Doxorubicin (dox) is an anticancer agent with adverse effects, such as cardiac injury. Fumarate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite, has been shown to ameliorate cardiac injury. This study investigated the possible cardioprotective action of fumarate in dox-induced cardiac injury. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8); control (distilled water 10 ml/kg, po), dox (10 mg/kg, ip), dox (10 mg/kg, ip) + fumarate (50 mg/kg, po) and dox (10 mg/kg, ip) + fumarate (100 mg/kg, po). The animals were treated for 10 days and euthanized. Blood was withdrawn, the heart was excised and immediately frozen for biochemical and molecular analyses. Fumarate reduced serum levels of troponin-T (57.5 %, p<0.05) at 50 mg/kg and (55 % p<0.05) at 100 mg/kg in the dox group. Malondialdehyde formation was reduced from 69.6±3.6 mmol/mg in the dox group to 52.4±3.4 nmol MDA/mg protein at 50 mg/kg and 39.4±0.9 nmol MDA/mg protein at 100 mg/kg in fumarate-treated dox rats (p<0.001). Similarly, catalase (CAT) (9-fold), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (3-fold), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (3-fold) activity, which was significantly decreased in the dox group, was reversed by fumarate at 100 mg/kg. Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 expression was reduced by fumarate (p<0.001). The expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was reduced with the administration of fumarate at 100 mg/kg (26.2±1.6, p<0.001) in dox-treated rats. The data have shown that fumarate ameliorated the dox-induced cardiomyopathy by increasing CAT, SOD, and GPx activities and a reduction in TGFβ1 and eNOS expression.
The primary objective of this article is to present the potential biomedical applications of hydroxyapatite-based materials coated with polymers, as well as the methods used for producing such polymer coatings. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is an inorganic component of bone, distinguished by its high biocompatibility, bioactivity, and ability to integrate with bone tissue. However, its limited mechanical strength poses a barrier to broader clinical application. A solution to this issue involves coating HA with polymeric layers—both synthetic and natural—which enhances its physicochemical properties, increases resistance to compression and fracture, and enables surface functionalization. The article outlines various coating techniques, categorized into physical and chemical methods. It also discusses examples of applications for these materials, including controlled drug delivery systems, bone tissue engineering, and gene delivery. Owing to its surface modification capabilities and favorable properties, polymer-coated HA may serve as a basis for advanced implants and drug carriers. Furthermore, the article highlights the use of HA-polymer composites for coating metallic implants, which significantly improves their corrosion resistance and enhances bioactivity. The entire study is based on a review of scientific literature that identifies current trends and research directions in the development of modern HA-based biomaterials.
This study investigates the molecular docking interactions and antioxidant activity of an isolated bioactive compound from Stevia rebaudiana leaves, highlighting its potential as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Stevia rebaudiana has been extensively studied for its medicinal properties, particularly in managing oxidative stress-related conditions. A bioactive compound (Rebaudioside A) was isolated using ethanol extraction, followed by phytochemical screening, TLC, column chromatography, and FTIR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy for identification. Molecular docking with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was performed using Schrödinger Suite, and antioxidant activity was assessed through 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The isolated compound, Rebaudioside A, exhibited strong binding affinity with NF-κB (XP Gscore: -12.677), indicating significant anti-inflammatory potential. The compound showed moderate antioxidant activity, with DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA) of 16.60% and ABTS RSA of 9.635%, while Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) values of 17.54 μmol/mg (DPPH) and 28.393 μmol/mg (ABTS). Therefore, we concluded that, Rebaudioside A demonstrates notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, suggesting its suitability for further pharmacological exploration in managing oxidative stress-related disorders.
