common theme that explains the physical and psychological effects of the Lebanese civil war and the Lebanese ethnic categories in the diaspora.
The master architect of the Ottoman era, Architect Sinan, created and left behind a wide range of structural typologies. The most numerous of Sinan’s works were his mosques. The features defining the layout plan of Sinan’s mosques are the central domed baldachin and the characteristics of the structure on which the baldachin rests. Sinan made use of multiple support systems of sometimes four, six or eight elements in his system of dome structures, planning the layouts of his mosques around the framework of these systems. Sinan handled each of his domed and multiple pillar-supported central baldachin in different ways in terms of both the foundation of the baldachin and of the side galleries, creating in this group of structures a “Sinan style.” This paper is an attempt to make a comparative analysis of the organization of the domed central baldachin constituting the main space of the mosques of Architect Sinan, which is part of a hexagonal and octagonal baldachin system with multiple supports forming the central nucleus of the mosque, and of the side galleries, addressing the relationships between baldachin, structures, dome and galleries.
Bu çalışmada Osmanlı Devleti’nde 19. yüzyıla kadar kadı gibi şehrin yönetiminde söz sahibi olan kişiler ya da vakıf ve loncalar gibi bazı geleneksel kurumlar tarafından yürütülmeye çalışılan belediye hizmetlerinin, değişen şartlar ve zorunluluklar neticesinde dönüşüme uğrayarak yerini modern belediyecilik anlayışına bırakma süreci incelenmektedir. Araştırmanın giriş bölümünde Osmanlı Devleti’nin 19. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar geçen dönemde geleneksel belediyecilik uygulamaları incelendikten sonra 19. yüzyıldaki modern belediyeciliğe geçiş süreci incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın birinci bölümünde Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşundan 1826 yılında Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılmasına kadar geçen sürede geleneksel olarak kadı, naip, lonca ve vakıflar tarafından yürütülen beledi hizmetler ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise geleneksel belediyecilikten modern belediyeye geçiş süreci değerlendirilmiştir. İç ve dış dinamiklerin etkisi ile belediye hizmetlerinin tek bir merkezden daha teşkilatçı bir şekilde yerine getirilmesi zorunluluğu örnekleri ile ortaya konulmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde de 1870 yılında Safranbolu Belediyesi’nin kurulmasından itibaren şehrin imar ve kalkınmasına yaptığı katkılar, insanının yaşam kalitesini yükseltmek üzere yürütülen beledi hizmetler ve bu hizmetlerin kimler tarafından yürütüldüğü ile hizmet sunma aşamasında oluşan örgütsüz yapıdan kurumsallaşma boyutuna geçiş aşamaları değerlendirilmiştir. Şehirlerin kalkınmasında başat rol oynayan askeri alaylardan birisinin Safranbolu’ya kurulmasında, şehir içi kaldırım ve yollar ile diğer şehirlerle olan bağlantı yollarının yapılmasında belediyenin ne kadar önemli hizmetler yaptığı ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra yurdun işgal edilmesi sırasında yapılan protesto mitingleri örneğinde olduğu gibi belediyelerin toplumsal dayanışma ve organizasyon konularında da rol almaya başladıkları tespiti yapılmıştır.
With the industrialization of the world, energy resources need management more than anything else. Because today we live in an energy-dependent world, we need energy to generate heat and cold, to create light, to start car engines, to run factory gears, to harvest crops, and so on. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the need for efficiency of energy sources management in sustainable architecture was conducted. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to look at the concept of energy resources management and sustainable development and their relationship, to study renewable energy sources in Iran and to propose proposed solutions in this regard. The results show that energy management requires the presentation of policies by managers of a country and also requires public education at the community level. Achieving sustainable development also requires access to sustainable energy sources that non-renewable energy and fossil fuels are not suitable sources in this regard due to unsustainability, but renewable energy will remain for future generations if used, unlike fossil fuels. They will not lead to pollution and global warming. Undoubtedly, by replacing renewable energies with non-renewable energies, the steps taken towards sustainable development will become stronger. In addition to these issues, the epidemic and the increase in the number of victims and victims of the Covid-19 virus, which led to the closure of oil fields, refineries, mines, etc., was another blow to the managers and officials of countries to find out more than ever the only solution to these problems is referring to renewable energy.
