As a pragmatist philosopher, Peirce made a rich philosophical arguments on epistemology, methodology of belief, and true belief.In Peirce’s view, people can perceive belief through inner feelings and external actions.The connotation and meaning of the belief are clarified by the effects and actual meanings produced by the belief.The fixation of belief should adhere to the methodology combining inquiry, the method of science, and logical reasoning closely.The true belief is the goal of infinite inquiry with the effort of the community, be fixed according to the reality thoroughly, and be owned with the nature of satisfaction and indefeasibility.Peirce’s theory of belief has the inevitable theoretical defects of pragmatism philosophy, but at the same time, it has a certain enlightenment value for answering the question of whether belief can be taught, what to teach and how to teach to strengthen the ideals and beliefs of adolescents in contemporary China’s ideal and belief education.
艺术史学实证型方法是运用可靠的艺术史证据去寻求实证效果的研究方法,包括史料学、文献学、考古学和数据学等,在艺术史学研究方法中具有基础性地位.艺术史史料学方法是依据艺术史史料而进行艺术史研究的手段,艺术史文献学方法运用相关文献知识去证明或支撑某种新认知,艺术史考古学方法意味着依据田野考古工作真实遗迹和遗物而研究其与艺术品的关联性,艺术史数据学方法是运用定量分析、电子计算机数据统计或大数据等去获取确切的数量依据并得出结论的研究手段;坚持"实证"和"实证精神"是艺术史学实证型研究方法的基本原则.通向未来的艺术史学实证型方法应当力求言之有据、言之有信、言之有通、言之有识和言而自反.
清季议改与议废科举的知识群体,尚有正在通过科举渠道晋升的士人.这些应试士子并非惯常认为的仅是被动和消极接受相关政令,而是以科场书写的方式参与到科举改废进程当中.清廷废除科举这一通常被视为"鲁莽灭裂"的举措,从光绪辛丑科举"改章"及督抚提议科举"中额递减",到甲辰之际"中额递减"的适时出台和科举停废决策的正式启动,呈现出一条紧凑且又渐进的演化脉络.清季士人群体的科场书写不仅客观配合督抚科举"减额"提议的落地生根,其效应还延续至科举废除之后,具有超越科场本身并在远端触及政治决策和社会思想的言外之用.
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder（ASD） is increasing year by year and has become a hot topic in the international community.People diagnosed with ASD demonstrate different characteristics depending on their age and the heterogeneity of autism symptoms, and therefore the educational placement of people with ASD is facing different issues and challenges including the intensity of intervention for preschoolers, the challenges of inclusive education for school-aged children, the mental health problems of adolescents, and the difficulties of transition to adulthood.Because of the specificity of these issues, the educational placement policy for individuals with ASD is significantly different and more complex than for those who have other disabilities or disorders.In the UK,its educational placement policy and laws are relatively clear, which provides adequate support for the growth and development of children with ASD,adolescents and adults.Learning from the UK experience of autism educational placement policy development and practice, we can consider our autism educational placement policy from the aspects of involving family members, schools, multi-team cooperation and providing support for the students in the transition stage, and promote the development of the cause of supporting and helping disabled people.
曾公(咏)钟铭对研究周代天命观、分封制及建国史实具有很高的学术价值.曾公(咏)钟铭追述的西周初年曾国高祖伯适受命及皇祖南公建于南土、受命作邦的天命观,与屡见于周代文献记载的周文王受命、武王克商建立周王朝的天命观相同,为周代天命观研究提供了重要史料.曾公(咏)钟铭所记曾国封邦建国、藩屏周室的分封制度,尤其是受封为诸侯之时分殷亳社之土在国中立亳社之制("析应亳社")皆可与文献记载对读;并且钟铭所载皇祖南公受命为州牧、"涉政淮夷"等事,对于认识西周时期的州牧制度及周王朝对淮夷的统治提供了崭新的史料.对观曾公(咏)钟铭记载的曾侯佐助昭王南征之事与湖北随州叶家山墓地的考古发现,可知佐助昭王者为叶家山M111的墓主人曾侯犺.
