The challenge of determining the most appropriate method for spatial analysis has long captivated the attention of researchers. Many spatial studies rely solely on either quantitative or qualitative research methods and techniques, yielding insights that only scratch the surface of spatial characteristics. This research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of two spatial arrangement methods: one focusing on spatial structure and the other utilizing the "Project for Public Spaces" (PPS) approach, which emphasizes environmental quality through defined indicators such as sociability, accessibility, uses and activities, comfort, and image. Additionally, this study explores the feasibility of concurrently utilizing these methods to comprehensively assess the quality of the studied location. The rationale for selecting these methods includes their efficiency, widespread usage, and ability to accommodate both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The historical market of Tabriz city serves as the focal point for measuring spatial quality, serving as an architectural and urban design indicator. Quantitative values derived from the spatial arrangement method encompass coherence, connection, and comprehensibility. The findings of this study revealed discrepancies between the outcomes of these two methods. While PPS evaluated environmental factors in the market based on user feedback regarding socio-cultural impacts, the space arrangement analysis aligned with assumptions about individual behavior in relation to the market's physical structure. Compared to the spatial layout, which primarily assesses mobility and user movement through morphological indicators, PPS, by considering human factors, more accurately reflects the livability of market spaces. In conclusion, the integration of these two methods presents a novel alternative approach for obtaining comprehensive and reliable results in measuring space quality.Keywords: Spatial Arrangement, PPS Matrix, Spatial Quality, Space Syntax, Tabriz Bazaar. IntroductionDetermining the most suitable method for spatial analysis has long captivated researchers' attention. Traditionally, spatial analysis has been conducted using either quantitative or qualitative research methods, each offering insights into specific aspects of spatial characteristics. One method that has gained prominence for investigating spatial qualities is the spatial arrangement method, first introduced in 1980 and further developed to explore the correlation between pedestrian movement and spatial configuration. Researchers employing this method utilize numerical data to elucidate the factors contributing to the success of spaces recognized for their high quality. Subsequently, since 1980, the PPS matrix has been utilized in a qualitative approach to evaluate public spaces, enhancing their livability by assessing the quality of successful spaces. This matrix serves as a foundational tool for studies on the success of places in numerous projects. However, each of these methods illuminates only certain qualitative aspects of space, necessitating a comprehensive investigation. Hence, this study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of these two methods within the Tabriz market setting. Specifically, utilizing the same study sample, the research will objectively and exemplarily explore the similarities and differences between these methods, their approaches to analyzing results, and the potential for their integration.Literature ReviewThere have been extensive studies conducted on the Tabriz market, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. These studies have delved into various aspects, including the exploration of ancient structures, the evolutionary trajectory of architecture within the Tabriz market with an emphasis on contextualism, physical examinations of market spaces including intricate architectural motifs, and an analysis of economic functions and their impact, often employing a qualitative lens.Additionally, a subset of studies has focused on evaluating the behavior of space users through quantitative methodologies and modeling techniques. For instance, Najari Nabi's research delves into the role of physical and functional factors in enhancing sociability within traditional Iranian markets, utilizing the space arrangement technique (Najari Nabi and Mahdinejad, 2019). Other studies, such as those by Abdullahi (2019) and Sajjadzadeh and Najari Nabi (2019), have explored spatial structures and behavioral patterns, while Hosseini Kia et al. (2002) have conducted a comparative analysis of spatial indicators for successful places, showcasing instances where quantitative and qualitative processes have been employed separately or in conjunction.In contrast to previous studies, this research stands out due to its comparative examination of two distinct quantitative and qualitative methodologies within the Tabriz market setting. This innovative approach allows for a more comprehensive analysis of various dimensions, providing a nuanced perspective that integrates the outcomes of both quantitative and qualitative methods.MethodologyIn this study, two distinct methods were employed: 1) surveying using a field data collection tool, and 2) analyzing axial line maps. The survey outcomes were utilized to decipher the qualitative parameters of PPS, bolstered by observational data. This research encompasses a comparative evaluation and examination of the methods utilized to gauge the quality of spaces within the Tabriz market, employing the aforementioned two approaches in conjunction. The researcher engaged in interviews with users of the bazaar and business spaces to gather information on four separate occasions, totaling 4 days of data collection. The interviews were conducted for approximately 4 to 7 hours each day, spanning various times of the day until sunset.ConclusionThe overarching outcome of the comparative analysis indicates that neither of these methods in isolation offers a comprehensive depiction of the spatial quality within the market. However, the amalgamation of insights derived from these two methods results in enhanced accuracy when assessing spatial qualities. Key findings from this analysis include:The space layout method facilitates the identification of fixed market conditions, whereas the PPS approach enables exploration of variable situations encompassing uses, events, and all market activities.Data obtained from the space arrangement method is contingent upon the market's scale and spatial structure, whereas results from the PPS approach are relatively independent of market scale.PPS assesses environmental factors within the market alongside people's feedback regarding socio-cultural impacts, while the space layout method primarily analyzes individual behavior assumptions based on the market's physical structure.Spatial quality evaluations indicate an average or higher-than-average rating based on PPS indicators, contrasting with lower-than-average ratings derived from spatial arrangement data.Space syntax calculations involve numerical measurements of market axis lines within the northern markets and public spaces, whereas the PPS approach offers observational insights into how space practically influences user behavior, emotions, and perceptions.Although there is partial overlap between space syntax and PPS evaluations, their advantages, such as rapid data acquisition and numerical measurement, render the space layout method suitable as an initial data collection tool preceding a space experiment.
Living spaces in each region are shaped by the cultural, environmental, social, historical, and political influences of that region. The city of Paveh, located in the north of Kermanshah province, is home to valuable historical houses, primarily built in a stepped arrangement that conforms to the topography and slope of the land. This research aimed to understand the physical and spatial elements in the traditional houses of Paveh. By examining these elements, the study identified the factors influencing the form and physical and spatial characteristics of these traditional houses. The research employed a descriptive-analytical method, incorporating the study of existing conditions, interviews, document reviews, observation, and mapping. The target population was selected purposefully using a snowball sampling method. The results indicate that the interior spaces of Paveh's traditional houses serve multiple purposes, including hallways, kitchens, storage rooms, rooms, and staircases, arranged on one or two floors. The factors influencing the design of these houses include cultural, social, religious, and economic characteristics. Notable features include the use of natural materials, spatial hierarchy, appropriate separation of spaces, construction of houses atop or adjacent to each other, and attention to climatic considerations such as proper orientation, "Chinese chairs," and appropriately sized openings. These elements are the most important factors in shaping the physical form and spatial organization of houses in Paveh.Keywords: Physical Elements, Spatial Elements, Historical Houses, Staircase Houses, Paveh, Kermanshah. IntroductionIn its profound sense, home represents a sense of attachment to a specific environment, overshadowing other concepts related to that place. The home is the starting point for one’s journey to engage with the world (Kezan Mohammadi et al., 2009, p. 53). Traditionally, the physical structure of homes has been intelligently designed to serve both human and environmental interests. The builders of these indigenous structures have endeavored to foster a harmonious relationship between the environment, culture, and the architectural form of living spaces, ultimately promoting humanization (Basiagu1, 1999, p. 146). Vernacular architecture, a branch of architecture based on regional needs and building materials, reflects regional traditions. The city of Paveh, located in the northwest of Kermanshah province, boasts many valuable buildings over three thousand years old. These structures are primarily built in a stepped fashion, adhering to the topography of the land.Research Question(s) Literature ReviewWhat distinguishes the current research from previous studies is the focus on the city of Paveh, known as the "City of a Thousand Masolehs" in the West, for its unique stepped architectural form and its impending designation as a national heritage site. Despite this recognition, no comprehensive study has been conducted on the influential components in the formation of the physical and spatial characteristics of the traditional houses in Paveh. The review goes under these subheadings.2.1. This Is Level 2To examine the influence of culture and livelihood on the development of the physical and biological aspects of traditional houses in Paveh.2.1.1. This is level 3Exploring and identifying the significant cultural and livelihood factors contributing to the development of the physical and biological aspects of traditional houses in Paveh City. MethodologyThe present study constitutes an applied research endeavor, employing a descriptive-analytical methodology with a focus on logical reasoning. The theoretical segment adopts a qualitative approach, drawing from existing theoretical literature within the domain of traditional housing typology and the influential criteria for assessing components that impact the physical and biological spatial configuration of traditional houses. This theoretical framework underwent content analysis and investigation.In this research, in-depth interviews were conducted with individuals including residents, officials, and institutions associated with historical and traditional houses. Additionally, document reviews, observations, photography, and spatial assessments of samples were performed. The participants were selected through targeted sampling, specifically among officials and residents of Paveh city, employing the snowball method. Finally, utilizing logical reasoning methods, interviews with key individuals responsible for historical houses and cultural heritage management, coupled with field mapping of historical terraced houses in Paveh, were conducted to explore and analyze the influential components affecting the physical and biological spatial formation of traditional houses in Paveh city. ConclusionThrough analysis and investigation, this research reveals that the livelihood, culture of the local settlement, and climatic and environmental factors constitute the most significant elements influencing the physical and spatial organization of houses in Paveh. Notably, the impactful cultural-religious aspects of form encompass the utilization of entrance porches for visual activities or everyday excursions, the creation of pre-entrance areas to ensure privacy, and variations in open and closed volumes. Climatic features, on the other hand, stem from the reciprocal interaction between buildings and the natural environment, termed climatic adaptation, which involves considerations such as humidity (manifested in stair and seating arrangements tailored to different house dimensions), precipitation, light radiation (reflected in varying window sizes), wind (incorporated into pre-entrance construction to mitigate its effects), climatic orientation, and land shape impacting architectural form and orientation. Moreover, economic factors significantly influence form, with small-scale houses exhibiting simpler details compared to larger-scale houses, which often feature multiple yards and porches, enhanced detailing, and superior location considerations.