The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), which was established by the countries of the region known as North Africa, also called as the Maghreb, to strengthen regional cooperation, draws attention as an organization that has lost its effectiveness today. This study examines the factors that affect the "failure" of the AMU. The discussions for the AMU to gain an active structure, which was established with the participation of Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania and Libya in the late 1980s, have increased even more with the current political crisis in Libya. The idea of "a united Maghreb" was actually a political argument used to mobilize the people of the region against the colonial powers during their struggle for independence long before the establishment of the AMU. Many reasons can be put forward to explain why the leaders of the region, who used the idea of creating a "united Maghreb" in their discourses, did not show enough will to achieve this dream. This study uses a critical constructivist account of state identity and interest and argues that Maghreb states were not able to develop shared identities and interests. It argues that the creation of the AMU could not pave the way for regional cooperation because Maghreb states consider each other as rivals and articulated their interests on this conception.
The traditions, socio-economic conditions, habitational settings and the climatic factors of a society become stratified with the cultural values and establish the current values of the cultural landscape. The significance of a rural landscape as cultural heritage is directly related to the existence of cultural values and cultural landscape, which constitutes the totality of the cultural values should be preserved in order to ensure historical and cultural sustainability. The study area (Şavşat/Artvin, Turkey) has a rich value based on its cultural landscape and texture, given its rich biodiversity and the lifestyle of different cultures that shaped the traditional settlement. Certain routes were determined within the scope of the present study, with the aim to encompass the whole Şavşat. A method based on an inventory study was employed to analyze the 39 rural settlements and the values of the traditional cultural landscape were quantified through scoring 8 parameters based on the existence or nonexistence of cultural values. The 5-point scoring was ranged as follows: very low, low, medium, high and very high. Based on this scoring, Yavuz village, Kocabey, Kirazlı, Kayadibi, Çoraklı, Şavşat Center, Ilıca, Maden were found have high, Cevizli, Maden, Köprülü and Çağlayan were found to have very high values for the cultural landscape. Consequently, it was indicated that identifying the values of the traditional cultural landscape through the scoring system based on the existence and nonexistence of cultural values with respect to certain parameters could contribute to the literature. It was considered that the findings of the present study could provide an important database in the regional/sub-regional scale for the conservation of cultural values with natural landscape resources and conveying these values to future generations.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of psychodrama on the codependency, self-actualization and problem-solving skills of women attending Public Education Center Tailoring Courses. The study was conducted with the quasi-experimental design based on the pretest-posttest model with an experimental group. Fifteen volunteering women attending tailoring courses at Malatya Battalgazi District Public Education Center during the 2015-2016 academic year participated in the study. The study data were collected with the Composite Codependency Scale, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile, and Problem-Solving Inventory. These three scales were applied to the study group before the application. After the pre-test, a psychodrama group study that included 18 sessions was conducted with eight women in the study group. At the end of the application, the scales were applied as post-test measurements to the study group. To test the effectiveness of the experimental process, the dependent samples t test technique was used. The comparison of the study group pretest and posttest scores revealed a significant difference between pretest and posttest self-actualization scores; however, there was no significant difference between codependency, interpersonal control, self-sacrifice, suppression of emotions, and problem-solving skill perception pretest and posttest scores. Thus, it was observed that psychodrama had a significant effect on the improvement of the self-actualization levels of participating women; however, it did not have a significant effect on the reduction of their negative perceptions about problem-solving skills and codependency levels.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, bedenin ve zihnin gevşemesinde önemli bir yaklaşım olan ve aynı zamanda bilinen en eski gevşeme yöntemlerinden biri olan yoganın duruş, nefes ve meditasyonu içeren uygulamalarının, ses eğitiminde öğrencilerin performansında herhangi bir fark yaratıp yaratmadığını araştırmaktır. Yöntem olarak, nicel araştırmanın önemli bir türü olan deneysel araştırma ve onun bir deseni olan, ön test-son test kontrol gruplu desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Müzik Eğitimi Anabilim Dalında 2019-2020 eğitim öğretim yılında 1. sınıfta okutulan ses eğitimi dersini alan öğrencilerden seçkisiz atama yöntemi ile belirlenen 18 (9 deney-9 kontrol) öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veriler, Ertek Babaç ve Dalkıran (2019) tarafından geliştirilen “Bireysel Ses Eğitimi Performans Ölçeği” aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmacı tarafından yoga eğitmenliği eğitimi alınarak, deney grubunda bulunan öğrencilere 10 hafta boyunca haftada 1,5 saat olmak üzere Hatha Yoga duruş, nefes ve meditasyon pratikleri uygulatılmıştır. Yoga pratiklerine henüz başlamamış öğrencilerin ses performansı ile 10 hafta boyunca ses eğitimi dersi ile eşgüdümlü olarak ilerleyen yoga pratiği sonundaki ses