Okara insoluble dietary fiber(ISF)was used as the raw material to prepare 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy(TEMPO)oxidized cellulose nanofibrils(TCNF)through ultrasound assisted swelling pretreatment combined with TEMPO-mediated oxidation and high-pressure homogenization.The effects of different pretreatment methods on the structure and properties of TCNF,as well as the stability of the resulting Pickering emulsions,were investigated.The results showed that both ultrasonic and swelling pretreatments enhanced the efficiency of TEMPO oxidation,among which the combination of NaOH/thiourea swelling and ultrasonic treatment exhibited the most pronounced synergistic effect.Under this treatment,the carboxyl content of TEMPO-oxidized ISF reached(1.28±0.03)mmol/g,which was 91.0％higher than that of the control group.Meanwhile,this treatment promoted fiber bundle disintegration,reduced the size of cellulose nanofibril aggregates,and improved the surface accessibility of cellulose,thereby facilitating carboxylation and increasing the absolute value of the ζ-potential of nanocellulose to 44.00 mV,resulting in relatively good storage stability and light transmittance.Microscopic observations revealed that the synergistic pretreatment led to a more uniform fibril dispersion with reduced aggregation,and the fibril diameters were mainly distributed in the range of 2-8 nm.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that neither the pretreatment nor the oxidation process altered the type Ⅰ cellulose crystalline structure.Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the combined NaOH/thiourea and ultrasonic pretreatment slightly reduced the thermal stability of TCNF.Compared with the other pretreatment groups,the TCNF obtained using NaOH/thiourea and ultrasonic pretreatment exhibited relatively high water-holding and oil-holding capacities,reaching 70.10 g·g-1 and 113.32 g·g-1,respectively.When the nanocellulose prepared by NaOH/thiourea treatment combined with ultrasonication was used to formulate Pickering emulsions,the emulsions exhibited a smaller droplet size(20.99 μm)than those in the other pretreatment groups,together with good centrifugal and storage stability.These results demonstrated that the synergistic effect of ultrasonic and swelling pretreatments effectively enhanced TEMPO oxidation and subsequent nanofibrillation,thereby improving the dispersion stability,functional properties,and emulsifying performance of TCNF.This study was expected to provide an experimental basis for the high-value utilization of okara-derived nanocellulose.
Aspergillus oryzae(A.oryzae)enzyme systems are critical for substrate utilization and flavor formation in soy sauce fermentation,which are key factors influencing soy sauce quality.To compare the differences in enzyme activity between two representative A.oryzae strains(AO-HP and AO-HC)and to screen for associated genetic variation,this study measured the activities of their protease,carbohydrate hydrolases,and γ-glutamyl transpeptidases.Additionally,whole-genome resequencing was performed using RIB40 as reference,to identify single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP),insertions or deletions(InDel),and copy number variation(CNV),followed by functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis of candidate variant genes associated with key enzymes.The results showed that AO-HP exhibited higher activities of neutral protease,acid protease,and aminopeptidase,indicating stronger protein hydrolysis capacity,whereas AO-HC exhibited higher xylanase,glucoamylase,β-glucosidase,and γ-glutamyl transpeptidases activities,suggesting enhanced carbohydrate degradation and γ-glutamyl transfer potential.Genomic analysis revealed that AO-HC harbored more SNPs and InDels and showed a higher proportion of heterozygous variants compared with AO-HP.Variant genes were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism pathways.Nonsynonymous mutation screening identified 7 protease-related,10 carbohydrate enzyme-related,and 3 γ-glutamyl transpeptidases-related candidate genes in AO-HC,compared with only 2 carbohydrate enzyme-related genes in AO-HP.These results suggest that strain-specific enzyme activity differences are associated with genetic variation in key enzyme-related genes,particularly those involved in carbohydrate metabolism andγ-glutamyl transfer in AO-HC.This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for functional gene mining and targeted breeding of industrial A.oryzae strains.