Aim of the Study: the primary objective of this study was to assess, based on the results of a questionnaire-based survey, pharmacists’ communication skills when interacting with patients experiencing hearing loss of varying severity. The secondary objective was to evaluate pharmacists’ knowledge—derived from the collected responses—regarding the risk factors associated with hearing loss, including: comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, hypertension), pharmacotherapy involving ototoxic medications, patient age (e.g., age over 65 years). Materials and Methods: the study received approval from a bioethics committee. It was a prospective, anonymous, questionnaire-based study conducted among 130 pharmacists. The survey was distributed both online and in person (in printed form) and was targeted at pharmacists employed in community pharmacies. The questionnaire was created using Google Forms and distributed in two formats: printed (for in-person completion) and as an interactive online form. It contained 19 questions, 18 of which were closed-ended, while the final question was open-ended. Among the 18 closed questions, 14 were single-choice and 4 were multiple-choice. The first group of questions (Questions 1–7 and Question 19) pertained to pharmacists’ communication skills. The second group (Questions 8–10 and Question 16) focused on adverse drug reactions related to ototoxicity and pharmacists’ knowledge of patient groups at increased risk for hearing loss. The third group (Questions 11–15 and Question 17) addressed educational materials (including training) and technologies that facilitate communication with individuals who are hard of hearing. The open-ended Question 18 asked participants to propose solutions to support and improve communication between pharmacists and hard-of-hearing patients in community pharmacy settings. Results: findings from the 130 participating pharmacists indicate that the majority (52.3%) believe their current training has not adequately prepared them to work with hearing-impaired patients. One-third of respondents emphasized that information on adverse effects impacting hearing should be more clearly highlighted in materials provided by pharmacists, indicating the need for tailored communication regarding drugs with potential ototoxicity. A need for adaptation of educational materials to better suit hearing-impaired patients was also noted. A total of 49.2% of respondents rated their own communication skills with hearing-impaired patients as average, while approximately 28.5% rated them as poor. Conclusions: Based on the collected data, pharmacists assess their communication skills with hearing-impaired patients as insufficient. They correctly identify medicinal products that may cause hearing loss as an adverse effect and are able to point out patient groups whose underlying conditions increase the risk of hearing impairment. However, deficiencies in education (particularly in soft skills), training, and access to materials or equipment that facilitate communication with hearing-impaired patients are identified as the main barriers and challenges to effective communication in community pharmacy settings.
The formulation base plays a critical role in the physicochemical stability and therapeutic efficacy of dermatological creams. Vitamins A and C are widely used in skincare due to their anti-aging and antioxidant properties, yet they are chemically unstable and highly sensitive to environmental conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different pharmaceutical and dermocosmetic cream bases on the physical stability and rheological behavior of formulations containing selected forms of vitamin A (retinol, retinyl palmitate, solubilized form of retinyl palmitate) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Methods: Creams were prepared using four bases: two traditional (Lekobaza, Eucerin) and two modern dermocosmetic bases (Versatile, Emolivan). Physical stability parameters including centrifuge test, spreadability, droplet size in optical microscopy, and rheological properties were assessed at days 1, 7, 14, and 30. Droplet size changes were analyzed statistically using the Friedman test and Kendall’s W. Results: Creams formulated on Lekobaza and Eucerin maintained stability throughout 30 days. Versatile formulations showed good short-term stability (up to 14 days), but decreased viscosity and signs of destabilization by day 30. Emolivan was stable for retinol and solubilized vitamin A but showed rheological anomalies when combined with retinyl palmitate or ascorbic acid. Rheological analysis confirmed pseudoplastic flow behavior and time-dependent viscosity changes, particularly in Versatile and Emolivan systems. Conclusion: The choice of formulation base significantly affects the physical stability and usability of creams containing unstable vitamins. Traditional pharmaceutical bases provided superior long-term stability, while modern cosmetic bases may require formulation adjustments to maintain vitamin integrity.
