The implementation of the Western Development has exceeded 20 years, and the process of equalization of basic public services has gone through the construction stage characterized by “building foundations and beams”, the promotion stage characterized by “inclusiveness and inclusion”, and the indepth development stage characterized by “improving quality and efficiency”, the implementation focus of basic public services has changed from“whether there is”,“uneven”to“excellent or not”. Examining the practice of equalization of western region basic public services under the triple dimensions of insufficient,unbalanced and satisfied, it is found that the level of basic public services in the Western Region has been improved, and the differences in the comprehensive level of basic public services among regions has been overall presented σ convergence, but still face many challenges such as insufficient, unbalanced and low satisfaction,etc. In the process of promoting the development of the Western Region in the new era,to promote the equalization of basic public services in the Western Region,we must adhere to the criteria of enhancing people’s sense of gain, happiness and security, resort to the transformation of basic public services from efficiency to quality,benign drive the effective connection between the supply of basic public services and the needs of the masses,then gradually improve the level and quality of basic public services at different levels and stages.
The rural primary grassroots medical and health service are crucial to ensuring the life and health safety of rural residents. The article uses the DEA-Tobit model to analyze the efficiency and influencing factors of rural primary health care services in the western region of China from 2017 to 2019. The study found that in recent years, the efficiency of rural primary grassroots medical and health services in western China has improved,but the efficiency level of individual provinces is still low,which affects the overall efficiency. The low pure technical efficiency was the main reason for the low comprehensive efficiency;the efficiency level of Southwest China is better than that of Northwest China as a whole;the township health centers are better than the village clinics;per capita disposable income of rural residents,population density,licensed（assistant）doctors and urbanization rate are important factors affecting efficiency. Therefore,It’s suggested from improve the quality of health personnel,increase the investment of health funds,promote the expansion of high-quality medical resources, reasonably allocate health resources in combination with the strategic layout of rural revitalization,promote the increase of farmers’ income,and strengthen the digital construction to improve the efficiency of medical and health services at the grassroots level in western rural areas.
“The laws of imitation” and “monadology” are the two major theoretical integrations of Gabriel Tarde, which are the basis of the related theories of Gilles Deleuze and Bruno Latour. And they are deeply involved in the theoretical development of anthropology. The defeat of Tarde in the academic battle with Durkheim has led to his theories being neglected for a long time,and there is a lack of systematic discussion of his theoretical contributions from an anthropological perspective. By reviewing the influence of Tarde’s theory on anthropological theory,this article points out that Tarde’s theory avoids the structuralist closure of Durkheim’s theory,replaces the static perspective with a dynamic one,focuses on the different levels of social dynamics,advocates the consistency of society and nature,emphasizes on repetition is difference and provides theoretical support for the ontological turn of anthropology,which has rich contemporary value and practical significance.
In his lifelong academic research, Mr Zhong Jingwen consciously carried the banner of national cultural confidence and academic consciousness. His ideal beliefs, path of scholarship and academic achievements are instructive for the study of humanities and social sciences in China today. His proposal to establish a school of Chinese folklore in his later years was a wise choice to advocate academic openness combined with adherence to cultural subjectivity in the context of globalisation, based on his academic achievements. Whereas in the past,people often felt a lack of confidence and a sense of loss of voice in the cultural dialogue between China and foreign countries,it can now be said that China’s top scholars are no less capable of engaging in dialogue with the top foreign scholars on an equal footing,and they are perfectly capable of standing in the forest of world scholarship in the humanities and social sciences.
The Shanshui landscape is an important symbol of China’s culture, and it is also an important foundation of the Chinese Nation’s identity. As a part of China’s landscape, the landscape of the Western Region not only constitutes a part of the geographical-historical relationship,but also constitute an important type of Chinese landscape structure with its unique cultural implication,and thus as a generalized element for us to understand the borderland-inland correlation. This generalized element,through the precipitation of both geographical stability characteristics and humanistic accumulation characteristics,deepens the understanding of the historical interaction between the mainland and the Western Region of China, and through the presentation of geographical landscape and detailed elements, provides a kind of knowledge type for understanding the hinged relationship between borderlands in the dimension of the intellectual history of borderland,and then provides a possible path for systematically grasping the common signs and symbols of the Chinese Nation Community.
