Linguistic and cognitive disorders in children with cardiovascular diseases or operated for congenital heart disease are a relevant research topic. Such studies contribute to developing new rehabilitation programs, especially when they are conducted against conditionally healthy peers. This research featured the linguistic aspect of the productive and reproductive speech of teenagers operated for congenital heart disease and their healthy peers. The reproductive test involved 31 patients aged 13-15 years who had undergone cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for congenital heart disease at the Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, and 35 conditionally healthy middle school students of the same age. The productive test involved 28 patients and 26 healthy peers. In line with T.A. Fotekova and T.V. Ahutina’s diagnostic method, the children hat to retell a 54-word story and give a spontaneous speech about their home town. In the reproductive speech test, the patients demonstrated an inability to literally reproduce text, which was significantly compensated by paraphrasing skills and led to an abundance of unique word forms, compared to the healthy teenagers. In the productive speech test, the patients often had problems generating utterances, which were often presented as incomplete sentences. However, we could not detect a serious degree agrammatism, which would manifest itself in the inability to coordinate parts of speech.
Throughout the history of mankind, the role of the mother in society has had a special axiological status. The special value of the status of a mother was in the upbringing of the younger generation, the transmission of cultural and spiritual values. At the same time, certain specific features are found in the perception of the image of the mother by one or another people. The purpose of our research is to analyze the features of the concept of MOTHER in Russian linguoculture, which are significant for native speakers of the Russian language of the late XX and early XXI centuries. It was found that for speakers of Russian linguistic culture, a MOTHER is not only a woman with children, but also something close, dear, a source of life, and spiritual value. But if, according to the associative experiment of 1998-1999. at the end of the XX century, the image of the mother existed in the minds of native speakers of the Russian language along with the image of the father (the most frequent reaction), then in 2023-2024. the mother embodies the image of the whole family, since the associate father is a single one. Such a semantic shift is caused, in our opinion, by the following extralinguistic factors: an increase in the number of single-parent families, single mothers. It should also be noted that some of the conceptual features of the concept of MOTHER, reconstructed on the basis of data from explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, are not updated in the associative fields of the lexeme of the mother verbalizer of the corresponding concept. Signs such as ‘a female in relation to her cubs’, ‘a nun, the wife of a clergyman’, ‘addressing an elderly woman or wife’ are not significant for young speakers of Russian linguistic culture.
The Russian linguistic personality, due to geographical and limited communication conditions, developed mainly in relative isolation. The article is devoted to the development of a new problem for Russian linguocultcrology - the process of distortion of the social ideal of the Russian linguistic personality of the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XX century and its consequences. The article investigates the Russian traditional social ideal of linguistic personality, which had been formed by the XVIII century and in general corresponded to the social ideal of linguistic personality of the European of that epoch. The reasons and internal mechanisms of deformation and distortion of this social ideal in the late XVIII - early XIX century are revealed, which took place mainly among the noble creative intelligentsia, i.e. in literary circles. It was then that Russian literature began to fulfill not only the functions of developing the Russian language, developing and rooting in the people’s consciousness the historical concept of Russia, but also disorienting the Russian linguistic personality in its priorities and personified examples of development. This role played by Russian literature in the history of Russia is labeled in the article as destructive, contributing to the distortion of the adequate social ideal of the linguistic personality. The identified process is regarded as an internal Russian problem, in no way brought in from outside. Its causes are rooted in the geographical and mental remoteness of the Russian nobility from the main civilizational center of that time - Europe. The article traces the further evolution of the process of distortion of the social ideal of the Russian linguistic personality throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For this purpose, the language of not only the liberal noble creative intelligentsia, but also the Dissenters, as well as poets who came from the milieu of revolutionary terrorists is analyzed. The article bridges from the cultural and linguistic processes of the nineteenth century to the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Thus the historical concept of indivisible unity of development of social ideal of Russian linguistic personality during the end of XVIII and the beginning of XXI centuries is formed, the internal, intra-national nature of the process and its consequences is asserted.