performansları arasında anlamlı bir fark olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Yoga pratiğine katılmayıp yalnızca ses eğitimi dersine devam eden kontrol grubunda bulunan öğrencilerin de 10 haftalık süreç sonundaki değişimleri ölçülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra yoga pratiği yapan deney grubu öğrencileri ile yapmayan kontrol grubu öğrencilerinin arasında herhangi bir fark olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuç bölümünde, yoganın, deney grubundaki öğrencilerin performansları üzerinde, alt problemler doğrultusunda ele alınan hedef davranışların tamamına katkısının olduğu ortaya koyulmuştur. Deney-kontrol grubu karşılaştırılmasında ise, eseri doğru artikülasyon ve diksiyon ile seslendirme ve eseri doğru notasyonla seslendirme hedef davranışları dışında kalan tüm hedef davranışlarda anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Performansın bütününe bakıldığında yoganın, ses eğitiminde öğrencilerin performans becerilerinin artmasını desteklediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Home is a very important notion in human life which helps people establish emotional, social and intellectual belonging and identifications so that they can hold on to life. When the sense of home is contested, the sense of identity is impaired too. Those people who are characterized by the sense of disconnectedness and desire to re-establish their home are known as diasporic people. The protagonist of Maru (1971), Margaret is one of those diasporic people who long for home and attachments to people. This article is an attempt to examine the struggle of Margaret against a ruthless and cruel society. In her status as a diasporic individual, Margaret is seen as a nonhuman being due to her race, as a Masarwa, living in Botswana. She is alienated, and treated as a pariah, because she does not belong to a superior race defined by the colonial British forces which ruled Botswana. The article tries to view the protagonist’s estrangement and her experience as a diasporic pariah through the lenses of some of the famous postcolonial critics and writers. It also tries to explore the origins and aspects of this kind of treatment.
All languages have a common, ontological nature, and this nature cannot be changed. Although there are some differences in the fictions of languages, the general course of this ontological nature is the same in all languages. Although we are talking about an ontological nature that is the same in all languages, the differences that exist between languages affect and determine the attitudes of societies that use this language. In another respect, history is a totality of social attitudes. Therefore, the language used by society can affect the attitude of that society. In other words, societies have an attitude in such a way that the language they use is foreseen. So much so that, beyond the fictional difference, even the presence or absence of a word in any language can be decisive of a social attitude. Of course, the presence or absence of a word is a small detail in the whole; but when the peculiar fictions of languages are evaluated as a whole, the effects of social attitudes on history, which is the totality, will be seen more clearly. In this study, first of all, the concept of “language family” will be focused on by giving the “definition of language”. Then, the nature of Turkish will be discussed through the language family fiction and its reflections on history will be discussed. Turkish, English, Arabic and will be sampled throughout the study.
In this study, three claims/arguments regarding the emergence and function of the Eurovision Song Contest were put forward and tried to be grounded. First, the contest emerged as a tool for Western Europe to influence Eastern Europe culturally in the Cold War but it didn’t become an ideological conflict area of East-West. Second, the contest functioned as a stage of expressing the political problems/situations that countries experience within themselves or with each other in the Cold War era and aftermath. Third, although Turkey took place in the Western Europe side in the Cold War, this contest made Turkey feel non-European while having a different identity. In this context, the subject is discussed from the historical perspective with the assumption that the subject of history is unique. The study focused primarily on the concept of the Cold War and the contest. Then, it was explained with the examples which political problems/situations different from the Cold War ideological conflict environment were brought up on the contest platform. Finally, it was emphasized that the contest contributed to “us vs them” dichotomy in Turkey against Europe, contrary to Eurovision’s aim to form/create a common European culture.
Dünyadaki yeni teknolojik gelişmeler sebebiyle, toplumlar kendi kültürel varlıklarını koruma ve sürdürme noktasında zorlanmaktadır. Aile ve eğitim yoluyla genç bireylere aktarılan değerler, dijital bilginin yanlış ve ölçüsüz kullanımı nedeniyle önemli ölçüde etkisiz hale gelebilmektedir. İnternetin sağlamış olduğu her türlü bilgi ve veriye erişme imkânı sayesinde dünya çapında bireyler arasındaki iletişim ve etkileşim hızlanmıştır. Genç fertlerin, bir önceki nesilden farklı tercih ve önceliklere sahip olmalarında internet ortamında yer alan farklı platformların etkisinin olduğu yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Toplumlar ve özellikle de genç bireyler, yetersiz ve etkisiz eğitim ve kültürlenme nedeniyle gerekli bilgi, değer yargısı ve ahlak anlayışına sahip olamadıkları için internet kültürünün etki alanına girmiştir. Bu makale, dijital bilginin hızla dönüştürdüğü dünyada, gençlerin YouTube platformları etkisiyle hangi değerleri benimsediğini incelemekte ve geleneksel ve modern anlayışlar arasındaki farklılıkları analiz etmektedir. Makalede, Youtube platformlarının genç nesillere kattığı olumlu ve olumsuz davranış ve düşünce kalıpları değerlendirilmiş, seçilen bazı Youtube kanallarının takipçilerinin verdiği cevaplar doğrultusunda gençlerin değer yargılarının Youtube kanalları aracılığıyla nasıl yeniden şekillendiği değerlendirilmektedir.