The article“The Construction of Folk Literature and Arts”not only puts forward the concept of the discipline of folk literature and art,but also devotes itself to defining the theoretical research field,identifying the ontology,selecting the methodology,comprehensively expounding the two basic issues of why and how to build,and convincingly arguing the possibility,necessity,and rationality of establishing folk literature and arts. However,as the masterpiece was written by Mr. Zhong Jingwen when he was young and published long ago,it was criticized for being immature and uncreative. Actually,this outstanding article which is divided into five components—which also can be classified as system theory,ontology,subject theory,and methodology-constructs the entire theoretical framework for folklore literature. The“systematic folk literature”is the focus of the entire discussion,and the“composition”of the discipline’s theoretical system has been completed;the restoration of the voice of the folklore ontology and the promotion of the people’s subjectivity inject a connotation full of academic and political tension into orality and collectivity;the living nature of folk literature provides an open field of study for all disciplines,while historicism and positivism are the methodological paradigms that Mr. Zhong Jingwen advocates and practices. The“four discourses”covers the basic aspects of the theoretical system of folklore literature and arts and establishes the framework for the growth of a theoretical framework for a completely new field, revealing Mr. Zhong’s expansive perspective and open-mindedness. This article is a programmatic document with an unmatched status and impact in the development of Chinese folklore literature,which is unparalleled by any other article.
The thought of Establishing Chinese School of Folkloristics is a significant part of Prof. Zhong Jingwen’s reflection on disciplinary construction. In his elaboration on the overall planning of the construction on the Chinese School,he not only expressed a strong sense of disciplinary self-consciousness,but also used the imagination of folklorists to connect macro goals with micro purposes and to set goals for the development of folklore studies in China:The Chinese School seeks holistic ideas and joint actions that link the discovery of cultural characteristics to the solution of macro problems. The disciplinary creativity and vitality of folkloristics will be rooted in the construction of school consciousness and paradigm innovation by the Chinese school which constantly adapts to the changes of domestic and worldwide demands.
Although scholars have made remarkable achievements in discussing “Khan of Heaven”in past,most of them focus on its actual function, and there are few studies on Yanran Protectorate. From the perspective of the formation and development of a multi-ethnic nation,the fact that Tang Taizong was called“Khan of Heaven”was a prominent manifestation of the political status recognized by the grassland tribes,and the establishment of Yanran Protectorate was an innovativeness attempt of Tang Taizong in the strategy process of Northern borderland in order to surpass the tradition and obtain the evaluation of“the best policy”. It was the customary practice of Tang Taizong to summarize the experience of the previous dynasties and formulate policies for frontier management. The naming of Yanran Protectorate,the settlement of the Tujue people and the active management of the Northeast border areas all reflect the influence of the former dynasties’ longitude strategy on Tang Taizong’s borderland management. The multi-ethnic nation is formed and developed in the succession and development of the previous generation of governance practice experience.
As a programmatic document on the new journey of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics,the report of the 20th CPC National Congress has far-reaching guiding significance for ethnic work in the new era. On the basis of the systematic study of the report,the author selects five dominant themes,which are used as an index to comprehensively expound the guiding role of the 20th CPC National Congress to the ethnic work in the new era. The first theme is“critical moment”,which relates to the historical orientation of ethnic work in the new era;The second theme is“central task”,which relates to the historical mission of ethnic work in the new era; The third theme is “national security”, which relates to the basic function of ethnic work in the new era;The fourth theme is“striving in unity”,which relates to the requirements of the times of ethnic work in the new era;The fifth theme is“Party’s leadership”,which relates to the political guarantee of ethnic work in the new era.