The intricate interplay between individuals and their surrounding environment has been a focal point in the realm of environmental psychology for quite some time. Various environmental factors, functional elements and services, as well as the intrinsic identity and social connectivity fostered by a location collectively shape human perceptions and emotions. This phenomenon is particularly noteworthy in historical settings and neighborhoods. Consequently, the present investigation seeks to explore the influence of environmental perception and place attachment on place satisfaction within the historical enclave of Nobar in Tabriz. The research enlisted a sample of 320 randomly selected residents and business proprietors aged 18 and above, who responded to a series of questionnaires including the Place Attachment Scale devised by Lewicka, the Place Satisfaction Scale formulated by Yuksel and colleagues, and the Modified Bounito et al. Scale aimed at gauging various facets of environmental perception. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all variables attained satisfactory levels, affirming the tools' construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modeling was employed to scrutinize the relationships and repercussions of the variables, with the Sobel test utilized to ascertain the significance of mediating influences. The outcomes unveiled a notable direct correlation between place attachment, environmental perception, and place satisfaction. Nonetheless, no significant mediating effects were observed among the variables of place attachment and environmental perception. The findings underscore that human evaluations and perceptions of a locale are intricately tied to cognitive and sensory experiences that engender positive sentiments towards the place. Keywords: Place Attachment; Environmental Perception; Place Satisfaction; Mediator Variable; Nobar Neighborhood. Introduction In the domain of urban planning and management, there is an evident prevalence of technocratic and dehumanized ideologies that often prioritize physical, technical, and quantitative considerations over qualitative, humanistic, psychological, social, and cultural dimensions (Matlabi, 2006; Zebardast & Baniamerian, 2010). Nonetheless, in the context of environmental assessments, individuals tend to place a higher value on the qualitative aspects of the environment rather than on quantitative and physical parameters (Matllebi, 2006; Zebardast & Baniamerian, 2010). The satisfaction of residents within a neighborhood is intricately linked to the neighborhood's capacity to address the physical and social requirements of its inhabitants (Ciorici & Dantzler, 2019; Özkan et al., 2019) alongside their assessments of the qualitative and psychological attributes of the neighborhood (Fernández-Portero et al., 2017; Jeong & Kim, 2020). The level of satisfaction with a particular place is influenced by the emotional connections and psychological perceptions that individuals harbor towards that locale. Various factors such as place attachment, sense of place, social bonds, and place identity contribute to the formation of what is known as place attachment (Aliakbarzadeh Arani et al., 2021; Lee & Jeong, 2021; Hadafi & Sarrafi Nik, 2022; Arbab et al., 2015; Azizi & Arbab, 2010). Place attachment denotes a personal sentiment towards a specific location or community (Lewicka, 2010; Yuksel et al., 2010; Dang & Weiss, 2021; Aleshinloye et al., 2020) and evolves from individuals' accumulated interactions within the physical and social milieus of an environment (Von Wirth et al., 2016). Notably, place attachment can be categorized into two dimensions: social and physical attachment (Hidalgo & Hernandez, 2001; Hernandez et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2021; Scannell & Gifford, 2014). It is plausible to argue that the three variables of place attachment, environmental perception, and place satisfaction play pivotal structural roles, both directly and indirectly, in shaping the experiences, emotions, behaviors, and attitudes of citizens towards diverse locales. These interrelations can be comprehended through the scrutiny and analysis of data gleaned from fieldwork and the lived experiences of individuals. Consequently, an earnest endeavor has been made to amass and elucidate the requisite empirical insights regarding the correlations among these variables within a historic precinct of Tabriz city, utilizing a theoretical framework extrapolated from academic literature and employing field survey methodologies. Research Question(s) 1) What is the relationship between place attachment and environmental perception? 2) To what extent does place attachment serve as a significant predictor of satisfaction with a place? 3) To what extent does environmental perception act as a significant predictor of satisfaction with a place? 4) Does the environmental perception variable act as a mediator in the association between place attachment and satisfaction with a place? 5) Does the place attachment variable act as a mediator in the association between environmental perception and satisfaction with a place? Methodology The current research employed a survey methodology and applied a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to analyze the data (Little et al., 2022; Schumacker, 2022). The study population encompassed all individuals, aged 18 years and above, residing or operating businesses within the Novbar neighborhood of Tabriz. Both residents and business proprietors were included in the sample selection process. The rationale behind incorporating business owners alongside residents stemmed from the significant involvement of many neighborhood business proprietors in commercial activities within the area for an extended duration, hence, they could be regarded as integral to the neighborhood's demographics. Despite their diverse residential locales, a substantial portion of their daily routines unfolds within this neighborhood, wherein the location of their businesses intricately molds their social interactions and networks. While an absolute consensus on the sample size in structural modeling-based methodologies remains elusive, various scholars advocate for a minimum sample size of 200 (Kline, 2023). To ensure a robust statistical representation of the neighborhood, 350 individuals were chosen as the sample from the overall population. Due to certain questionnaire anomalies and incomplete responses, data from 320 respondents were ultimately utilized for analysis. The survey questions were meticulously formulated with reference to fundamental sources such as the Place Attachment Scale by Lewicka, the Place Satisfaction Scale by Yuksel and colleagues, and the Modified Bounito et al. Scale, to assess distinct facets of environmental perception. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all variables demonstrated satisfactory levels of internal consistency, while confirmatory factor analysis affirmed the construct validity of the research instruments. Structural equation modeling was deployed to scrutinize the relationships and effects of the variables, with the Sobel Test utilized to gauge the significance of mediating influences. The results revealed a notable direct correlation between place attachment, environmental perception, and place satisfaction. Nevertheless, none of the variables pertaining to place attachment and environmental perception exhibited a statistically significant mediating effect. The outcomes imply that human assessments and perceptions of a place are intertwined with cognitive and sensory experiences that cultivate positive sentiments towards the locale. Conclusion The findings of the study underscore a substantial correlation between place attachment and environmental perception, corroborating the research outcomes of Daneshpour et al. (2009), Arbab et al. (2015), and Azizi & Arbab (2010). These scholarly works have posited that components such as the sense of place, social ties, and place identity wield significant influence in shaping environmental perception. Positive sentiments and appraisals towards locations appear to harmonize with personal experiences and the historical affiliations of individuals with said locales (Hosseini & Saberi, 2022; Zangeneh et al., 2018). Factors like human attachment to places (Lewicka, 2008; Peng et al., 2022; Farhad et al., 2021) also emerge as pivotal determinants in this context. The reciprocal and mutually reinforcing rapport between environmental perception and place attachment implies that each facet has the potential to fortify the other, either directly or indirectly. This dynamic intimates that the level of contentment and convenience individuals derive from a place, alongside their access to its amenities, constitute significant dimensions of environmental quality and are intertwined with their attachment to these environs (Zamanzadeh Darban, 2017; Abbaszadeh et al., 2016). This nexus assumes heightened significance within the historic precinct of Novbar, given that historical sites often encapsulate profound historical and cultural worth. These connotations can evoke a profound sense of place among individuals. Additionally, historic locales typically evoke favorable sentiments and opinions owing to the architectural splendor, natural panoramas, open expanses, or the serenity and constancy that these sites impart to individuals. Furthermore, with none of the variables related to place attachment and environmental perception demonstrating a notable mediating effect on the establishment of a link with satisfaction regarding the place, it can be posited that these variables exert a direct influence on place satisfaction. Each of these variables independently and decisively contributes to elucidating fluctuations in the satisfaction with the place construct.