The article presents material on the importance of independence as a condition for personal growth of adolescents. Latest research on the development of adolescents’ independence are analyzed. The development of the emotional component in the structure of adolescents' independence, which is characterized by such criteria as self-esteem and anxiety, is considered. The prevalence of low self-esteem in girls has been established, which can lead to dependence on other people's opinions, self-doubt, depression and apathy. The boys have a predominance of a very high level of self-esteem, which can have negative consequences in the form of refusal to work on their further personal development and problems in relationships with others. A sharp drop in confidence at the end of adolescence was found. It is associated with the irreversibility of awareness of the end of childhood and taking full responsibility for the acts of adolescents. It is also determined that modern adolescents have a low level of anxiety. That means, that they do not feel emotional discomfort, which is associated with the expectation of a threat. But it could also mean that there was the presence of protective mechanisms and reluctance to talk about this topic. The importance of independence development in adolescence is showed.
Müziğin ve müzik eğitiminin bireylerin sosyal ve kişisel gelişimlerine katkı sağladığı, hem fiziksel hem de duygusal gelişimleri üzerinde birçok olumlu etkileri olduğu çeşitli araştırmacılar tarafından ortaya konulmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra müzik ve müzik eğitimi yoluyla ergenlik döneminin olumsuz etkilerinin azaldığı, müzik ve/veya çalgı eğitimi alan bireylerin bu iniş çıkışlı süreçle daha iyi başa çıkabildikleri bilinmektedir. Ergenlik dönemi içerisindeki bireylere çok yönlü kazanım hedeflerini içerisinde barındıran bir müzik eğitimi yoluyla çeşitli alanlarda katkılar sağlanabileceği düşünülmektedir. Kırgızistan Bişkek örneği üzerinden gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma ile enstrüman ve türkü öğretimi yoluyla yurt dışında yaşayan ergenlik dönemindeki öğrencilerin edinebilecekleri sosyal ve kişisel kazanımların neler olabileceğinin ve bu dönemde yaşanabilecek stres ve zorluklar ile başa çıkılmasına ne tür katkılar sağlanabileceğinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Betimsel ve nitel yaklaşımların ön planda olduğu bu araştırmada, öğrencilerin sosyal ve kişisel gelişimlerinde çalışma öncesi/sonrası durumlarının ortaya konulması adına “Program Etkisine Dayalı Durum Çalışması” ve yapılan çalışmanın örnekleminin, Kırgızistan Bişkek’te yaşayan erken ergenlik dönemindeki öğrenciler olması nedeniyle “Kritik Olay Durum Çalışması” yöntem ve teknikleri tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturan grup üyeleri, uzmanlar tarafından erken ergenlik dönemi içerisinde kabul edilen 7 ve 8. Sınıf öğrencileri arasından seçilmiştir. Çalışma için özel olarak 15 hafta 30 saatlik özel bir enstrüman öğretimi ders planı ve halk müziği ezgileri repertuvarı oluşturulmuştur. Dersler üçerli gruplar halinde toplamda dokuz öğrenci ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın öğrenciler üzerindeki etkilerinin ortaya konulabilmesi adına, öğrencilerin çalışma öncesi/sonrası durumları hakkında kendileri ve sosyal çevreleri ile açık uçlu sorulardan oluşan formlar yardımıyla görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Bu bulgular ışığında; çalışma ile öğrencilerde sosyal ve kişisel gelişim alanlarında ilerlemeler olduğu ve erken ergenlik döneminin olumsuz etkilerinin azalmasına katkı sağlanabildiği gözlemlenmiştir.
