为了解滞绿大豆新品种晋大滞绿1号的产量性状表现及品质特征,以该品种及其对照品种亲本晋大74号为试验材料,通过多点生态适应性试验,对其单株荚数、单株粒数、单荚粒数、单株粒质量和百粒质量等主要产量指标的变异情况及产量进行对比分析,利用近红外光谱法对蛋白质、脂肪及氨基酸、脂肪酸各组分含量进行测定,并分析品质性状各组分含量与产量的相关性.结果表明,与对照晋大74号相比,晋大滞绿1号百粒质量较低,单荚粒数显著增加,产量相关指标变异系数均小于晋大74号,增产幅度为3.73%～24.65%;蛋白质含量以及苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸等必需氨基酸含量较高,棕榈酸、亚油酸、油酸含量显著增高,硬脂酸、亚麻酸含量显著降低.除胱氨酸和蛋氨酸外,晋大滞绿1号大多数氨基酸组分均与产量呈极显著负相关,油酸含量与产量呈极显著负相关,亚油酸、亚麻酸含量与产量呈正相关,但相关系数较小.晋大滞绿1号主要产量指标在不同地区表现比较稳定,产量表现较好,多数必需氨基酸组分及油酸、亚油酸含量较高,可以作为优异的滞绿大豆种质资源加以利用.
To explore the ideal plant shape of yiled and quality of soybeans, provide theoretical basis and germplasm materials for the breeding for high-yield and excellent-quality soybeans. In this study, a total of 76 materials including a soybean hybrid combination of Jinhan 125×Xiye 501 and its hybrid offspring were selected as the tested materials to determine the values of 12 agronomic traits and 3 quality traits. Using SPSS software, by the methods such as variation analysis, correlation analysis,principal component analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and cluster analysis, an ideal high-yield and excellent-quality plant shape suitable for Shanxi ecological region was summarized. The results showed that the genetic base of hybrid offspring was rich. The correlation coefficients between yield of per plant and agronomic and quality traits were as follows: plant weight,number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, number of insect erosion, number of pods per main stem, number of effective branches, number of main stem nodes, number of branches, 100 grain weight, fat content, bottom pod height, protein content, plant height, and water content. The effective number of branches（X1）, the number of main stem pods（X2）, the number of insect erosion（X3）, and yield per plant（Y） obtained the regression equation Y=-73.747+8.654X1+1.391X2+1.102X3. The cumulative contribution value of the first five principal components was 78.17%. The clustering results could be divided into four categories: the first category had 30 strains, including 1, 5, 7, 16, 17,et al; the second category had 34 strains, including 2, 3,6, 8, 9,et al. There were 10 strains in the third category, including 4, 34, 22, 42, 49, 37, 40, 54, 55, 11. The fourth category had two strains, including 38 and 39. The characteristics of ideal plant shape suitable for high yield and excellent quality in the Loess Plateau ecological region of Shanxi Province were as follows that the plant height was moderate（85-124 cm）, the bottom pod height was moderate（3.7-10.5 cm）, and the number of branches was relatively high. Many branches（5-11）, moderate number of effective branches（5-11）, more nodes on the main stem（20-28）, and more pods on the main stem（49-96）. 10 highyield and excellent-quality strains were screened out in this test, 4, 34, 22, 42, 49, 37, 40, 54, 55, and 11.
选育耐旱、抗寒、高产稳产等抗灾小麦品种是保障粮食安全的重要途径.近10 a黄淮北片麦区在越冬期—返青期—拔节期和抽穗期低温频发,严重影响了小麦产量的提高.在分析气候变化对小麦生产系统影响的基础上,利用20个黄淮麦区审定品种及大面积推广品种进行多年表型鉴定和农艺性状分析,提出极端气候变化背景下利用不同生态区资源,培育抗冻、抗倒春寒,抗倒伏且稳产的小麦育种方法:第一,培育在小麦春化阶段抗冻能力强,苗期生长稳健,需要较长光照时间通过光照阶段的半冬性偏冬性的品种,可以在时间和空间上提高抗灾能力;第二,进行南北资源杂交,有目的地与已有骨干亲本组配杂交组合;第三,重视培育骨干亲本,不能有难以克服的缺点,需要有明显的优点.以龙堂一号选育为例,详述应对极端天气频发的小麦新品种选育方法,以期为小麦育种工作提供帮助.龙堂一号综合抗性强,幼苗半匍匐,苗期叶色浓绿,成株株型紧凑,矮秆,基部节间短而粗壮,茎秆质量好,抗倒性强;分蘖强而多,穗纺锤形,成穗率高,籽粒较饱满,熟相较好,适应区域范围广,可以很好地应对近年来的灾害性气候,保障小麦稳产增产.
为评价不同地点不同甜荞品种中黄酮含量的差异、营养品质间的相关性和区域适应性,试验以在河北省康保县、贵州省贵阳市、宁夏自治区固原市、四川省凉山州、内蒙古自治区赤峰市5个地点种植的13个甜荞品种为材料,并利用AMMI模型进行分析评价.结果表明,5个地点中宁夏固原黄酮平均含量最高,贵州贵阳黄酮平均含量最低;13个品种中丰甜1号黄酮平均含量最高,宁荞1号黄酮平均含量最低.贵州贵阳稳定性最好,宁夏固原稳定性最差;定荞1号稳定性最好,宁荞1号稳定性最差.13个甜荞品种的蛋白质含量和脂肪含量间显著正相关,水分含量和脂肪含量间显著负相关,水分含量和淀粉含量间极显著负相关;不同地点的甜荞品种淀粉含量和脂肪含量间极显著正相关,淀粉含量、脂肪含量和黄酮含量间极显著正相关.DCI含量与海拔间显著负相关,黄酮含量、淀粉含量、脂肪含量、纤维含量和蛋白质含量与纬度和海拔间的相关性未达到显著水平.试点和品种的黄酮平均含量变异均非常明显,但品种变异远小于试点变异,13个甜荞品种黄酮含量及其他营养品质含量存在显著差异,在不同地点的适应性不同.
高铁酸钾复合液(CFS)是制备高铁酸钾的剩余滤液,其含有大量碱(OH-)和氧化剂(ClO-和Fe6+),具有破坏木质纤维素顽固结构、提升酶解效率的潜力.为实现秸秆的资源化利用与高铁酸钾制备废液的再利用,以山西储量丰富的玉米秸秆(CS)、高粱秸秆(SS)和谷子秸秆(MS)为原料,采用CFS进行预处理,对比3种秸秆的酶解糖化率,分析秸秆的理化结构变化.结果表明,CFS预处理中碱和氧化剂共同参与了3种秸秆的降解,促进了酶解糖化率;在最佳预处理时间 24 h下,CS、SS和MS的还原糖产量分别较对照提高 252.77%、236.39%、216.66%,其中CS的酶解效率最高;组分分析表明,CFS处理能有效去除3种秸秆中木质素成分,增加纤维素相对含量,进而有利于纤维素酶的可及性;结构分析显示,CFS处理后,3种秸秆的理化结构发生了不同程度变化,粗糙度增加,官能团发生断裂,纤维结晶度升高,热稳定性变差.在3种秸秆中,CS结构变化最明显,更有利于被生物转化.综上,CFS预处理可改变作物秸秆的理化结构,破坏其致密结构,促进后续酶解效率,是一种理想的预处理技术.