Leisure and recreation are an integral part of the daily life. Governments should provide a healthy environment to meet this need by creating recreational and cultural centers. This research tries to identify the possible effects of the construction of the city theater [before the action] by looking into the future. Therefore, this research seeks to answer the question, what effects will the construction of Karaj city theater have and how can we reduce possible negative effects and increase its positive effects? Is. The methodological approach of this research is a combination, and quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data and information. In line with the objectives of the research, the effects identified in 5 social, cultural, environmental-physical, economic and psychological dimensions have been categorized and the importance of each variable has been determined by using the opinions of experts (Delphi method). Cultural tension, the prolongation of the construction process, the presence of prostitutes, beggars and child labor, the change of design and the predominance of commercial use, the opposition of some institutions and organizations, the increase in the cost of construction and maintenance, robbery and theft, the increase in housing rent, air pollution and noise, gathering of criminals and mobs, monopolization of space for the benefit of a certain group and reduction of security, increase in hawking, quarrels and conflicts, and decrease in the sense of social belonging and depopulation of the neighborhood and decrease in citizen satisfaction has been identified as the risks of this project.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of urban third places in the environmental quality of Ahvaz City. This study was conducted with a quantitative approach, employing a survey method and relying on library-documentary studies in 2023 in Ahvaz City. The statistical population consists of all the citizens of Ahvaz (885,000 people) in 2015. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 390 people was determined and selected randomly through a researcher-made questionnaire. ANOVA tests, regression analysis, one-sample t-tests, path analysis, and other statistical methods were utilized to analyze the data. The findings indicate that all ten investigated indicators exceeded the base average (3). Furthermore, the regression model revealed that the predictor variables explain (R²=0.741) the variance of the criterion variable (environmental quality). Region 6 (average 4.08) demonstrated superior environmental quality compared to the other eight regions of Ahvaz. The results showed that the quality of the environment and the level of satisfaction of the citizens of Ahvaz with the third places in the city, in accordance with the local culture of the residents, have a close relationship with the state of these third places (with a factor load of 0.722). Keywords: Environmental Quality, Third Place, Social Base, Areas of Ahvaz City. Introduction The quality of urban spaces significantly impacts the daily lives of residents (Naya et al., 2023, p. 478). Urban planners and designers argue that interactions in urban spaces result from relationships between physical, cultural, social, and aesthetic components (Bagherian et al., 2023, p. 131). Spaces lacking social-physical quality and urban services tend to lead to social avoidance (Viinikka, 2023, p. 56). Considering the need for appropriate background and infrastructure for social activities, it is essential to enhance the quality of the environment (Kashanijo, 2023, p. 69). Creating suitable and desirable spaces for all societal segments is a crucial aspect of urban planning and management (Rajabi Amirabad and Rahmani, 2019, p. 321). Third urban places belong to the public domain and reflect the dynamism and vitality of cities (Hanks, 2020, p. 3). These spaces, characterized by their functional similarities to expected goals and the interactions of social groups within the overall urban structure (Viinikka et al., 2023, p. 57), serve as centers of communication and transformation (Nahiduzzaman et al., 2020, p. 3). As dynamic and lively urban spaces active at various times throughout the day and night, third urban places cater to diverse societal groups (Lee, 2022, p. 1). Therefore, ensuring equal, safe, comfortable, and quality access to these spaces for all city residents is imperative (Mahvari et al., 2020, p. 47). These places constitute the main foundation for social interactions and public life, distinct from the first place (home) and the second place (workplace) (Nasehi et al., 2023, p. 218). Literature Review In 2018, Siavashpour et al., in their article entitled "Approaches of Public Spaces of Urban Sociability Derived from the Characteristics of the Third Place," employed a qualitative method and library study by collecting documents. They described the concept of sociable public space and subsequently examined third places and their characteristics as sociable public spaces. In 2019, Peter John Sandiford reviewed the concept of third places in an article entitled "Third Places as an Evolving Concept for Hospitality Researchers and Managers" and re-evaluated it by integrating hospitality and social concepts. The results indicated that conceptualizing the third place requires the expansion of venues where people can engage in more social interactions, distinct from the first (home) and second (work) places, without ideological constraints. A general review of the research background highlighted the significant role of third places in fostering social interactions and enhancing the quality of the urban environment. The obtained results underscore the importance of third places in influencing social interactions and improving the quality of urban spaces. Methodology This research is based on an applied goal and employs a descriptive-analytical research method grounded in field studies. SPSS software was utilized to analyze the results of the research questionnaire, compare the state of environmental quality in different areas of Ahvaz City using one-way variance analysis, and calculate the prioritization of environmental quality indicators and third urban locations through Friedman's test. Smart PLS software was also used for the Structural Equation Model, which establishes a specific causal structure among a set of unobservable constructs, to identify the factors influencing the role of third urban places on environmental quality, and to assess the degree of influence and importance of these components. The extracted data were instrumental in compiling the final research model. Results The value of R² calculated for the third location factor (0.459) and for the environmental quality factor (0.755) is at a suitable level. In analyzing the coefficient of determination of the third place on environmental quality in Ahvaz City, the following can be acknowledged: The third place (independent variable or predictor) accounts for 45.9% of the variance in the environmental quality variable (dependent variable or criterion), indicating a good level of influence. The tested model in the standard mode or PLS algorithm, along with the regression coefficients, is illustrated in Figure 2. The numbers marked on the paths represent the standardized beta coefficients in the regression, indicating the correlation between two indicators and the sample. These coefficients are examined and analyzed to determine the direct effect of one variable on another. The significant difference of these coefficients from zero is crucial, and the significance check of the coefficients (regression coefficient and coefficient of determination) is calculated through self-management (Bootstrapping command). Figure 2. Analyzing Regression Coefficients, Determination Coefficients, and Path Coefficients across Factors, Variables, and Research Subjects. According to the p-value (0.001) for the independent or predictor variable (third place) on the dependent variable or criterion (environmental quality), with 95% confidence, it can be stated that the regression coefficient and the determination coefficient are not equal to zero in the statistical population. Therefore, the difference of 0.722 from zero is significant, indicating that the effect of the third place on the quality of the environment in the statistical sample is substantial. Thus, we expect a similarly strong and positive effect in the broader statistical population. The results of the difference in the value of the coefficient in the statistical population, with confidence intervals in the corrected skew state, indicate that with a 95% confidence interval, the coefficient for the third place factor (predictor variable) is between 0.623 and 0.986. There is only a 5% probability that the coefficient is smaller than 0.623 or greater than 0.986. In general, due to the significance of the regression coefficients and the coefficient of determination, we can conclude that six dimensions (morphology, function, perceptual, social, visual, time) influence the third places of Ahvaz City. Conclusion According to the results of the analyses and statistical investigations conducted in this research, it can be acknowledged that the quality of the environment and the level of satisfaction of the citizens of Ahvaz with the city's third places have a close relationship with the condition of these third places, as influenced by the local culture (with a factor load of 0.722). The decline in environmental quality due to various factors can significantly impact these third places, which serve as milestones of human societies, centers for gathering people and cultures, and hubs of social relations and interactions.