The article is devoted to the experimental testing of aesthetic competence of future philologists by means of ethnology. The principles (national character, humanization, ethnicization, cultural conformity, integration) are considered and stages of model implementation (orientative, training, creative) are elaborated and characterized. Structural and functional components, criteria and indicators of the levels of forming the future philologists' aesthetic competence are defined. The characteristic of levels of aesthetic competence development in philology students (reproductive, constructive, creative) is given. The characteristics of the levels with the help of the coefficient of tasks completeness related to knowledge, skills and abilities for aesthetic competence development of the philology students by means of ethnology were determined. The paper concludes by calling attention to the enhancement of the educational process forms and methods in order to develop the aesthetic competence of future philologists by means of ethnology, urging to instill the aesthetic competences more purposefully and integrally throughout the Bachelor program.
This study aims to determine the situation by examining the opinions of 8th-grade students about psycho-motor activities used within the scope of 8th-grade music lessons. Semi-structured interview technique was used as a qualitative method in the research. With this method, data were collected by conducting one-on-one interviews with 8th-grade students. The study was conducted with forty-four 8th-grade students. The obtained data were analyzed by making content analysis. According to the findings obtained from the interviews; It is understood that the psycho-motor activities used in schools are mostly similar, but there are problems in the implementation process, the activities cannot be used effectively and efficiently, and music lesson activities are not given enough importance due to the problems arising from the deficiencies in the material and learning environment. From the students' opinions, it is understood that the theoretical parts of the music lessons are long and the lessons conducted in this way are boring. Based on the students' opinions, it is understood that the singing activity is the most used psycho-motor activity, but this activity is not used to improve the musical knowledge and skills taught in the lessons, but to increase the students' interest in the lessons. It is understood that rhythm exercises, body percussion and instrument playing activities are less involved in music lessons than singing activities.
The present article addresses the necessity for entrenching characters, morals, values, and ethical education in science teaching and science education. It explains the argument and rationale, and buttresses ethics, values, and nurturing of morals in students through a modified curriculum science education and describes their benefits to humanity. Additionally, the study discusses the rapidness of technological advancements, science, and globalization that are influencing the complications of human social life and underpinning the level of values, ethics, and morality in education and teaching sciences. Analyses and syntheses are presented to the pedagogical and philosophical questions related to the above-mentioned themes, as it may assist in conceptualizing and uttering a solid theoretical outline for the enhancement of school curricula. A proportional analysis in view of the philosophical, the collective Islamic moral education and values and hypothetical foundation of contemporary Western ethical education is outlined to generate and extend maximum academic benefits and to establish a supplemented theoretical background of character education and moral which may contribute to global acceptability of the character education and moral theoretical framework in Western.
This research deals with the advantages and disadvantages of the women who started to work outside the home with the Industrial Revolution in addition to the housework they were responsible for in the traditional period. With industrialization, the employment rate of women who began to work to support their family financially, gain economic independence and self-confidence, and fulfill their education requirements has increased exponentially to date. The research emphasizes that working women are stuck between their roles in working life and home. Expectations are increasing from the women who have started to take part in working life, and different roles are expected from her such as being a good wife, a good mother, a good housewife as well as being a good worker. The reflection of these expectations in families constitutes this study's main subject. The study aims to reveal how women working reflect on themselves, their children, their spouses, and their home from the working women's perspective. This study has emerged by interviewing 25 working women residing in the province of Karabuk, Turkey with a qualitative research model. The conditions such as being married and having at least one child were mandatory while assigning the research group's persons. Also, attention has been paid to ensure that the subjects included in the study work in different professions. As a result of the study, women have generally highlighted negative aspects of their work. However, the working women feel good with her contribution to home economics, has a separate economic income, and offering a better life for her children. The study shows that, despite the difficulties in working life, women who receive support from their spouses maintain a happier marriage. In contrast, those who have weak bonds with their spouses become lonely at home. At the same time, some women try to carry out this process with psychological support.
Income inequality among various forms of inequality, these days has attracted the serious attention of policymakers, rulers and thinkers. Each of these three groups has tried to identify the causes of occurrence and continuity through their views and, of course, provide solutions to mitigate it. The beginning of the third millennium was accompanied by an intensification of income inequalities within countries, so that the efforts of the international community, which had previously been able to reduce poverty and absolute hunger in the framework of documents such as the Millennium Development Goals, to reduce it, so far has failed to alleviate it. Identifying the causes of the emergence and perpetuation of income inequality in different economies is very significant at a time when the threats posed by income inequality are estimated in important documents such as the Global Threat Report as significant as terrorism. The subject of this article is to examine the textual, institutional and global causes of the continuing income inequality in India, which has recorded a remarkable economic growth rate these days. In India, a set of factors including the roots of social system deficiencies, economic growth, globalization and its tools such as privatization and trade liberalization are among the main causes of continuing inequality in Indian society today, which seems to be a continuous process due to the priority of economic growth against the reduction of income inequality for different governments in this country.
