The 7th-8th century period represented the final stage in the transition between the late Roman and medieval Byzantine empires,during which the codification of laws provides a direct reflection of the ruling ideology of the Byzantine emperors,and of this transformation.The multifaceted difficulties confronting the enforcement of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the fields of legal inheritance,language and so forth,were the epitome of the "Roman dilemma" facing the Empire prior to this transformation.Codification during the 7th-8th centuries weakened the principles of traditional Roman law,incorporating Hellenistic and unwritten law,while completing Christianization of the law,with the Christian faith coming to provide it with the spirit,sources and articles.These changes reflected the desire on the part of the Byzantine rulers of the period to maintain unity in terms of political ideology and existing territory,in keeping with their Empire’s distinctively Eastern Mediterranean characteristics,while both forsaking or diluting traditional Latin regions and culture,and maintaining the name and sovereignty of the Roman Empire.Thus,the traditionally "Ecumenical" Roman Empire was transformed into one which was "Oriental" and "Christian" in character.
汉魏六朝时期，郡国除按年度呈报包含地理信息的上计簿外，还不定期呈报图文并存的郡国地志（郡国图书），征戍官员也呈报四夷图书，中央据此修撰舆地图、全域性地志，构成地志系统。自东汉后期风俗传演变而来、由地方长官主导修撰的州郡地记，以及私撰专项地记如山记、异物志等，构成地记系统。南北朝时期，两大系统逐渐合流，形成图文并存的图记。北朝率先由中央主导编撰全域性图记，进而在隋唐时期形成图经修撰制度。这一变化是中央强化地方社会治理在地理学上的反映。
The determination of common ancestry prompted the formation of the Hua Xia.However,several ancestors had been worshipped by the various groups or states emerging during the Spring and Autumn Period,and it was this "fragmented ancestry" that laid the foundation for the emergence of the idea that these "fragments" of the Hua Xia were all homogeneous,with a single ancestor.During the Spring and Autumn Period,many groups and states revered common ancestors,represented by the Eight Surnames of Zhu Rong.These groups or states transcended regional and cultural barriers,and formed a new "community" based on "belief in a common origin".The idea of common ancestry was linked to the Spring and Autumn Period custom of bragging one’s family history and background,tracing this back to distant ancestors and considering them as gods.The emergence of local common ancestors led to the creation of a singular common Hua Xia ancestor,symbolized by Huang Di,during the Warring States Period,reflecting the interaction and integration of the various groups of that time.
唐代散官番上制度确立于贞观十一年，番上的散官限六品以下。高宗龙朔二年新增封爵等获散途径，散官番上制度得到进一步完善。唐前期文武散官番第、番期有五品以上和六品以下之别。散官番上一方面起到培训候补官员的作用，另一方面在一定程度上缓解了选官人数膨胀带来的铨选压力。唐前期散官番上制度在保障国家政令传递、减轻国家财政负担、缓解政务运作压力等方面，均发挥了积极作用。
中国历史上，藩属体系将历代中原王朝行政统治区域外围的藩部、藩属政权，与王朝连为一个有机统一整体，能够衔接“化内”与“化外”，是凝聚“历史中国”的核心政治体制之一。7—9世纪唐王朝主导的东亚政治秩序，是中国古代藩属体系典型。不过，对藩属体系的研究不能只立足于中原王朝，也应尝试站在边疆藩属政权视角，审视这一体系运作。