Epilepsy represents one of the most common chronic neurological disorders worldwide, with approximately half of all cases diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. Although the condition remains incurable, effective seizure control can be achieved in up to 70% of patients through appropriately selected antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), administered as monotherapy or in combination. Despite their therapeutic efficacy, AEDs are associated with a range of adverse effects, including those affecting oral health, which may substantially impair patients’ quality of life. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the impact of AED therapy on oral health in children with epilepsy and discusses potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these adverse effects. A comprehensive literature search was performed in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the free-text terms and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), such as “Epilepsy/drug therapy” and “Anticonvulsants/adverse effects” and following keywords: “antiepileptic drugs & side effects,” “antiepileptic drugs & oral health status in children,” “oral side effects,” “antiepileptic drugs,” as well as relevant synonyms such as “antiseizure medications,” “AEDs,” and “anticonvulsants.” The review includes data from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original research conducted in Europe and globally. Reported oral manifestations associated with AED use include gingival overgrowth, gingivitis, xerostomia, and glossitis, particularly linked to first-generation agents such as phenytoin and valproic acid. Pediatric patients undergoing long-term AED therapy demonstrate increased susceptibility to dental caries, periodontal disease, tooth loss, and maxillofacial bone demineralization, which may elevate the risk of fractures following trauma. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the oral health implications of newer-generation AEDs and to clarify the molecular mechanisms responsible for these complications. Given the chronic nature of epilepsy and the cumulative impact of long-term pharmacotherapy, children receiving AEDs require individualized preventive strategies, emphasizing meticulous oral hygiene and regular dental monitoring to reduce the risk of treatment-related oral pathology.
Insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders occurring worldwide among the adult population. Prolonged lack of proper nightly rest can have a significant impact not only on the psychological individual well-being but also on their overall somatic health. Due to said problem’s frequent occurrence it is important that every clinician has a basic knowledge of available treatment options for insomnia. Currently, both pharmacological options as well as non-pharmacological approaches can be implemented to improve sleep quality. When choosing a specific treatment method, one must consider the patient's health factors such as comorbidities, age, chronically used medications, and financial resources. Nowadays the first recommended line of treating insomnia is focused on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), behavioral changes, and patient education in matters of sleep hygiene. In certain cases, it may be beneficial to implement hypnotic drugs, of which non-benzodiazepine benzodiazepine receptor agonists (non-BZRA) have relatively highest numbers of studies dedicated to testing their efficacy and safety. In patients with coexisting psychiatric disorders, certain antidepressants may play a significant role in sleep disorders management. Despite the prevalence of sleep disorders in the general population there still exists a need to conduct more comprehensive studies directly comparing distinct groups of hypnotic drugs – both their safety profile as well as their efficacy in treating insomnia.
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. is a biologically rich plant widely used in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential and phenolic/flavonoid contents of C. colocynthis. Antimicrobial tests using ethanol and methanol extracts revealed that it exhibited strong antimicrobial effects especially against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, C. krusei and Acinetobacter baumannii. In addition, antioxidant activity tests showed that ethanol extract had high antioxidant capacity, while methanol extract was moderately effective. Phenolic and flavonoid content analyses showed that ethanol extract contained higher phenolic and flavonoid components. In addition, anticholinesterase activity tests showed that C. colocynthis extract exhibited a significant anticholinesterase effect, which could potentially be useful in the treatment of neurological diseases. These findings indicate that C. colocynthis is a potent natural resource with potential therapeutic benefits and its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticholinesterase properties are of considerable importance in biomedical applications.
Ensuring the appropriate concentration of antimicrobial preservatives in multi-dose sterile pharmaceutical formulations is critical for maintaining sterility, quality, and stability throughout the product’s shelf life. However, preservatives such as m-cresol and phenol are known to adsorb onto silicone components used during manufacturing, leading to potential preservative loss. This study investigates the impact of manufacturing process stops, particularly during the filling stage, on m-cresol concentration in dosed cartridges. Laboratory-scale experiments and full-scale manufacturing studies were conducted using solutions containing recombinant human insulin (RHI), insulin lispro, and a placebo solution to evaluate the effects of interruptions in the filling process—such as internal process control (IPC) checks—on the adsorption of m-cresol from pharmaceutical formulations.