In recent decades, the popularity of establishing and utilizing bicycles has spread across numerous cities worldwide, yet its adoption remains limited in Iranian urban centers. The aim of this study is to investigate the public acceptability of bicycle usage in the small town of Aq Qala. The research adopts a quantitative approach combined with deductive reasoning and employs a survey methodology. Data collection utilized a researcher-developed questionnaire, targeting a sample size of 400 individuals. The findings reveal a low level of public acceptance towards bicycle usage, highlighting significant deficiencies in the social dimensions of bicycle utilization within Aq Qala. Moreover, the study observes a lack of significant correlation coefficients among variables such as "attitudes," "Injunctive norms," and even "perceived usefulness" with behavioral variables. This context suggests a prevalent disbelief in bicycles as a viable mode of transportation, with a stronger inclination towards associating bicycles with recreational activities. Additionally, results from the multiple linear regression test underscore the significance of the overall model, highlighting a relationship among socio-psychological variables within the research framework. Notably, the three influencing variables identified are awareness (+0.292), descriptive norms (+0.243), and individual affectivity (-0.312), contributing to a 23% change in the transformability of the dependent variable, as indicated by the adjusted coefficient of determination. Conclusively, the study's statistical findings have been meticulously reviewed and interpreted, shedding light on the complex dynamics surrounding public acceptability of bicycle usage in Aq Qala.Keywords: Bicycle, Public Acceptance, Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, Aq Qala. IntroductionTransportation has emerged as a fundamental and pivotal component in the structure and governance of contemporary cities, with its significance transcending mere population size. The design and interplay of transportation components within a city carry profound implications for urban sustainability. Among sustainable and physically based transportation modes, the bicycle stands out as a vehicle mobility option. However, empirical research indicates that its impact extends beyond infrastructural aspects like dedicated cycling lanes and routes; cultural, social, and behavioral dimensions also play pivotal roles.The primary focus of this research is to delve into the behavioral dimensions of bicycle usage within the framework of a comprehensive index of public acceptability. This index serves as a measurement tool to gauge the level of public acceptance and identify the influential variables affecting bicycle usage as a mode of travel.The research questions guiding this investigation are as follows:How can we develop a composite and responsive model for bicycle usage, utilizing existing models for measuring public acceptability?What is the level and scale of public acceptability regarding bicycle usage in the small town of Aq Qala, assessed through social-behavioral analysis indicators?Literature ReviewCompared to motorized transportation modes, bicycles possess a higher relative advantage across various urban mobility indicators, including speed, agility, flexibility, and the public health benefits they confer upon cities. This recognition has led to the development of a range of new supporting theories within this scientific domain. These theories, from "new urbanism" to "15-minute cities," underscore the significance and integral role of bicycles within the urban transportation system.MethodologyThe methodology employed in this research adopts a quantitative approach coupled with the logic of deductive reasoning, rooted in survey research. Data collection utilized a researcher-developed questionnaire comprising a set of main variables along with auxiliary variables, totaling sixteen variables and 89 items. A sample size of 400 individuals was selected using a simple random sampling method. The study utilized a hybrid model derived from two well-known and widely used models: the "UTAUT" model and the "Theory of Planned Behavior." This hybrid model served as the framework for measuring the public acceptability index. The approach to measuring public acceptability in this research entails a sociological perspective, observing the potential practical utilization of bicycles in the city of Aq Qala as a case study.ResultsAccording to fundamental transportation variables and statistical data, it is observed that 50% of the population of Aq Qala owns a car, with 86% having access to one. In contrast, the ownership rate of bicycles stands at 35%, with a corresponding access rate of 53%. Regarding practical cycling behavior, the average cycling behavior among residents of Aq Qala city is estimated at 2.45 out of 5 points on the Likert scale, with 70% of the city's populace abstaining from using bicycles for travel. The inferential findings of this research unveil low acceptability and notable deficiencies in the social dimensions of bicycle usage within Aq Qala city. Moreover, there is a lack of significant confirmation regarding correlation coefficients among variables such as "attitude," "emphasized norms," and even "perceived usefulness" with the behavior variable. This context underscores a prevalent skepticism towards bicycles as a viable mode of travel, while a more pronounced inclination towards associating bicycles with sporting activities is observed. Further analysis through the multiple linear regression test reveals the overall significance of the model, establishing a relationship among socio-psychological variables within the research framework. Specifically, the three influencing variables "awareness" (+0.292), "descriptive norms" (+0.243), and "individual susceptibility" (-0.312) are found to be significant, contributing to a 23% change in the transformability of the dependent variable as indicated by the adjusted coefficient of determination.DiscussionGenerally, there has been limited research concerning bicycle usage in small cities, with the majority of studies predominantly centered on large cities. Consequently, directing attention towards small cities enables enhanced comparability of findings within this specific context.ConclusionIn the city of Aq Qala, bicycle usage remains low due to a combination of subjective beliefs and objective conditions that do not favor cycling as a primary mode of urban transportation, despite its potential as a modern and efficient vehicle. The prevalent preference for private cars is conspicuous, particularly given the absence of a well-developed urban public transportation system and the prevailing cultural preference for private car usage in this small city. To address this issue, future-oriented targeted strategies are imperative to foster a cultural shift and promote the operational use of bicycles in this small northern city. This research has identified and introduced significant variables that influence bicycle usage, offering valuable insights for the development and practical implementation of bicycle initiatives not only in Aq Qala but also in other small and large cities throughout the country.
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) represents a significant facet of sustainable urban planning aimed at addressing urban traffic challenges through the strategic expansion of public transportation systems. District 11 within the municipality of Tehran exemplifies a central locality grappling with substantial traffic congestion and a multitude of challenges within its urban transportation network. This study endeavors to scrutinize the prospects of TOD implementation in District 11, with a focus on transforming the prevailing car-centric environment into a more human-centered space. Utilizing TOD indicators as evaluative benchmarks, the study seeks to gauge the district's current status and assess its potential for TOD integration. Employing an applied descriptive research approach, data acquisition via extensive literature review and document examination is conducted. Subsequent analysis is performed utilizing ArcGIS software, with methodologies such as the Kindal coefficient and Analytical Hierarchy Process facilitating data interpretation. Findings indicate a promising foundation for TOD implementation in District 11; however, the current setting lacks the necessary capacity to evolve into a fully-realized TOD hub. Addressing this shortfall necessitates comprehensive alterations in the area's spatial configurations to enable its transition into a robust TOD nucleus. Keywords: Public Transportation, Tehran City, District 11 of Tehran, TOD. Introduction In light of the adverse repercussions of urban sprawl and the overreliance on private automobiles, contemporary urban planning has increasingly shifted its focus towards human-centered methodologies that prioritize pedestrian amenities, safety considerations, and overall societal well-being. A pivotal aspect of this paradigm shift is the strategic elevation of public transportation systems and associated reforms to foster sustainable urban environments. Globally recognized as a transformative approach in urban planning, transit-oriented development has emerged as a beacon of innovation, particularly in burgeoning cities plagued by spatial inadequacies and heightened urban densities. This progressive approach endeavors to optimize public transportation efficiency, reclaim thoroughfares from vehicular dominance, and nurture communities designed with human experiences at the core. The prevailing oversight in transportation planning has exacerbated disparities between supply and demand, exacerbating challenges in densely populated urban locales. This study delves into the meticulous evaluation of transit-oriented urban transportation metrics within Tehran's District 11, benchmarking them against international best practices while appraising their potential to serve as the scaffolding for transit-oriented development initiatives. Key considerations such as the density of transit stations, accessibility metrics, pedestrian infrastructure quality, road network configurations, block dimensions, intersection