Theoretical postulates of linguistic analysis contained in nine Mukhin’s monographs are researched. Based on the methods of linguistic modeling and experiment, these works described more than 400 elementary syntactic units - syntaxemes: positional, optional, combinatorial. Syntaxeme is a unique unit - invariant. Syntax and semantic features make up the content of the syntaxeme. The content features of syntaxemes are diagnosed on the basis of their distributional features. Studies of functional syntax have revealed a number of regularities: syntaxemes are system units endowed with syntactic and semantic features; differential syntactic features are asemantic and reflect the functions of the components in the structure of the sentence, that is, they are elementary units. The repetition of features, the oppositional series of syntaxemes, the autonomy and originality of synsematic and syntactic features proper are the regularities concerning the interaction of syntaxemes and components of a sentence. The purpose of the article is to formulate the established regularities of functional syntax associated with the functioning of newly discovered syntactic units. The novelty of the work lies in the substantiation of the two laws of language discovered by A.M. Mukhin. The first law concerns the interaction of sentence components and syntaxemes and states that linguistic reality does not allow mixing of the syntactic feature of homogeneity and syntactic-semantic features, which are carried by the components of the sentence and syntaxemes. The second law is about the repetition of features of syntaxemes. These features allowed A.M. Mukhin to establish 27 oppositional rows of syntaxemes.
Starting from the traditional classical literature meanings of an ant and a cicada, this paper aims to explore the transformations of their associative (secondary) semantics in the space of a poetic text. We put forward a hypothesis about the significant dynamic variability of these entomonyms’ metaphoric imagery. Thanks to the works of Aesop and Jean de La Fontaine, the analyzed images bear a significant fable imprint in their semantic register. Although in Portuguese linguoculture the ant is perceived mostly positively and is interpreted as a tireless worker, a diligent host and even a visionary, its attractiveness has been somewhat overshadowed by poetic associations with excessive practicality, greed, callousness and everyday dullness. The image of cicada also did not remain unchanged in connotative-semantic terms. Its role as an irresponsible lazy woman from the fable was transformed into an allegory of a creative personality who puts self-expression above all. However, both the ant and the cicada in a number of poetic contexts distance themselves from the allegorical dual trajectory outlined by Aesop: the ant is depicted as part of a huge but fussy collective (anthill), and the cicada is associated in Portuguese lyrics with both an inspired thirst for creativity and the opposite passion - aggressiveness. Descriptive and analytical methods of comparative, component, interpretative and conceptual-inference analysis were used to identify such semantic features. The study could be developed by fixation and comparison of the author’s figurative meanings, choosing a group of the most “active” entomonyms in poetry of unrelated languages.
The analysis of grammatical pauses in Russian and Persian languages represents an important task, the resolution of which contributes to the development of rules that facilitate the translation of written and spoken texts between the two languages. This study is particularly relevant in light of the necessity to improve translation quality, as grammatical pauses can significantly impact the recipient’s comprehension of information. The research demonstrates that, in many cases, the use of pauses in spoken and written discourse in both Russian and Persian exhibits common characteristics, which may lead to the identification of their functional peculiarities in the future. Grammatical pauses, as a phonetic phenomenon and one of the key prosodic elements, prevent ambiguity in utterances and play a crucial role in determining the semantic and syntactic meanings of sentence components. Through comparative analysis, specific examples were examined, confirming that there is a tendency to use grammatical pauses in similar contexts in both languages. As a result of the conducted analysis, particular features of pause usage were established, the consideration of which allows speakers or translators to convey the intended meaning of utterances accurately.
The present paper deals with lexical and semantic features of selected animal idioms as reflected in the actual use in the journalistic style. They are investigated within the textual corpora English Web 2020 (enTenTen20) and Russian Web 2011 (ruTenTen11) with the help of the search tool Sketch Engine. The analysis of the semantic properties of the animal idioms demonstrates that they contain both positive and negative elements of meaning related to pragmatic tools of influence and persuasion, which are actually influential on the receiver´s understanding of the surrounding reality; the contexts where they appear are divided into several categories for each studied language showing their positive/negative connotations. The outcomes demonstrate that their contemporary extent includes not only their definitions from dictionaries of idioms; it is broadened and subsequently reflected in the modification in the receiver´s mental picture of the world. Moreover, the evaluative function of idioms together with their discourse roles are described in terms of strong adjectives, possessive pronouns, modal verbs, and imperatives utilization.