This study aims to evaluate the phytochemical profile, nutritional value and biological activities of methanolic extracts of Flacourtia indica fruits. The extract was analyzed for total phenolic content (34.72 ± 2.03 µg/mg), total flavonoid content (9.56 ± 1.21 µg/mg), β-carotene and lycopene content at 0.0615 ± 0.01 (µg/mg) and 0.0235 ± 0.005 (µg/mg) respectively. Nutritional analysis of the fruit revealed total moisture content (41.56 ± 1.62 g/100 g), protein content (1.46 ± 0.17 g/100g), carbohydrate content (21.78 ± 0.37 g/100 g), fibre content (2.61 ± 0.13 g/100 g), and lipid content (1.89 ± 0.04 g/100 g). Antioxidant activity showed as IC50 values was 124.65 ± 1.38 µg/ml in case of ABTS assay and 189.14 ± 1.08 µg/ml in case of DPPH assay. Antibacterial assays showed strong activity against Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96) and Gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 542), while antifungal activity against Candida albicans (MTCC 317) is minimal. MIC values of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are 0.35 mg/ml and 0.32 mg/ml respectively, and 23 mg/ml in case of Candida albicans. LC/MS analysis identified nine compounds, with sparteine (anticonvulsant drug) being predominant. The results highlight the potential of Flacourtia indica as a rich source of natural antioxidants, high nutritional value and effective antimicrobials, offering potential applications in mitigating oxidative stress.
Anti-microbial resistance represents a critical global health threat, undermining the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics and posing challenges in the treatment of infectious diseases. The increasing resistance to synthetic anti-microbial agents underscores the urgent need to explore alternative therapeutic approaches, particularly through natural and herbal remedies. Unlike synthetic drugs, which are often associated with harmful side effects and toxicity, medicinal plants offer a promising, safer alternative due to their rich array of bioactive compounds. These plant-derived substances have demonstrated significant anti-microbial activity against a variety of pathogens. Traditionally, medicinal plants have been used to treat a wide range of diseases and conditions, but their potential must be validated and standardized through scientific research to ensure both efficacy and safety. The anti-microbial properties of medicinal plants stem from their diverse phytochemical constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, which exhibit broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review explores the anti-microbial potential of these plant-based compounds, emphasizing their broad-spectrum efficacy in combating resistant pathogens. It also highlights the importance of further research to optimize the use of medicinal plants in modern healthcare, offering a viable strategy to mitigate the growing threat of anti-microbial resistance and provide safer alternatives to conventional antibiotics.
In this study, Silene macrodonta Boiss. and S. chaetodonta Boiss. plant species belonging to the Caryophyllaceae family growing in the Gaziantep region were examined in terms of antioxidant, antimicrobial and phenolic compounds. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) values of S. macrodonta and S. chaetodonta Boiss. plant species were determined using Rel Assay kits. It was determined that the TAS value of S. macrodonta was higher with 5.983±0.156, the TOS value of S. chaetodonta was higher with 15.686±0.188, and the OSI value of S. chaetodonta was higher with 0.341±0.010. Within the scope of this study, the antimicrobial activity of plant species was examined by the Agar dilution method, and it was determined that S. chaetodonta showed higher antimicrobial activity than S. macrodonta. Phenolic contents of plants were examined using LC-MS/MS device. For some of the standards used, the presence of phenolic compounds in the plant was detected. As a result of the studies, it was determined that S. macrodonta and S. chaetodonta plants have high biological activity.
The current study focuses on the comprehensive evaluation of the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of Bauhinia racemosa (B. racemosa) leaves, a plant widely used in traditional medicine across Asia. Fresh leaves were collected, authenticated, air-dried, and powdered before undergoing Soxhlet extraction with solvents such as acetone, water, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. Physicochemical parameters — including ash values, extractive values, moisture content, and potential of hydrogen (pH) — were measured to ensure quality and stability. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Notably, the identification of flavonoids and phenolic compounds underscores the plant’s potential for managing oxidative stress and related health conditions. We establish a foundational profile of B. racemosa leaves, contributing to their standardization and supporting their medicinal value for potential applications in herbal medicine and pharmaceutical development.