densities, land-use diversity, and residential unit densities play a pivotal role in this evaluation. Recognizing transportation as a linchpin for sustainable urban progress, the research underscores its profound impact on social dynamics, economic vitality, and environmental sustainability. It advocates for a holistic appraisal of transportation systems as an imperative requisite for nurturing sustainable urban developments. Literature Review In a scholarly inquiry conducted by Khazaei (2018) on the analysis and assessment of sustainable urban transportation indicators, a comprehensive array of 39 economic, social, and environmental metrics were employed to evaluate the sustainability of transportation within the purview of planning management bodies. Subsequently, Piran et al. (2019) undertook a study utilizing structural equation modeling techniques to analyze sustainable urban transportation indicators, focusing on Tehran Metro Lines 1 and 2. Their findings underscored that, from the citizens' perspective, physical indicators associated with quality of life emerged as the most significant drivers of change within sustainable urban transportation frameworks, whereas the accessibility metrics to densely populated areas exhibited minimal impact in comparison. Barari (2020) delved into an investigation of the efficacy of green economy components within urban transportation strategies, with Sari city as a case study. Leveraging a multi-criteria decision-making model, specifically the DEMATEL phase, Barari determined that the sub-criteria of development and non-motorized transportation wielded the most substantial weight and direct influence, thereby exerting a pivotal role in advancing green transportation initiatives within Sari city. Moreover, the scholarly discourse encapsulated in the works of Litman (2015), Levin et al. (2016), Ovink et al. (2017), Noland et al. (2017), Ma et al. (2018), and others underscores the paramount significance of transportation as a foundational element in shaping urban landscapes. These scholars advocate for a paradigm shift towards human-centric environments over vehicle-centric spaces, thereby addressing critical human mobility concerns. Additionally, Chen et al. (2022) propounded a methodology for assessing the resilience of urban transportation systems through the lens of economic, social, organizational, and technological dimensions. Their proposed framework aims to furnish managers and decision-makers with a comprehensive comprehension of transportation resilience, thereby elucidating its practical import in fortifying the foundations of a sustainable urban transportation system. Moreover, Tiwaree et al. (2023) undertook a meticulous exploration into the principles of transportation development, with a particular emphasis on form analysis within two distinct study areas. Their study meticulously examines the economic and social characteristics intertwined with travel patterns, striving to establish a cogent linkage between urban form and the potential benefits engendered by the ethos of public transportation-oriented development. Methodology The present study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach in its delineation and application. Comprising two distinct stages, namely a comprehensive literature review and subsequent field investigation, the research endeavor unfolds intricately. Initially, a meticulous compilation of theoretical underpinnings pertinent to transit-oriented development norms was systematically amassed through a rigorous examination of both internal and external scholarly sources, alongside a thorough review of antecedent studies. Leveraging a synthesis and critical analysis of these scholarly insights, a series of ranking tables were meticulously crafted. These tables were predicated upon a diverse set of criteria encompassing the number of stations, station accessibility, pedestrian pathway quality, proximity to major hubs, network street configuration, block dimensions, intersection density, land-use diversity, activation of urban edges, district classification, and residential unit density. Subsequently, the meticulously developed standards were then applied to assess the current status of the designated study areas through a judicious application of statistical tools and sophisticated software methodologies, with a particular emphasis placed on Geographic Information System (GIS) software, notably ARC GIS 10.3. This technological arsenal facilitated the evaluation and cartographic representation of the intricate road network structures within the study area, notably Zone 11, a pivotal locale situated at the heart of Tehran. Encompassing a land expanse of 12 square kilometers, Zone 11 constitutes approximately 1.8% of Tehran's total terrain and shares its boundaries with Zones 6, 10, 12, 16, and 17. Renowned for hosting a plethora of critical political, economic, and educational institutions, including foreign embassies, military installations, and bustling markets, Zone 11 emerges as a strategically imperative locale that attracts a substantial footfall of visitors. The area's allure is further accentuated by its rich historical legacy and vibrant cultural milieu, with a profusion of iconic landmarks and cultural hubs dotting its landscape. The confluence of major thoroughfares, central squares, and the bustling railway station engenders a daily flurry of vehicular and pedestrian traffic, with an estimated two million passengers traversing through the area routinely. The coexistence of antiquated garages and architectural marvels, alongside esteemed cultural edifices such as theaters, Unity Hall, and the Cultural Axis of the Revolution, lends a distinctive charm to Zone 11, mandating concerted urban development and reinvigoration initiatives for its sustained growth and vitality. Results Drawing upon the established benchmarks set forth by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policies (ITDP) for scrutinizing criteria governing public transport development, this evaluation centers on three pivotal indicators pertaining to land-use mix. The analysis hinges on delving into the array of land-use typologies surrounding public transport nodes, utilizing a hybrid methodology that melds quantitative assessments with qualitative insights. Tables 1 and 2 encapsulate the nuanced land-use profiles characterizing Zone 11 in the urban matrix of Tehran, offering a detailed exposition of the prevailing landscape. Evidently, both demarcated zones exhibit a consonance with the four delineated land-use categories, albeit showcasing varying degrees of quality and intensity across these domains. Within Zone 11, the domain earmarked for transport and storage commands a dominant presence, constituting a substantial 37% of the terrain, with administrative facilities accounting for an additional 6%, thereby collectively claiming over 40% of the land area. Meanwhile, residential land utilization emerges as the predominant feature, commanding a significant 44.51%, whereas commercial activities occupy a modest 5.96%, with educational establishments occupying a minor 1.78% share. Such a diverse mosaic underscores a heterogeneous blend of land uses within the locale. However, the diagnostic evaluation intimates a discernible lacuna in the facilitation of conducive conditions for public transport augmentation, primarily a result of the pervasive prevalence of land-use categories that deviate from the overarching objective of serving as pivotal origins and destinations for commuting endeavors. This discrepancy assumes significance, particularly in light of the critical adjacency of pivotal amenities and infrastructural nodes such as markets, railway hubs, and medical facilities situated beyond the purview of the immediate study terrain, thus warranting a recalibration of the existing urban fabric to harmonize with the imperatives of efficient public transport infrastructure. Table 2. Land-use Density in Tehran Zone 11 Land Use Type Area Percentage Density Residential 95.536 51.44 22.37 Commercial 91.71 9.65 9.92 Educational 55.21 7.81 8.90 Higher Education 35.4 3.60 1.80 Cultural 21.7 6.00 3.00 Religious 41.6 5.40 2.60 Tourism 87.1 1.50 0.80 Healthcare 5.19 6.11 8.10 Recreational 4 3.30 1.60 Sports 2.3 2.50 1.20 Administrative 13.24 2 1 Table 2. Entropy Index Results Zone 11 Tehran A InA A*InA Residential 0.31 1.34 0.32 Commercial 0.06 -3.16 -0.75 Administrative 0.3 -0.61 -0.42 Open Space 0.14 -1.28 -0.298 ∑Σ 1 - -1.058 The outcomes of the entropy index analysis substantiate a notable degree of constancy in land use amalgamation within the studied context. By heeding the prescriptions outlined in Tehran's overarching urban blueprint for Zone 11 and aligning with the envisaged shifts in land use dynamics, the region stands poised to ascend towards a more optimal equilibrium by operationalizing the recommended land use configurations. Such strategic interventions hold promise in fostering the realization of a public transport-centric development agenda, underpinned by a judicious calibration of land use patterns conducive to enhancing the overall fabric of the urban milieu. Discussi0on The scholarly research conducted in Zone 11 of Tehran scrutinizes the pertinent development metrics concerning transit-oriented urban transportation. Findings exhibit a spectrum of adherence to global benchmarks, characterized by instances of relative congruence alongside notable disparities. The investigation discerns latent prospects for the region to metamorphose into a pivotal locus of transit-oriented development, underscored by the imperative of effecting sweeping spatial transformations. Strategic directives encompass the augmentation of commercial and recreational diversification in the proximity of transit nodes, the amelioration of economic vitality, and the prioritization of seamless public transportation integration. Remedial actions entail the overhaul of road infrastructures, the optimization of pedestrian realms, and the implementation of meticulous transit-oriented development blueprints. While certain locales may encounter impediments in effecting land use modifications, others proffer auspicious conditions conducive to assuming the mantle of transit-oriented nuclei.