Nowadays, gender problematization in scientific discourse is caused by the clash of traditionalist and globalist tendencies of gender identification. Language models of gender stereotype allow us to reconstruct the structural organization of MAN/WOMAN concepts in the modern group interpretation of native Russian speakers, objectified in lexico-thematic conceptualization and categorization. The lexico-semantic way of expressing conceptual gender characteristics is the most representative; the profiling mechanism is activated by the polysemanticism of linguistic units. Speech models of gender stereotype represent a cognitive mechanism of selection, interpretation, and evaluation of verbal means, their definition area is conceptually thematic groups as a set of knowledge about gender, interpreted in a specific discourse. The conceptual transformation of gender is projected primarily onto the basic categorical structure of the conceptual and thematic field of gender-marked knowledge, where prototypical effects are directly manifested. The central definition areas of gender characteristics when describing men is the thematic block “Personal characteristics” (802 contexts), when describing women - “Fulfilment spheres” (1077 contexts). In the thematic block “Personal characteristics”, when describing men and women, character traits in the traditional interpretation become the dominant group. In the thematic block “Fulfilment spheres” the employment of women in various spheres of public life and the development of new professions are actively discussed, which indicates an increase in the importance of the implementation sphere in the structure of the concept WOMAN. Lexico-grammatical and speech representation of masculinity and femininity in the text corpus enable us to identify traditional asymmetries and certain egalitarian tendencies: overcoming discursive invisibility of women and their discrimination on the basis of intellect; expanding men’s rights in the family sphere; partial overcoming of “toxic” masculinity; expanding the spheres of social realization of men and especially women; the importance of personal fulfilment, moral motivation of behavioral reactions, successful public image for men and women.
Currently, there is an increased attention and interest of young people to slang words and expressions, which are an integral part of the English language and play an important role in the daily speech of young people. The purpose of the work is to identify and describe the features and varieties of youth slang in modern English. The main research methods, which acted as a means of selecting the factual material necessary for the study and served as a prerequisite for the realization of the goal formulated in the work, are as follows: the study of scientific and educational literature on the research topic; descriptive method; contextual and interpretative analysis; analytical research. The research material was slang and slang expressions presented in the films “Love, Simon”, “The Big Sick”, “The Duff”, “The Babysitter”, the TV series “Euphoria”, etc. This article examines the features of English youth slang based on the analysis of English-language youth films and TV series. The article provides a classification of types of youth slang with examples in accordance with those social circles where it is used: musical slang (musical instruments, genres of music or song lyrics); sports slang (various sports, team positions or physical exercises); technical slang (computer equipment, software or network technologies); fashion slang (various styles of clothing and accessories); social slang (social media features and comments); student slang (disciplines, educational institutions or cultural events).
Multiple studies are known to have focused on the category of evaluation by analysing words and expressions in context, nevertheless, the subject needs further exploration on the scale of discourse, where the latter can possess evaluation stance of the interlocutors towards a certain communicative situation. The present research elaborates a cognitive semiotic approach to evaluation stance in discourse. The research material encompasses 171 minutes of expository dialogues; therein 5883 clauses are singled out and subjected to the analysis of evaluation stance, and conclusions on its manifestation and individual variation are formulated. We hypothesise that individual variation in evaluation stance can be described within a cognitive semiotic framework of three dimensions, namely, the ontological (object and subject of evaluation), epistemic (value, degree, and intensity of evaluation), and linguistic (language level of manifestation: lexical, syntactical, and morphological). To prove the hypothesis, we adhere to the methods of experimental discourse analysis by recording and annotating spontaneous dialogues and cognitive semiotic framework by studying the representation of evaluation stance in the three dimensions mentioned above. The results show that the ontological dimension is characterized by the prevalence of the evaluation of a situation as its object without an explicit manifestation of its subject. The epistemic dimension demonstrated the predominance of negative evaluation without intensity markers and with frequent specific evaluation. The linguistic dimension reveals the ultimate majority of cases manifested in the lexical meaning. Individual variation is mostly evident when one regards the object (object/subject), value (positive), degree (general), intensity (present), and language level (syntactical) of evaluation. The results obtained serve as a background for the upcoming research of evaluation stance in natural communication and discourse of different types conducted within the cognitive semiotic framework.
The interest in the category of certainty / uncertainty in linguistics from the point of view of a functional approach and in a comparative aspect led the authors of the study to turn to the semantics of uncertainty and the means of its expression in Russian and Kyrgyz fairy tales. The article reflects the philosophical understanding of the category of certainty / uncertainty of understanding in the representation of Anaximander, Aristotle and Hegel and analyzes the vocabulary with the semantics of uncertainty in fairy tales, which is divided into semantic categories. The authors have identified the means of expressing uncertainty in the selected semantic categories; vocabulary with uncertain semantics in Russian and Kyrgyz fairy tales are given in comparison. Continuous sampling methods, quantitative, descriptive and comparative methods were used.