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors represent a pivotal advancement in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), offering substantial improvements in glycemic control, cardiovascular protection, and renal outcomes. This review explores the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors, with a particular focus on pharmacogenomics and its impact on individual patient response. Bexagliflozin, a potent SGLT2 inhibitor, exhibits robust glycemic control through selective SGLT2 inhibition, while studies on luseogliflozin, ertugliflozin, tofogliflozin, and remogliflozin have further demonstrated the versatility and safety of this drug class. These inhibitors not only reduce HbA1c but also lower blood pressure, improve renal outcomes, and reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Pharmacogenomics has revealed genetic polymorphisms that affect the metabolism and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors, guiding more precise therapeutic decisions. Variants in genes like SLC5A2 and CYP enzymes influence drug transport, metabolism, and response, paving the way for personalized treatment approaches. This growing understanding underscores the potential for pharmacogenomics to refine the selection of SGLT2 inhibitors for optimal efficacy and minimal side effects. Despite promising results, further research is needed to fully integrate pharmacogenomics into clinical practice. As personalized medicine continues to evolve, SGLT2 inhibitors, bolstered by pharmacogenomic insights, offer a compelling avenue for enhancing the management of T2DM, ultimately transforming patient care with a more tailored and effective approach.
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) predominantly affect developing countries. Human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and malaria are protozoan infections that are endemic in developing countries and for which new drugs are desperately needed. Gaining better control of these diseases requires discovering and developing safe, effective, and affordable new drugs for the populations at risk. Unfortunately, incentives for the research and development of new medicine to combat NTDs are currently insufficient. This paper examines recent efforts to increase R&D investments in the development of new anti-parasitic drugs and provides an overview of the most recent and promising compounds at different development stages for each pathogen. Additionally, information on the development of novel formulations combining existing drugs and delivery systems that can improve therapeutic outcomes as well as recent advances in drug discovery, obstacles to developing new chemical entities (NCEs), and the role of public-private partnerships (PPPs) are discussed. In conclusion, drug discovery for neglected diseases entails a larger challenge of demonstrating translational readiness at an early stage. Classification systems can help identify gaps and focus research and development efforts on candidates with the highest likelihood of becoming clinical options. To overcome funding shortages and reduce the incubation time for promising drug discovery initiatives, it is necessary to harness the power of collaborative networks and use innovative funding models.
Immunosuppression is a prominent critical feature associated with certain genetic disorders, chronic infections, and conventional chemotherapeutics employed in the treatment of diverse pathological conditions. The scrutiny for bioactive principles with immunostimulatory potential from natural sources becomes crucial. This study evaluated the immunomodulatory role of Phoenix dactylifera seed oil (PDSO) in cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed Wistar rats. Essential oil from the date pit was obtained via steam-distillation technique. Cellular and humoral immunity were measured respectively using delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTHR) and hemagglutination reaction (HR), while quantitation of serum immunoglobulin was carried out using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The experimental rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups each (n = 4) for DTHR, and (n = 8) for HR assays. Immunosuppression was induced in the animals using cyclophosphamide and PDSO treatment was administered. PDSO significantly (P<0.05) promoted delayed type hypersensitivity response (DTHR), increased antibody titres and immunoglobulin levels in the experimental rats in a dose-related manner. The magnitude of immune stimulation evoked by the essential oil at 250 µl/kg.bw compared favourably with that exhibited by the positive control. Findings from this study showcased P. dactylifera seed oil as a promising immunostimulatory drug candidate with potential application in immunosuppressive conditions.