The study of Confucian classics is the basic form of Chinese ancient Confucianism, and around this study a unique hermeneutics of China has been formed.The main objective of the interpretation of ancient Chinese classics revolves around the “Dao” in which “governing Dao” based on the actual state governance is the basic appeal of the interpretation.In ancient times, two types of interpretations of Confucian classics in the Han and Song dynasties were formed based on the different construction of “governing Dao”.The rulers wanted to establish cultural identity based on discourse power so as to provide thoughts and methods with practical guiding significance for their political governance.At the same time, the Confucian sutra itself is also the bearer of the ancient heaven and personnel and has the qualities of transcendence and universality.Therefore, the interpretation of ancient classics reflects the dualism or duality of language and meaning, subject and object, knowledge and morality, subjective and objective, heaven and personnel, inner sanctity and outer king, history and reality, and so on.In the face of this, the ancient interpreters paid special attention to resolving these contradictory and unified relations through the tension of the interpretation of the classics, thus realizing the realistic value of the classics to the greatest extent.
In Old Chinese, there are three special structures in which “Wu” is used: “Wu” + verb; “Wu” + adj.to form “Wujing”,“Wuyi” and “Wuying”;the fixed disyllabic functional words “Wunai”,“Wuyi” and “Wuning”.There is no common explanation of the “Wu” in these three structures, and no discussion on their relationships from the perspective of semantic evolution or grammaticalization.This paper reviews the three usages of “Wu” mentioned above, and discovers the grammaticalized process of “Wu”.In the first structure, “Wu”,as a frequency adverb, means frequently.In the second structure, “Wu”,as a morpheme, indicates the continuous increase of amount or extension of a state.In the third structure, “Wu”,as a morpheme, expresses the tone of speculation and judgement based on the repeated historical experience and natural laws.This paper links the three usages of the “Wu” above with its etymological meaning, explores the different stages of “Wu” from the free word with concrete meanings to the morpheme in fixed disyllabic functional words, and finds that the grammaticalization took place step by step.
Teachers are the backbone of school bullying prevention and intervention.Helping teachers to construct appropriate roles in it is the key to the effective implementation of school bullying prevention.On the basis of combing the relevant policies and the advanced experience of intervention projects at home and abroad, according to the main points of Turner’s process-role theory, this paper puts forward the roles that teachers should play in the prevention and control of school bullying, such as caregiver, learner, participant manager, intervenor and interactor.At the same time, it analyzes the obstacle factors that affect the construction of teachers’ roles in the prevention and intervention of school bullying in China, including social factors such as the conflict between policy expectations and realistic expectations, the confusion and generalization of the “school bullying” concept, and the poor maneuverability of governance objectives and plans.Besides, there are individual factors such as teachers’ insufficient cognition and weak motivation.On this basis, from the two levels of society and individual teachers, this paper puts forward the targeted strategies for the construction of teachers’ roles in the prevention and intervention of school bullying, including clarifying the concept of school bullying, constructing an effective governance mechanism, refining the responsibilities of each participant, helping teachers form correct cognition and enhance their motivation and capability.
Since the 18th National Congress of Communist Party of China, China has made remarkable achievements in digital technology innovation, digital infrastructure construction, the development of digital industrialization, the transformation of industrial digitization, and the size of the digital economy.These achievements should be attributed to four aspects: the first is top-level design and advanced layout for the digital economy made by the Party and the State, the second is continued promotion of the innovation-driven strategy, the third is the reforms of “streamline administration and delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services”,the fourth is the intense competition in digital market among various regions.According to the strategic task of “accelerating the development of the digital economy” proposed by the 20th National Congress of CPC,there is still a long way to go in breaking through key digital technologies, strengthening the integration between the digital economy and the real economy, eliminating the digital gap, and exploring an inclusive and prudent regulatory system.
阿多诺哲学与马克思哲学相遇于"个体主体性的逻辑建构",其焦点在于"个体主体性"的未来预期.基于"个体主体性"的差异性诉求,阿多诺哲学的"经验"视角和"绝对否定"的逻辑工具实际上将马克思的"实践"观点视为一种抽象统治,并剥离了历史唯物主义的超越性维度,从根本上否定了"个体主体性"社会建构的可能性.最终结果是,阿多诺哲学无法超越"市民社会",它虽然批判了现代社会的一切"同一性"形式,却避开了这些形式中所内涵的资本主义价值理念.