Since the inception of Iran's Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP) in 2007, numerous residential complexes have been erected nationwide. Housing initiatives, beyond their fundamental role of shelter provision, are essential in addressing the social welfare of inhabitants, encompassing dimensions such as security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. A decade following the initial housing allocations, an examination of the social ramifications of the IMHP is warranted. Diverse studies on the IMHP conducted across various Iranian cities indicate a prevalent dearth of satisfaction among residents residing in IMHP complexes. Notably, these complexes vary in ownership structure – state-owned versus self-owned – and geographical location – within or outside urban boundaries. Consequently, this study aims to compare the perceptions of security, satisfaction, and social integration among residents in state-owned and self-owned housing, both within and beyond urban limits. The investigation focused on 13 IMHP complexes in the municipalities of Babol and Babolsar, employing quantitative methodologies. Through the application of a stratified sampling approach, 346 questionnaires were administered within these complexes. Non-parametric statistical analyses, including the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman’s correlation test, were utilized to assess variable discrepancies across distinct complexes and explore the relationships between these variables. Noteworthy findings reveal that residents in IMHP complexes situated within urban boundaries exhibit heightened levels of security, satisfaction, and belonging compared to their counterparts in complexes located outside urban perimeters, with this disparity exhibiting statistical significance. Conversely, no significant variation was observed between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes in terms of the aforementioned dimensions. Keywords: Iran’s Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP), Sense of Belonging, Sense of Security, Sense of Satisfaction. Introduction The implementation of Iran's Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP) since 2007 has led to the development of diverse residential complexes across the country. These complexes are found in a variety of settings, ranging from metropolitan areas to small towns and villages, touristic and non-touristic cities, as well as within and outside urban boundaries. Furthermore, these complexes exhibit variations in their ownership structure, with some being constructed by the public sector and others by the private sector. Consequently, a notable heterogeneity exists among these residential developments. In addition to the provision of shelter, housing endeavors must also address the social welfare needs of residents, including aspects such as security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to investigate and compare the perceptions of security, satisfaction, and social integration among residents residing in IMHP residential complexes. These variables are inherently subjective in nature and are contingent upon the unique characteristics and dynamics of each complex. With a decade having passed since the initial allocations of housing units, it is an opportune time to scrutinize these subjective dimensions among residents. Central to this inquiry is the exploration of significant differences that may exist among various IMHP complexes concerning the sense of security, satisfaction, and belonging experienced by their residents. The aim is to assess the extent of variability across these essential social indicators and delve into the nuances that shape the residential experiences within different IMHP complexes. Research Question(s) - Do significant differences exist between IMHP complexes in Babol and Babolsar regarding the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging experienced by residents? - Do significant differences exist between IMHP complexes located within and outside the city boundaries in terms of the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging perceived by residents? - Do significant differences exist between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes in terms of the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging reported by residents? Literature Review The concept of security encompasses various dimensions, including economic security, food security, political security, health security, environmental security, individual security, and social security (United Nations Development Program, 1994: 24). This study specifically focuses on individual and social security, representing a sense of security experienced by individuals. The sense of security is a subjective notion that encompasses feelings of safety and freedom from fear (Bollens, 2008). Satisfaction can be defined through both subjective and objective indicators. Subjective indicators may include the quality of neighborhood relationships (Choudhury, 2005; Amerigo & Aragones, 1997; Galster & Hesser, 1981), while objective indicators may comprise the quality of the residential environment (Fleury-Bahi et al., 2008; Liu, 1999). However, satisfaction is fundamentally subjective as it can be influenced by an individual's ideals or life purposes (Galster, 1987, p.539). Consequently, within the same housing setting, individuals may exhibit varying levels of satisfaction. The "sense of belonging" is molded by a complex interplay of factors that foster an individual's attachment to their neighborhood and its inhabitants. This bond between an individual, their residential environment, and the community deepens and evolves over time (Norberg-Schulz, 1997; Altman & Low, 1992; Rapoport, 1990; Hummon, 1992; Shamai, 1991; Tuan, 2001; Relph). Several studies have been conducted on Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) in various Iranian cities, indicating a general trend of low satisfaction among residents of IMHP complexes (Nouri Imani et al., 2019; Mahmoudi & Vahid, 2019; Mohammadzadeh, 2016). Methodology This research employed quantitative methods to investigate 13 Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes located in the municipalities of Babol and Babolsar. Through the implementation of a stratified sampling methodology, a total of 346 questionnaires were distributed within these complexes. Non-Parametric tests, specifically the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman’s correlation test, were employed to compare variables across different complexes and to explore the relationships between these variables. Results The data depicted in the graph presented below elucidate the status of the three variables under investigation across the 13 Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes. To address the research inquiries, these three variables were amalgamated to form a composite variable termed the subjective index score. - The results obtained from the Mann-Whitney test reveal that the subjective index score of the IMHP complexes in Babol surpasses that of Babolsar, with this disparity exhibiting statistical significance. - Findings from the Kruskal-Wallis test indicate that the subjective index score of IMHP complexes situated within the municipal boundaries is markedly higher than those located outside, with this contrast also demonstrating statistical significance. - In accordance with the Mann-Whitney test analysis, no noteworthy distinction is evident in the subjective index scores between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes. Figure 1. sense of security, satisfaction and belonging in the IMHP complexes Conclusion The outcomes of the study underscore the significance of the geographical placement of Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes in shaping the subjective index score, encompassing feelings of security, satisfaction, and belonging among residents. It appears that residing in residential complexes situated in non-touristic cities within their perimeters is associated with heightened levels of security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. Conversely, the type of ownership, whether state-owned or self-owned, does not seem to yield a substantial distinction in the aforementioned subjective measures within IMHP complexes. Acknowledgments Acknowledgments are extended to Dr. Morteza Jaberi Moghadam, Dr. Ahmad Reaei, Ali Sobati, and Bahram Akbarzadeh for their invaluable assistance and unwavering support.
Nowadays, a significant aspect of citizens' environmental conduct is intertwined with their connection and emotional bond to the city. This attachment to the urban environment is regarded as a critical element in fostering environmentally conscientious citizens. The present research adopts a descriptive-quantitative approach. A total of 402 questionnaires were completed by residents of Rasht city to collect data, aimed at assessing the influence of city attachment levels and personal characteristics on the manifestation of environmentally supportive behaviors among citizens. The data gathered from the questionnaires were then quantitatively inputted into SPSS software for modeling and analysis, subsequently employing Smart PLS3 software. The research findings, contrary to initial expectations, indicate a lack of significant correlation between indicators such as individual place attachment, city of birth, duration of residence, and educational level, and the environmentally supportive behaviors exhibited by citizens. However, the modeling results reveal that, initially, the environmentally supportive behaviors of citizens are most closely linked to and impacted by their social attachment to the city or place of residence. Subsequently, certain personal characteristics of citizens, including age and marital status, were found to directly influence these environmentally supportive behaviors, indicating a significant relationship between them.Keywords: Attachment to Place, Pro-environmental Behaviors, Social Attachment to Place, Rasht. IntroductionThe concept of place attachment, denoting the emotional bond individuals develop with a specific location, encompasses positive emotional sentiments, cognitive thoughts, and behavioral inclinations that evolve over time, reflecting individuals' interactions with their social-physical surroundings, from birth throughout their lives (Bischoff, 2022: 7). Place attachment can manifest across various environmental scales, including the home, neighborhood, urban area, or city (Belanche et al., 2016: 77). While some scholars emphasize place attachment as a significant and influential factor in shaping environmental behaviors, contradictory findings in several studies suggest an uncertain relationship between place attachment and pro-environmental behaviors. It is noted that different dimensions of place attachment may exert varying levels of influence (Junot et al., 2018: 49).From a scholarly perspective, this research contributes to advancing knowledge in environmental psychology by examining the factors that impact pro-environmental behaviors. In practical terms, the study offers valuable insights for urban and environmental managers and planners concerning the needs, expectations, and behaviors of Rasht citizens regarding various urban and environmental spaces. This information can aid in devising and implementing appropriate programs and policies aimed at preserving and enhancing the urban environment while also enhancing citizens' satisfaction with their preferred locales. Literature ReviewThe results of numerous empirical studies consistently indicate the significance of place attachment and community attachment in shaping concerns and pro-environmental behaviors (Buta et al., 2014: 3). For instance, Halpenny (2010) investigated the influence of place attachment on pro-environmental behaviors through structural modeling, affirming the substantial impact of place attachment on intentions for environmental actions.Ramkissoon and colleagues (2013) argued that place dependence and place identity possess distinct psychological characteristics, leading to differing effects on well-being and overall environmental behaviors, sometimes even contradicting each other. Hence, researchers must consider the multifaceted dimensions of place attachment and their implications for pro-environmental behaviors, as place attachment encompasses social and cultural attachments beyond identity and dependence alone (Junot et al., 2018: 51). In a similar vein, Song and Supramaniam (2019) explored the specific aspects of place attachment that play a more significant role in promoting various pro-environmental behaviors. Their findings highlighted the greater influence of social attachment over individual attachment on pro-environmental behaviors.In another study, Soleimani and colleagues (2020) investigated the impact of different components of place attachment on social participation in environmental conservation in Tehran. Their research revealed that 36 percent of the positive changes in citizens' environmental engagement could be attributed to components related to identity and dependence in place attachment, with the identity component exerting a more substantial influence than the dependence component. MethodologyThe current study adopts a descriptive-quantitative approach to address research issues, with an applied objective. Data collection involved surveys and document analysis. The questionnaire comprised four sections: personal characteristics, individual place attachment, social place attachment, and pro-environmental behaviors of citizens, each containing relevant indicators. A total of 402 online questionnaires were distributed to citizens and residents of Rasht. The data from these surveys were quantitatively inputted into SPSS software. Initial validation of the questionnaire was conducted through examination