W obliczu stale rosnącej liczby przypadków rozpoznania nowotworów na świecie wzrasta pilna potrzeba opracowania skutecznych metod zapobiegania i terapii przeciwnowotworowej. Warto zauważyć, że około 50% wszystkich leków klinicznych pochodzi ze źródeł naturalnych, co sprawia, że fitochemikalia stają się obiecującą propozycją. Jednym z potencjalnych kandydatów jest kwas karnozowy, fenolowy związek diterpenoidowy, który obficie występuje w rozmarynie (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). W ciągu ostatniej dekady znacząco wzrosła liczba badań in vitro i in vivo dotyczących aktywności biologicznej kwasu karnozowego i jego pochodnych. Udowodniono, że kwas karnozowy wzmacnia obronę antyoksydacyjną, hamuje aktywność enzymów proteolitycznych, blokuje przejście nabłonkowo-mezenchymalne, zmniejsza przyleganie i migrację komórek, a także zapobiega inwazji i przerzutom guza. Ponadto, promuje śmierć komórek nowotworowych na drodze apoptozy i autofagii. Jego skuteczność w chemoprewencji, antyproliferacyjnym i antyinwazyjnym działaniu na ludzkich liniach nowotworowych oraz syngenicznych modelach nowotworów, w połączeniu z efektami synergicznymi podczas stosowania w terapii skojarzonej, niskie koszty pozyskiwania i stosunkowo łatwy dostęp potęgują potencjalne zastosowanie kwasu karnozowego w leczeniu raka. Jednak pomimo obiecujących wyników badań przedklinicznych, nadal brakuje walidacji klinicznej. Kilka kwestii wymaga dalszego zbadania, takich jak farmakokinetyka kwasu karnozowego w organizmach ludzkich, potrzeba dostosowania dawkowania oraz bezpieczny czas ekspozycji. Zanim kwas karnozowy będzie mógł być stosowany u pacjentów, niezbędna jest kompleksowa ocena jego bezpieczeństwa, uwzględniająca indywidualne profile metaboliczne. Żywność funkcjonalna zawierająca kwas karnozowy wydaje się być obiecującą strategią pozwalającą na zmniejszania globalnej zachorowalności na raka, to jednak badania kliniczne z jego wykorzystaniem w onkologii wciąż są w pełni uzasadnione.
The design and development of invasomes containing bifonazole for effective topical fungal treatment was investigated to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of this antifungal agent. Invasomes, novel lipid-based vesicular systems, were formulated to enhance skin penetration and provide sustained drug release, thereby increasing the local concentration of bifonazole at the site of infection. The formulation was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), where various factors such as phosphatidylcholine, terpenes, and ethanol were varied to evaluate their effects on entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, and drug release characteristics. The optimized invasomal formulation demonstrated high entrapment efficiency (~74.12%) and an average vesicle size of 154.45 nm, suitable for effective skin penetration. In vitro release studies revealed sustained drug release from the invasomes, with a slower release profile compared to the plain drug. The optimized formulation exhibited enhanced antifungal activity, suggesting that invasomes could serve as a promising carrier for the topical delivery of bifonazole, offering a potential solution for treating superficial fungal infections with improved efficacy and patient compliance.
Nowadays, there are many effective cancer treatments that use different combinations of chemotherapeutics agents to destroy cancer cells, often in advanced stages when radical surgery methods are no longer possible. Unfortunately, the toxicity of treatment can cause many side effects. One of them is nausea and vomiting, which significantly affects the quality of life and is a challenge for cancer patients. Nausea and vomiting affect 40-80% of patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The likelihood of their occurrence depends on the treatment regimen, dose and route of administration. Of course, patient-related factors also play a role. The use of combination antiemetics, including setrons in combination with a neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist and glucocorticosteroids, can effectively prevent nausea and vomiting - in the early type in about 80-90% of patients and in the late type in about 60-80%. Nausea and vomiting can significantly reduce the quality of life of patents undergoing cancer treatment. However, adherence to an appropriate treatment regimen ensures that patients have an optimal quality of life during treatment. This article discusses current strategies for the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting using antiemetic drugs.
The goal of this study is to determine the effect of a fraction of Elephantopus scaber Linn leaf extract on NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and perforin in male white mice using one dose of Elephantopus scaber Linn fraction at 30 mg/kg BW. In this study, 25 experimental animals were divided into 5 groups there are negative control, positive control, and 3 fractions of Elephantopus scaber Linn leaf, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Mice were treated with Elephantopus scaber Linn leaf fraction for 7 days after being previously stimulated by the SARS-Cov-2 virus antigen (inavac®). The animals were then analyzed on day 8. Duncan analysis was performed after One-Way ANOVA was used to evaluate the data. The test results showed that the concentration of NK cells increased slightly although it did not significantly increase (**p < 0.01; *p < 0.05) and the concentration of CD8+ T cells and perforin significantly decreased (**p < 0.01; *p < 0.05). It is concluded that a fraction of Elephantopus scaber Linn leaf shows immunomodulatory activity.