“Great unification” is a governing concept followed by the successive dynasties since the Qin and Han dynasties, and territorial unity has become an essential element in the concept of “great unification”.The “great unification” concept of territory in Qing Dynasty shows different characteristics from those of previous dynasties.Its core meaning is to reiterate its transcendence of the previous dynasties, and it has three important elements: the vast scale, the virtue of acquisition and the clarity of the entity.Its value function consists in the dilution of the traditional concept of “Yi Di（different races from the Hua ethnic group）” in the frontier, and reconstruction of the new concept of “four Yi”,so as to realize the integration of ethnic groups, and objectively deconstruct the thousand-year-old mindset of “the differentiation between Hua and Yi”.The fundamental purpose of the “great unification” in the Qin Dynasty is to serve the “orthodox” legitimacy of the Qin Dynasty.As result of this, the Qing Dynasty established the sole evaluation system that could be regarded as “orthodoxy” according to its territory, and realized the unity of “great unification” and “orthodoxy”.
In the process of disyllabification of Chinese vocabulary, how word meanings are inherited and developed is an important issue.In this paper, 7390 modifier-head disyllabic compound words from ancient Chinese are selected for research, and the motivation for word formation is traced, and the mechanism of word meaning inheritance and development is explored.According to the function of modifier morphemes in word formation, modifier-head disyllabic compound words can be divided into four types: semantic externalization, semantic differentiation, semantic generalization and semantic description.These four types carry a deep understanding of Chinese word meanings and their intrinsic semantic structure by native Chinese speakers, and have their own roles in inheriting meanings, differentiating meanings, distinguishing words, summarizing hyponym, describing semantics, etc.These four types realize the purpose of semantic clarity by economic differentiation means, solve the difficulty of “monosyllable is not enough to express” in the stage of monophonic word formation, and promote the successful transformation of Chinese vocabulary system from the monophonic pattern to the disyllabic pattern.
辩证法缘起于人类筹划生存的实际需要,通过话语修辞、逻辑推理等形式,参与人们生活的历史过程,提炼并表达人类的生存经验.自古以来,辩证法都是在解答时代问题中赢获赖以立足和发展的实体性内容,正是内容推动并引领辩证法的发展."苏格拉底方法"的要旨是改造当下生活、构建新的时代原则,柏拉图开启的"思辨的辩证法"在"形式论证"的方式下考察事物、阐明思想.黑格尔建构了"思辨逻辑",借以超越柏拉图等人所迷执的"知性逻辑",在抽象思辨语境中表达了"历史感",把辩证法实现"普遍物的特殊化"的本质要求展示出来.马克思深刻洞悉社会历史创造因素优先突出的时代境遇,拒绝从主观主义和形式主义向度来阐释辩证法的认知思路,把黑格尔的"抽象的—历史性思考"翻转为"现实的—历史性思考",阐明以返回生活世界为导向的辩证法新境域.
Viewing the development of Chinese in the past century from the perspective of “greater Chinese”:Here are three development clues: Putonghua, Mandarin from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao and Overseas Huayu, which will further develop under the two trends of advolution and Maintaining differences in the future.The former is called “integration”,and the result is that the differences between different regions are decreasing and the common parts are increasing; The latter is that each variant will maintain its unique personality and maintain its basic characteristics as a “variant” while converging and developing.The research of modern Chinese in the new century should first solve the problems of “what to do” and “how to do”,specifically, the renewal and development of research concepts, and the expansion and deepening of research content.
先秦青铜器进入美学视野,是先秦美学从文本解读到器物研究的逻辑演进.作为审美活动的物化形式,先秦青铜器的制作与使用在人神同构的意义系统中呈现出"交于神明"与"大象其生"两种逻辑形态.它们彼此分界又相互联结,定义并不断形塑审美主体的精神内涵与美学品质.周革殷命,神力与王权在"天命"的框架下得以重构,原先作为隐性力量的王权逐渐取代神力成为形塑青铜器审美向度的显性力量.人神关系的变动以及由此生成的天命"在德不在鼎"的话语建构,不仅意味着青铜器自身历史使命的终结,同时也构成了先秦诸子美学对天人关系重新思考和追问的思想背景.