For several decades, gender issues have been at the forefront of linguistic research on modern German. The means of gender-correct language are particularly relevant in the analysis of political discourse due to the significant influence of political parties and their leaders on shaping public opinion and promoting current agendas. A review of various sources revealed a wide diversity of existing means underscoring the need for their classification according to standardized principles. A key theoretical contribution of this study is the well-grounded introduction of the hypernym «gender marking», which encompasses means of gender neutrality, gender correctness and gender asymmetry. The greatest consistency in recommendations for gender correctness is demonstrated by left-wing parties, which determined the choice of material - the text of a book by Sahra Wagenknecht, published during her membership in The Left party. The study employed continuous sampling, as well as semantic, contextual and quantitative analysis. The research aimed to determine the correlation between the identified linguistic means (546 terms) and the party’s recommendations. Using the corpus manager AntConc, the frequency of usage was established: a total of 3109 instances, including 312 gender-asymmetrical units (1174 occurrences), 128 gender-neutral units (1559 occurrences), and 106 gender-correct units (376 occurrences). The evident bias towards generic masculine in terms of the unit number and the avoidance of graphic gender markers confirms that Wagenknecht ‘s written discourse adheres to the norms of the German language. The frequency of various means indicates a balanced character of her speech (52% gender-neutral and gender-correct units versus 48% gender-asymmetrical units) and a clear preference for the strategy of gender neutrality. It was also revealed that the politician inconsistently followed her party’s recommendations: gender-neutral terms and pair forms account for only 43% of the total units. A promising direction for future research lies in applying the proposed approach to a comparative analysis of written texts by representatives of different political parties.
The article analyzes the social perceptions of Chinese youth regarding the most significant sociolinguistic categories (native, common, national, and other languages) within the Chinese-speaking space. The objective of this study was to construct a structural model of the cognitive field associated with these nominations, approached not from logical-rational or conceptual perspectives but through the lens of everyday meanings attributed to them. The primary research method employed was a comprehensive methodology for constructing a Model of the Structure of Representations (MSR), which encompassed several stages: developing a specialized questionnaire, conducting surveys, analyzing the results in accordance with MSR evaluation indices - namely evaluation, agreement, and distance - constructing and visualizing the representation structure model as a graph; followed by interpreting the findings. The survey involved 95 Chinese students majoring in non-humanities disciplines at Russian universities. As an outcome of this investigation, a mental map illustrating the structure of representations for the studied categories was developed. Analysis revealed that the structure of everyday representations of sociolinguistic categories is well-organized, which indicates its significance within young Chinese individuals' linguistic and cognitive worldviews. This structure is characterized by a governing core of representations comprising nominations such as putonghua, mu yu (native language), and hua yu (Chinese language). In contrast, non-standardized language varieties like dialects occupy peripheral positions. The central area of this structure - the sedimentation zone - facilitates flexibility, continuity, and potential appropriation by speakers. Furthermore, an uncertainty zone is linked to nomination fang yan (dialect), reflecting its ambiguous perception along with inherent instability and high likelihood for functional dynamics.
The precedent in poetry is a strategy of linguistic influence and manipulation to identify its mechanisms and functions in shaping reader perception and emotional response. Precedent phenomena in poetry are considered as a powerful, but often hidden tool of linguistic manipulation, allowing the poet to influence the reader's consciousness, causing certain associations, emotions and assessments without direct expression. The authors classify precedent phenomena by the type of pretext (utterance, situation, name) and by the form of their existence in a secondary context (quotation, allusion, reminiscence, periphrasis, motive). It is noted that quotations have less impact than reminiscences and allusions, as they are interpreted more unambiguously by readers. However, the transformation of quotations and their inclusion in a new context can serve as a tool of influence. The article also describes the functions of precedent phenomena (ludic, password, modeling, euphemistic, aesthetic and evaluative). The pragmatic function is particularly emphasized, where the precedent phenomenon acts as a tool for creating a certain state of the addressee, becoming a strategy of influence and manipulation. The uniqueness of the article lies in analysis of the mechanisms of linguistic manipulation in poetry through the prism of precedent, demonstrating how the authors use cultural and literary references to subtly shape the reader's perception, emotions and values, making them an active, but often unconscious participant in the process. Examples from the works of Kyrgyzstan poets demonstrate how the use of precedent statements allows poets to achieve complex pragmatic goals and enrich the subtext.