Professor Zhong Jingwen is the founder of Chinese Folkloristics. There are some tacit agreements between his academic thought system and the theory of the modernization with Chinese characteristics through his belief and devotion into the reforming of the Chinese modern society and culture,his love with the people and building the theory for them,and his open consciousness to all excellent cultures in the world. Therefore,the folkloristics in China constructed by him has three characteristics:the first is to bring spirit of the May 4th to the shared ideology of Chinese Folkloristics and modern Chinese humanities;the second is to supplement the research of traditional Chinese culture with Chinese Folkloristics so as to promote the comprehensive understanding of traditional and outstanding Chinese culture in the modern sense;the third is to take close and respect the ideas and the knowledge system of people as the highest academic philosophy, and push the synergistic development of folkloristics and the modernization with Chinese characteristics. The complete works of Zhong Jingwen fully reflects this characteristics of Zhong Jingwen’s academic thought.
The paper discusses the contrast between Bimox culture as a cultural heritage and as a social practice. As a cultural heritage, bimox cultureis perceived by different interlocutors in heritage-making as suffering survival crisis, such as the lack of successors to inherit the specific skills of writing, painting,chanting and etc. However, the vitality of bimox culture in Nuosu’s everyday life shows no sign of the mentioned crisis of preservation. The paper argues that the value of“history”in heritage-making is a specific concern of civilizational societies. It offers a new perspective to understanding bimox culture as a “total phenomenon”,which mobilizes the kinship and other social relations that matter to the Nuosu. The paper points out that the lively Bimox practice rests upon Nuosu’s cosmology,values constructed upon an animist world.
The topic selection of ethnological research can be divided into theory-oriented and problemoriented, although both kinds of them are valuable, the Chinese ethnological community should be more closely linked to the reality of Chinese society,more problem-oriented research. To this end,we should strive to overcome the habit of being arrogant and isolated from society when facing the public, and without selfconfidence when facing the Western academia circles. In the research topic selection,we should take the social focus and hot issues as the main object,strive to make contributions to the social progress,make innovations for the discipline theory. To build the Chinese School of ethnology in this way,let Chinese ethnology gradually move to the center of the international academic stage.
During the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the multi-ethnic intellectuals further discussed and consolidated the common ancestor and common origin of the Chinese national homologous based on the archaeological excavations of Peking Man and the historical geography and historical textual research of the Pamir Plateau basis for the argument. In addition to diachronic research methods,multi-ethnic intellectuals as ethnology,linguistics,and sociology introduced in modern times,focused on exploring the homology of all ethnic groups in China from synchronic aspects such as physique,language and culture. At the same time,local knowledge such as brother legends and ancestral memories widely circulated in frontier areas have also become important arguments for the theory of the Chinese national homologous. The idea of the homogeneity of the Chinese nation during the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression strongly refuted the Japanese imperialists’ attempt to use the ethnic issue to divide China was refuted by the fallacy of public opinion.The sense of community for the Chinese Nation by multi-ethnic intellectuals reflects the historical fact that “the long history of the Chinese nation is jointly written by all ethnic groups”. The discussion of the above issues still needs to be redefined and examined in the context of the development of modern academic history and intellectual history.
There has long been a common impression that space as a topic was less discussed in the social sciences in its early days,but it doesn’t mean that there was short of discussing space in their domain. In fact,in the works of émile Durkheim and Maurice Halbwachs, there is an increasingly mature but not fully completed thought genealogy around the concept of social space. Durkheim’s discussion of space on the one hand involves material space as an object of ideas,and on the other hand it is embodied as general space as an intellectual category understood in the framework of sociology of knowledge. In short,although he occasionally mentions the term of “social space”, he has not developed a systematic theory of social space. As for Halbwachs,based on his critical absorption of Durkheim’s social morphology,he gradually developed a more complex and abstract social space theory in the late period,which was not fully completed due to his premature death. Finally,this approach to social space thought has few successors and followers either in sociology or in the related human geography.