In the context of the implementation of the Healthy China Strategy, attaching importance to the mental health of the elderly has become one of the healthy China actions.This paper integrates the perspective of life process and ecosystem theory, and systematically constructs a model of life process-ecosystem view, which comprehensively reveals the ecological factors such as individuals, families, communities, and society that affect the mental health of the elderly, as well as the important life process events such as retirement, widowhood, and the flow of the elderly population, and regards the mental health of the elderly as the dynamic process of interaction between the event experience and the ecosystem that runs through life.The applicability of the model in the normal elderly population was preliminarily verified by using the meta-analysis technology, and the evidence of the special elderly population was provided; Further, from the perspective of intervention theory and practice, the model was tested and demonstrated, and based on the model, the research trend of the future mental health of the elderly was clearly put forward, with a view to achieving the goal of maintaining the mental health of the elderly in the whole cycle, comprehensively interfering with the factors affecting the mental health of the elderly, and building the support environment for the mental health of the elderly in the whole society.
The genetic evolutionary account of language internalizes cognition in human brain, ignoring the coordinated interaction between the interior and exterior of the brain during language evolution.The latest empirical research of cognitive science dispels the core hypothesis of genetic evolutionary account and supports the cultural evolutionary account of language.The new account of language evolution reveals the internal mechanism of the cultural evolutionary process of language from the interaction of three dimensions: external selection pressure and internal evolutionary adaptation, neural development and cultural development, self-domestication and language evolution, opening up a new methodological path for the neurobiological study of language evolution.
本文借鉴机会不公平的"环境—努力"二元分析框架,从可及性、公平性与公平的可及性三个维度量化研究高等教育的城乡差异,并采用不同的分解方法探析背后的成因与机制.研究发现:扩招导致城乡内部高等教育可及性、公平性与公平的可及性不同程度地提高,其中城镇的变动幅度更大,扩招带来的利好更多地被城镇群体捕获,从而进一步拉大了城乡之间的可及性与公平性差距.进一步分析发现,城乡户籍导致的高等教育机会不公平并没有随着扩招的持续出现明显减弱.城乡公平的可及性差异中,扩招带来的规模效应占首位,机会公平改善带来的均等效应次之,环境因素本身的差异带来的结构作用较小则限制了农村居民公平可及性这一综合指标的改善.
全球素养的本质属性体现在OECD和美国掌握着主导全球素养发展的国际话语权.全球素养的推广旨在巩固西方社会在全球化时代的竞争优势,包括培养掌握未来国际话语权的精英阶层、传播并渗透西方的全球化思想以及实现资本的全球化与利益最大化.全球素养以新自由主义和人力资本价值取向为依托,体现出明显的经济导向和工具属性.我们要理性、警惕地审视隐藏在西方社会所倡导的全球素养背后的意识形态和自由资本主义的价值渗透,秉承人类命运共同体理念,坚持文化自信和可持续发展观,扎根中国传统文化构建中国特色的全球素养教育理论体系.
From the theoretical logic of the impact of higher education opening-up on the innovation of colleges and universities, research and development investment, research and development subjects and cross-regional knowledge flow are the core factors affecting the innovation of colleges and universities.Colleges and universities further the opening up through the Chinese-foreign cooperation in school-running, the education of international students in China and international academic exchanges, which can effectively increase the investment in research and development of colleges and universities, improve human capital and promote knowledge exchange and interaction as well as the innovation level of colleges and universities.Based on the data of colleges and universities directly under the Ministry of Education, the empirical study shows that in practice, the opening up of higher education does promote the innovation of colleges and universities in China, and the innovation promotion effect displays heterogeneity among colleges and universities.The opening up of higher education encourages the innovation of colleges and universities mainly by increasing R＆D investment, improving human capital and promoting knowledge exchange and interaction.