The rapid growth of unverified Telegram communities raising issues of conflict between Russian citizens and representatives of other cultures who come to our country to work makes research into the mechanisms of conflict-generating world modeling relevant. The objective of the research is to systematize the criteria for conflictogenic world-modeling, taking into account the complex nature of the social problem. The sample consists of posts published throughout 2024 on two Telegram channels with more than 200 thousand subscribers, retrieved from the “Politics” category. The main methods are Discourse analysis, Contextual analysis, and Case study method. The conflictogenic world-modeling reveals ideological contradictions between the dominant ethnic groups (Russians) and the non-dominant groups of ethnophores (Tajiks, Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Turkmens, Azerbaijanis, Armenians) and the crisis of the intercultural relations, caused by the influx of labor migrants into Russia. It is argued that the criteria of conflictogenic world-modeling draw on three types of factors: the complex nature of labor migration processes and the interethnic conflicts; the affordances of the Internet-mediated Telegram communication, and the specifics of the digital language. The socio-psychological and legal factors determine the regulatory and subject-object criteria. The format of the Telegram discourse foregrounds the hypertext criterion and the multimodal criterion. The language, used by the moderators, determines the frequency criterion, the semantic and stylistic criterion, the ethical-speech criterion, the metatextual criterion. The research prospects include the development of the methods for identifying conflictogenic world-models in the digital environment for the timely prevention and constructive resolution of the interethnic conflicts.
The authors see the purpose of the study as a comparative analysis of political discourse on the example of D. Trump’s speeches during his election campaigns in 2016 and 2024. The scientific novelty lies in the confirmation of the concept of using language as a weapon, which acts in Trump’s speeches as a tool to manipulate and control people through different discursive means and in different periods of time. Comparing the changes that discourse has undergone over time allowed the authors to analyse the priorities that reflect the general political tendency for positive emotional encouragement rather than threats and aggression. The relevance of this article is determined by the shift that has occurred in political discourse, which requires a rethinking of how the political actors select linguistic norms and how this selection will affect the formation of modern political language.
This study examines the cognitive models underlying humor in Chinese anecdotal discourse through a systematic frame analysis of linguistic, cultural, and pragmatic frameworks. This paper aims to demonstrate that while humor research has traditionally focused on Western models, this paper argues that Chinese anecdotal humor operates through distinct cognitive directions shaped by the language’s tonal properties, high-context cultural norms, and historical-literary traditions. A quantitative analysis reveals that linguistic ambiguity accounts for approximately 60% of humorous devices in our corpus, while conceptual opposition and cultural schema dependency comprise 25% and 15% respectively. Notably, these models frequently overlap, as seen in riddles combining homophonic wordplay with classical allusions. This research contributes to cross-cultural humor studies by demonstrating how language typology and cultural memory systems shape fundamental humor perception.
The stylistic markedness of a linguistic unit in general and an adjective in particular, having commonalities in dictionaries and literary texts, is characterized by the author’s interpretation of the text. It indicates an individual writer’s vision and realization of a linguistic unit in the dynamics of language, in which the semantic-stylistic volume of a lexeme typically expands and deepens through the author’s intention, genre of the work, theme, influence of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. In V.M. Shukshin’s stories, both the stylistic and the overall semantic-and-stylistic aspects of the adjectival vocabulary expand and deepen through the author’s individual innovations (neologisms, occasionalisms, non-standard word combinations, etc.) as well as through the use of dialectal words, slang, colloquial expressions, which he uses in the same meaning as in a dialect, or giving them a different (or several different) semantic and stylistic meanings. The study discusses the issue of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of stylistically marked adjectival vocabulary in in Shukshin’s fictional speech in comparison with its presentation in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. The qualitative and quantita tive (linguostatistical) analysis of the functioning of the adjectival vocabulary in V.M. Shukshin’s stories in comparison with their stylistic labels in dictionaries has revealed significant differences, indicating the semantic-and-stylistic interpretation of a certain part of the adjectives used by the writer, allowing to define this practice as evolutionary in relation to both the stylistic markedness of the adjectival vocabulary and its lexical meaning within his created literary texts, ultimately enriching the stylistics and semantics of linguistic units of the Russian language. During the scientific research, methods such as intralinguistic comparison, semantic-and-stylistic, linguostatistical analyses, as well as inductive and deductive methods were used, contributing to determining the theoretical and practical significance of the studied scientific issue.
The authors examine Constantine Balmont’s translation (1911) of Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”. The research aims to identify the translator’s main strategies and to interpret this work through the lens of the translingual paradigm. The analysis focuses on linguistic, cultural, aesthetic and functional aspects of the source text, as well as their rendering in the Russian version. A comparative perspective demonstrates that Balmont sought to preserve Poe’s idiosyncratic style and the cognitive and cultural structure of the narrative, while providing explanatory notes where necessary for early twentieth-century Russian readers. The study suggests that Balmont’s translation can be regarded as an early instance of translingual practice, long before the term was introduced in contemporary linguistics. The observations made here do not claim to be exhaustive but indicate new perspectives for further research on Balmont’s role in the Russian reception of Poe and on the potential relevance of the translingual framework for the study of literary translation.