of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, indicating strong internal reliability and trustworthiness with a value of 0.92. Subsequent modeling and analysis of the findings were performed using Smart PLS3 software. Reliability methods (including composite reliability, Cronbach's alpha, and average variance extracted) and validity methods (such as confirmatory factor analysis, and convergent and discriminant validity) were employed to assess the collected data. ResultsBased on the results gleaned from the questionnaires, the "individual place attachment" index exhibited the highest average score of 4.01, ranking first. It was followed by the indices of "citizens' pro-environmental behaviors" and "social place attachment" with averages of 3.48 and 3.25, respectively. Notably, the statement "I often participate in local projects and activities" received the lowest average score of 2.23, while "interest in the traditional native culture of this city" received the highest average score of 4.17 among the statements.Furthermore, examining the factors of individual place attachment revealed that the factor "I consider Rasht a part of my being" had the highest coefficient of overlap at 0.912, indicating strong attachment. Conversely, "living in Rasht defines various aspects of my personality and identity" showed the least overlap with a coefficient of 0.764. Regarding social place attachment, the factor "I love the native culture and tradition of this city" exhibited the highest overlap coefficient at 0.817, highlighting the significant role of culture in fostering attachment. Conversely, "I participate in the city's social programs" had the least overlap with a coefficient of 0.644. Among citizens' pro-environmental behaviors, "I often talk about environmental issues with my friends" showed the highest overlap with a coefficient of 0.798, while "attention to vehicle pollution standards and fuel consumption when buying" had the least overlap at 0.676.Moreover, analyzing individual characteristics indicated that age had the highest coefficient of overlap at 0.949, followed by marital status at 0.830.In terms of the structural equation model employed in the research, the independent indices were able to predict 36.8 percent of the variance changes in the dependent index. Notably, the index of social place attachment exhibited the most significant impact on the dependent index with a coefficient of 0.575, followed by the index of personal characteristics with a coefficient of 0.193. Conversely, the index of individual place attachment, despite its inverse relationship, had an insignificant and negligible impact on citizens' pro-environmental behaviors, indicated by a coefficient of -0.013. ConclusionThe findings of this study underscore the influence of various individual characteristics, such as age and marital status, on citizens' pro-environmental behaviors, indicating a direct correlation between these factors. Notably, married individuals demonstrate a greater concern for the environment compared to their single counterparts. Similarly, the research reveals that as individuals age, they tend to exhibit more environmentally supportive behaviors, underscoring heightened environmental awareness and action among middle-aged and older demographics compared to younger age groups.Furthermore, the research highlights a noticeable lack of social interactions among citizens, particularly a deficiency in civic participation within the city. This lack of social engagement stands as a primary impediment to fostering stronger social attachments among citizens. Addressing this challenge necessitates a focused approach aimed at enhancing citizens' social attachment to their environment. This can be achieved by creating conducive urban spaces designed to facilitate greater interpersonal interaction. Additionally, leveraging citizen input and perspectives to bolster their involvement and collaboration with urban management can significantly contribute to shifting attitudes and fostering a heightened sense of responsibility toward the urban and surrounding environment.Moreover, providing financial support and resources to non-governmental organizations operating in the environmental sector can serve as a pivotal and impactful measure in driving positive changes in citizens' attitudes and behaviors, ultimately leading to a more environmentally conscious and engaged populace.
The current study adopts a critical ethnographic approach to delve into the plight of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. Its primary objective is to illuminate the prevailing narratives that encapsulate individuals' lived experiences within this marginalized group. Furthermore, the study aims to offer a realistic analysis of the local conditions and needs specific to the area, all within the context of the locality. To achieve these goals, purposeful sampling methods were employed, and data was gathered through the use of participatory observation tools and semi-structured interviews, followed by meticulous analysis using thematic analysis techniques. A total of 21 interviews were conducted across seven marginalized neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city. Following the coding process, 109 primary codes and 11 organizing themes were identified, ranging from issues such as dangerous living conditions, migrant populations, job insecurity, inadequate urban infrastructure, limited negotiating power, organizational shortcomings, confrontational management styles, perceptions of inequality, shirking of responsibilities, interventions for development, to the absence of institutional support. These findings culminated in the selection of the overarching theme of the study: "the entrapment of powerlessness and deprivation within the marginalized community." The crux of the article's argument lies in attributing the powerlessness and deprivation prevalent in Khorramabad's marginalized community to the unequal hierarchical structures within the planning and implementation systems, coupled with inefficient community organization. To ameliorate the marginalized community's circumstances, the study advocates for the adoption of a justice-centered urban governance approach and the reconfiguration of urban societal structures. Keywords: Social Issue, Marginalization, Powerlessness, Poverty and Deprivation Trap, Urban Governance. Introduction Marginalization, predominantly an urban phenomenon, signifies the condition where residents lack access to the economic and official urban infrastructure, often resembling living conditions in slum areas. These marginalized communities typically form in semi-permanent or permanent settlements along rivers, railway lines, city entrances and exits, among other locations (Cahyani, D. Widaningsih, 2019). In recent years, the escalating number of marginal areas and the ensuing repercussions has propelled marginalization into a pressing challenge within the nation's planning and decision-making framework. Recognizing the gravity and repercussions of marginalization, various stakeholders such as experts, policymakers, and civil activists have scrutinized and elucidated this phenomenon through different lenses. Academic scholars and researchers delve into the causes, contexts, and consequences of marginalization; policymakers enact laws and regulations and undertake executive initiatives; while civil activists form campaigns and organizations to aid the impoverished and vulnerable populations residing in informal settlements and marginalized areas. The predicament of marginalization gains heightened sensitivity in disadvantaged provinces like Lorestan. The prevalence of hierarchical disparities, inequities in access to resources at the macro level, soaring rates of unemployment, poverty, deprivation, and deeply entrenched ethnic and tribal biases amplify the ramifications and ramifications of this challenge within such regions. In Khorramabad city, marginalized communities are dispersed across the urban landscape, spanning central and peripheral areas, characterized by marginal infrastructure and external perceptions shrouded in pessimism, juxtaposed with the proliferation of poverty and social adversities. Addressing the issue of marginalization in Khorramabad city emerges as a pressing necessity. Consequently, several studies have explored facets of marginalization issues (causes, contexts, and consequences) in Lorestan province. This article, employing a critical ethnographic approach and thematic analysis technique, endeavors to comprehend the predicament of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. It seeks to illuminate the predominant narratives drawn from individuals' lived experiences within these marginalized settings and, subsequently, offering a contextualized and realistic analysis tailored to the region's specific demands. Hence, this research endeavors to address fundamental questions such as: What is the marginalized community's perception of their marginalization situation? How do they interpret their experiences residing in these marginalized areas? Literature Review Numerous studies have delved into the realms of marginalization and informal settlements. Many of these research endeavors, adopting a survey approach, have explored the factors influencing the emergence of informal settlements and migration to the peripheries of cities (Rabbani et al., 2015; Zangiabadi and Mobaraki, 2011; Naqdi, 2012; Taleb and Yusuf-Vand, 2014; Biranvand, 2013; Mirzapur, 2014). These studies have highlighted that the socio-economic dynamics between the origin (village) and the destination play a pivotal role in shaping migration patterns and fostering the development of informal settlements. Additionally, there have been physical studies analyzing the spatial distribution of urban poverty (Mirzapour, 2014; Khodayi and Timuri, 2015). Research in the field of marginalization boasts a rich historical background, encompassing various thematic areas. Primarily adopting a survey methodology, many of these studies have scrutinized the root causes, contexts, and repercussions of marginalization and migration. Some inquiries influenced by a physical perspective have explored aspects of marginalization and the spatial distribution of urban poverty. Others have focused on social issues, detriments, and the distinctive traits of marginalized populations. Amidst these endeavors, a scant few have approached the lives of marginalized communities through an emic lens, seeking to understand their perspectives and experiences firsthand. Therefore, to contribute to and enhance the existing body of research, this study endeavors to elucidate and interpret the reality of marginalization through the voice of the marginalized community, aiming to enrich the scholarly discourse on this pressing issue. Methodology This research employs a qualitative and critical ethnographic methodology, with data analysis conducted through thematic analysis. Critical ethnography delves into power dynamics and mechanisms of domination to examine the conditions for progress and impediments to improvement (Madison, 2012). The study utilized purposive sampling to select participants, interviewing 21 marginalized individuals across seven neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city until theoretical saturation was achieved, indicating that no new insights were forthcoming from additional interviews. Consequently, the authors utilized this sample for data analysis, ensuring a comprehensive representation. Efforts were made to encompass a diverse range of perspectives by including participants of varying genders and age groups. The research commenced with an exploratory phase involving immersion in the community under study, followed by data collection through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and in-depth interviews. This methodological approach sought to provide a nuanced understanding of the experiences and viewpoints of marginalized individuals within the context of their lived realities. Results The research findings reveal a multitude of challenges faced by marginalized and impoverished residents in the region, including insufficient income, engagement in precarious and informal work, widespread social issues (e.g., addiction, conflicts, theft), unsafe living conditions, disregard for civic responsibilities in accessing public resources, environmental degradation, inadequate housing and unauthorized construction, absence of essential amenities and services, and limited engagement in local governance. Within this study, disadvantaged communities have highlighted diverse facets of their struggles and hardships. Subsequently, the identified issues are synthesized into overarching thematic categories for presentation and analysis. 5. Conclusion This research, adopting a critical ethnography approach and employing thematic analysis, aims to explore the circumstances and challenges faced by the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city. The research findings are presented through an analytical-thematic model, with the primary category derived from community data being "powerlessness and the entrapment of marginalization." This concept underscores the dire conditions and precarious existence of the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city, ensnared in a complex web of intertwined marginalization. Various facets of their powerlessness and deprivation intertwine to alienate them from mainstream society and official culture. This issue is rooted in the failure of organizational and administrative policies of government entities. Local residents critique the ineffectiveness, deficiencies, and incapacity of governmental institutions in managing and empowering marginalized areas. They perceive themselves as victims of unjust social policies implemented by these institutions, which have hindered societal development and neglected community needs and preferences.
