This study aims to analyze the expansion of adherence to ILO Convention 169 among the ILO member states, as well as to assess the strengthening and consolidation of this legal instrument, together with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and other documents, as a foundation of the International Law of Indigenous Peoples. In this regard, the present study presents a synthesis of the treaty's impact in various regions, while also examining attempts at denunciation and restrictive interpretations that seek to limit the rights of the holders of Convention 169. Furthermore, the study also examines the role of regional human rights systems as driving forces behind the rights enshrined in this convention.
This paper addresses international space law based on two main ideas. The first argues that it is a complex system due to its characteristics, and the second that, within this system, soft law constitutes the emerging governance mechanism due to the non-linear nature of the system. To this end, the paper first presents a theoretical study of international outer space law, soft law, and its properties. It then analyzes how international outer space law is a complex system and mentions some of its implications.
The International Court of Justice cases related to the conflicts in Gaza and Ukraine underscore the intricate interplay between state accountability for war and genocide. International law deems, both war and genocide, as "odious scourges for humanity". Systematic state violence during armed conflicts can swiftly escalate to acts of genocide. When states use force in self-defense, war can potentially serve as a cover for the perpetration of genocide. Concurrently, genocide amidst warfare may be misinterpreted as mere war casualties or minor war crimes. As such, determining state responsibility for genocide becomes more challenging during conflicts than in peacetime. Moreover, establishing state accountability for breaching the rules governing armed conflict under the shadow of genocide allegations is complicated. A broad interpretation of the Genocide Convention is essential to extend the icj's jurisdiction over these matters. Furthermore, when genocide occurs during war, it may simultaneously violate the principles of jus ad bellum, jus in bello, and International Human Rights Law, complicating the determination of applicable legal frameworks.
Este estudo propõe‑se a analisar a ampliação da adesão dos Estados- Membros da Convenção 169 da oit, bem como avaliar o fortalecimento e a consolidação desse instrumento jurídico, em conjunto com a Declaração das Nações Unidas sobre os Direitos dos Povos Indígenas e outros documentos, como sustentáculo do Direito Internacional dos Povos Indígenas. Nesse sentido, apresentamos uma síntese do impacto do tratado em diferentes regiões, examinando-se, igualmente, as tentativas de denúncia e as interpretações restritivas que buscam limitar os direitos dos sujeitos titulares da Convenção 169. Também investigamos o papel dos sistemas regionais de direitos humanos como forças impulsionadoras dos direitos previstos nessa Convenção.