Bioactive peptides(BAPs)were characterized by diverse biological activities,high target specificity,favorable metabolic safety,and a wide range of sources,and were considered important functional components driving the transition from macronutrient supplementation toward precision interventions based on cellular signaling and metabolic networks.The forms,sources,and mechanisms of action of BAPs were systematically summarized.Exogenous BAPs derived from animals,plants,and microorganisms,as well as endogenous BAPs enriched in physiological samples,including serum,cerebrospinal fluid,milk,and gastrointestinal secretions were outlined.The molecular basis underlying the roles of BAPs in glucose and lipid metabolism,anti-aging effects,and intestinal barrier repair was elucidated.BAPs were shown to regulate the gut-pancreas axis through PepT1-,CaSR-,and GLP-1-related signaling and to ameliorate oxidative stress and glucose and lipid metabolic disorders through the ERK1/2/PI3K-Nrf2 and AMPK-ACC-SREBP-1c pathways.BAPs exerted anti-aging effects by remodeling the microbiota-gut-brain axis,promoting the enrichment of beneficial microorganisms and the production of short-chain fatty acids,suppressing neuroinflammation,and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.In addition,BAPs inhibited inflammation and reinforced tight junctions through the Nupr1-autophagy-mitochondrial axis and the JAK-STAT and MAPK pathways.Additional functions of BAPs in blood pressure regulation,oxidative stress resistance,and immune modulation were also summarized.Furthermore,three key technological systems that facilitated BAP-based precision interventions were reviewed,including targeted discovery based on data-independent acquisition peptidomics,artificial intelligence,structural prediction,and molecular dynamics simulations;screening and structural optimization centered on phage display,solid-phase peptide synthesis,peptide stapling,and D-amino acid incorporation;and functional evaluation and mechanistic validation integrating organoids,three-dimensional culture,CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing,and multilevel animal models.On this basis,a full-chain research and development framework comprising"sequence mining-structural optimization-systematic validation-in vivo response"was proposed.Efficient delivery,elucidation of in vivo metabolic mechanisms,and interindividual variability in responses were identified as persistent barriers to translation.This review aimed to provide theoretical and technical support for the development of highly bioactive foods for special medical purposes,medical nutrition formulations,and functional foods,as well as for the early prevention of chronic diseases and precision nutritional intervention.
Driven by the Healthy China strategy and evolving nutritional needs,China faces a double nutritional burden characterized by risks of micronutrient inadequacy and the coexistence of obesity.The scientific foundations and full-cycle closed-loop framework of precision nutrition were elaborated.The role of core technologies,including multi-omics,novel biomarkers,artificial intelligence,and digital evidence and decision support,in facilitating the transition from population-wide dietary guidance to stratified subpopulation and individualized nutrition service were examined.The transformation and upgrading pathways and practical directions through which precision nutrition empowers the food nutrition and health industry from the perspectives of policy guidance,standard leadership,nutrition and health food industry upgrading were explored.The major challenges involving evidence quality,data standards,algorithm validation,privacy and ethics were summarized.Future directions were discussed in terms of technological development,accessible services,and industrial integration.As an interdisciplinary frontier in nutrition science,a development chain linking scientific foundations,enabling technologies,and industrial applications has been gradually formed for precision nutrition.Driven by policy guidance and technological advances,the food industry and related health industries are advancing toward nutrition-oriented,digital,and intelligent development.Drawing on dietary survey data,frontier studies,industry reports,and national policy documents,this article aimed to provide theoretical references and practical pathways for the high-quality development of China's food,nutrition and health industry.
With the accelerating changes in the global population structure,older surgical patients are at an increased risk of postoperative malnutrition and sarcopenia.Hypercatabolism triggered by surgery,impaired gastrointestinal digestion and nutrient absorption,and perioperative gut microbiota dysbiosis are key factors contributing to disrupted protein homeostasis and accelerated skeletal muscle loss in older adults.Precision nutritional intervention strategies based on proteins of superior quality derived from food sources and bioactive peptides for promoting postoperative recovery in older patients were systematically summarized.The underlying molecular mechanisms were emphatically analyzed,including the complementary digestive kinetics of proteins originating from diverse sources,efficient transmembrane absorption of oligopeptides via the peptide transporter 1(PepT1),activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC 1)signaling pathway by branched-chain amino acids to stimulate muscle protein synthesis,and maintenance of homeostasis within the communication axis between the gut-muscle axis.Furthermore,considering the pathophysiological characteristics of dysphagia,impaired mastication,and reduced appetite in older adults,processing technologies and formulation strategies of functional foods for postoperative older adults were systematically summarized,including texture modification through rheological regulation for foods tailored to older demographics,as well as flavor optimization technologies such as controlled enzymatic hydrolysis and covalent encapsulation of bioactive oligopeptides.Finally,current challenges in achieving synergistic intestinal barrier repair,maintaining processing stability,and improving targeting precision were discussed.Future perspectives,including customized rheological design for foods suitable for the elderly,delivery systems targeting specific sites with enhanced stability,and extensive clinical validation,were also proposed to provide scientific guidance for the development of precision nutritional intervention products for postoperative recovery in older adults.