The century-old cholera in Europe in the 19th century spread to the Central Asian region under the colonial rule of Russia. In 1892,the epidemic occurred in Tashkent shook the Russian government. The antiepidemic measures formulated by the Tsarist Russian government deviated from local customs, therefore aroused the resentment of local residents,and caused“cholera riots”. This article focuses on the social impact of the Russian government’s response to cholera and its colonialist medical ideology. Even sorting out the course of the related events, the ignorance of the Russian government to the response of the local residents caused unrest. The purpose of this study is to expand a new perspective of social history and medical anthropology researches in Central Asia, providing policy advices for understanding both the social changes happening in Central Asian areas and the developments in the international relations under the guide of the Belt-Road policy.
The theoretical orientation of Chinese ethnology in contemporary time cannot be found without rethinking of the works of the scholars of older generation. Among one of them,Wu Zelin has insightful thoughts on the issues of race and ethnicity. Wu Zelin believes that the social side of human species can transcend the biological side, he opposes strongly the race hierarchy based on biological traits, and analyzes the social reason of race and ethnic inequality. He believes through field work,we can have deep understanding of each ethnic group’s trace and cultural tradition, and erase the inaccurate ideas about other ethnicity. From this standpoint,Wu Zelin advocates the natural assimilation process based on mutual social life,which he believes can lead to the spiritual solidarity among ethnic groups,and provide mental foundation for the Chinese nation.
The experience of multi-ethnic groups in the southwestern border region demonstrates the gradual formation of ethnic exchange and integration through mutual aid and learning in their shared economic and social life. This approach to harmonious inter-ethnic relations, distinctively Chinese, contrasts with the western notion of “social integration”, which focuses on the binary opposition of isolation and integration. This construction path highlights the context and characteristics of Chinese ethnic group exchanges and integration since the founding of the People’s Republic of China and has significant implications for promoting ethnic unity,social stability,and strengthening border defense in contemporary border areas.
This article takes the authentic Chinese medicinal material“Fuzi”as the research object,presents meaning construction as an “object” and the local development experience as an “industry” in the form of ethnography,aim to examing the locals in the overall picture of their livelihood,economic development and ecological understanding and behavior. Also, to explore the internal relationship among the ecological environment,the local livelihood mode and the development of Fuzi as a poverty alleviation industry.
Tao Yunkui,an early researcher in Chinese ethnography,combined the theories and methods of German ethnography with field studies of Chinese frontier peoples. In German ethnographic theory,culture and volkgeist are two important dimensions of nation. However,in real life experience,the contradiction between the pluralistic culture and the volkgeist which seeks purity, has always been difficult to resolve. This article attempts to sort out and summarise how Tao Yunkui has solved this problem and points out that:（1） Tao Yunkui,in the vein of diffusionism theory,actually distinguished between collective consciousness in the form of culture,and collective consciousness in the form of society. The former uses diffusion as a prerequisite for culture and society,constantly constructing horizontal social connections.（2） The mechanism of ethnographic compounding is based on diffusion and provides the factual basis for the volkscharakter（national character）.The national character is variable and differs from the volksgeist in its quest for purity,competition and stability.In his handing of Yunnan ethnographic materials,Tao gradually tended to analyze them in the sense of national character.（3） The construction of a modern nation-state is based on the specific application of ethnographic composites in border politics. That is, the state rebuilds a modern-based ethnographic composite/national character at the local level through border politics and education,on the basis of which modern-based Chinese national spirit can be further developed.
Exploring the philosophical and aesthetic aspects of posthumanism from a folkloristic perspective,this article proposes the concept of posthuman folklore by examining the phenomena such as AI and animal turn,calls for folklorists to pay attention to posthuman folklore phenomenon, and considers that folkloristics can make unique contributions to the studies of this new field. The first part of the article discusses the relations between human and non-human life,and focuses on the concept of animal turn,emphasizing the influence of the non-human animal to human culture. The second part discusses the changes to human culture caused by AI and its chat robots. In conclusion,this article raises questions concerning the future of folkloristics within social sciences in the Anthropocene.