As societies grow and develop, pollution has emerged as a fundamental management challenge in the contemporary world. This issue holds particular significance in developing countries where economic growth and environmental quality often clash in policy-making. Urban solid waste is a prevalent form of pollution afflicting cities, including Tehran. The pivotal question is whether the production of urban solid waste increases in tandem with citizens' incomes. This article delves into the relationship between the per capita income of Tehran residents and the volume of urban solid waste they generate within the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. Given that household activities directly drive municipal solid waste production, the findings of this study shed light on citizens' environmental preferences. Utilizing panel data from 2007 to 2016 across 22 districts of Tehran, the study confirms that the quadratic model hypothesis of the EKC adequately analyzes this relationship based on Wald's test. Additionally, utilizing the fixed effects method, the study demonstrates the significant impact of per capita income on waste generation. Moreover, the analysis includes population density and household size as control variables, revealing a negative correlation between population density and waste production, while the impact of household size remains statistically insignificant. Keywords: Solid Urban Waste, EKC, Panel Data, Tehran. Introduction The escalating population growth, urbanization expansion, and industrial development witnessed in recent decades have significantly elevated environmental concerns. A paramount issue among these concerns is the discharge of diverse pollutants, posing a pressing challenge for contemporary societies and garnering considerable attention from governmental entities, academia, and researchers. Waste, as a by-product of human endeavors, manifests in various dimensions and necessitates thorough examination. This study delves into the production of municipal solid waste (MSW) and its correlation with citizen income. The primary focus of this research is to scrutinize the interplay between citizens' income levels and waste generation, particularly waste directly emanating from households. The underlying research hypothesis posits that as citizens' income rises, there is an initial upsurge in consumption and subsequent waste production. However, as per capita income levels advance, it is anticipated that individuals' preferences will undergo a transformation. This evolution is envisaged to manifest as a heightened environmental conscientiousness, leading to a shift towards prioritizing environmental quality and consequently diminishing waste generation. Literature Review Within the realm of environmental economics, scholarly attention has been directed towards exploring the intricate relationship between waste generation and per capita income through the lens of the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory. This hypothesis posits an inverted U-shaped association between per capita income and environmental degradation, with a specific focus on urban solid waste within the scope of the present study. Over the recent years, the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory has been employed as a theoretical framework to elucidate the link between per capita income levels and the proliferation of diverse environmental pollutants. The term "Environmental Kuznets Curve" (EKC) was coined by (Dasgupta and Maler, 1994) owing to the resemblance of this curve to the fundamental Kuznets curve. Subsequently, (Shafik and Bandyopadhyay, 1992) posited, under the assumption of technological stability, consistent consumer preferences, and continued investment in environmental conservation, that escalating economic activities serve as a catalyst for environmental deterioration. Expounding on this notion, (Beckerman, 1992) delineated the presence of evidence showcasing environmental pollution during the early stages of economic advancement. Ultimately, Beckerman advocated for the augmentation of societal income as the paramount and most effective strategy to safeguard and ameliorate the environment. Methodology The focal point of this study revolves around the interplay between the income levels of Tehran's residents and the volume of solid waste generated by them. Urban solid waste emanates directly from household sources or urban establishments, indicative of the significant influence citizens possess over the production of this particular form of pollution. This investigation draws upon panel data encompassing 22 districts within Tehran. Specifically, the study incorporates data from the 22 districts under the purview of Tehran Metropolitan Municipality over a temporal span stretching from the year 2006 to 2016, totaling a duration of 10 years. The principal dependent variable under scrutiny pertains to the per capita quantity of waste generated by individuals, with this data sourced from official statistics released by the Municipality of Tehran through the Information and Communication Technology Organization. Results To initiate the model estimation process, the F-Limer's test was employed to ascertain the distinct impacts of individual sections. The test results unequivocally rejected the null hypothesis with complete certainty, signifying the inadequacy of assuming uniform origins across all regions. Consequently, the data conveys a nuanced perspective by embracing the notion of unique regional effects as opposed to a homogeneous data distribution. Subsequently, the Hausman test was utilized to discern the most appropriate estimation method between fixed effects and random effects. Upon a thorough examination of the statistical values within the table and the associated probabilities, it was determined that the random effect estimator should be disregarded with a probability exceeding 95%, thereby endorsing the utilization of the fixed effects method. Subsequently, the quadratic model was estimated employing the fixed effects approach. The estimated coefficients for the variables exhibit significance, barring the household dimension variable. Remarkably, the coefficient of the squared per capita income variable is not only negative but also statistically significant, underscoring the presence of an inverse U-shaped correlation between per capita income and urban solid waste production. This observation aligns with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, indicating that as the income of citizens in the 22 districts of Tehran rises, the initial surge in solid waste generation eventually plateaus and diminishes beyond a certain threshold. Moreover, the estimated coefficient for population density displays a negative and statistically significant relationship with urban solid waste production, elucidating that heightened population density inversely correlates with the amount of solid waste yielded by inhabitants. Discussion In specific districts within Tehran, the initiation of efforts to diminish urban waste generation has been spurred by income escalations, while in alternate areas; a decline in waste output is projected to transpire once a particular threshold of per capita income is reached. It is imperative to emphasize that these outcomes should not be construed to imply a passive reliance on income augmentation alone to address urban waste management issues, thereby underscoring the continued significance of espousing efficient policies within this domain.
Focusing on the spatial resilience of urban squares, a key component of urban infrastructure, plays a crucial role in maintaining the vitality, identity, and defining characteristics of cities. Addressing how social and physical factors contribute to spatial resilience through scholarly investigation is paramount in urban research. The study at hand is both developmental and applied in its approach, utilizing a mixed-methods research design encompassing qualitative and quantitative techniques. The qualitative segment involved establishing a conceptual framework through comprehensive literature review, employing observational tools, interviews, and questionnaires to elucidate and scrutinize the factors at play. The quantitative analysis utilized software (City Engine) to assess correlations. Noteworthy findings highlight the significance of the cultural aspects of urban square central structures in bolstering spatial resilience through social factors. Moreover, the research underscores that enhancing physical connectivity positively impacts social indicators. The interdependence of social and physical elements in shaping spatial resilience is apparent, as they mutually reinforce each other and compensate for deficiencies in specific indicators.Keywords: Urban Square, Spatial Resilience, Social Factors, Physical Factors, Integration. IntroductionThe primary objective of this article is to address the following key research inquiries: 1) What specific physical and social factors and components influence the spatial resilience of significant urban squares? 2) What is the current level of spatial resilience indicators in prominent urban locales? To tackle these questions, a comprehensive analysis integrating both qualitative and quantitative physical and social indicators was conducted to elucidate the components contributing to spatial resilience in urban squares. This research delves into the examination of various factors that have played a pivotal role in bolstering the resilience of urban squares within three focal squares in Hamedan city. The outcomes of this study hold relevance for public and urban development initiatives aimed at enhancing the design and functionality of urban squares, thereby fostering environments with heightened levels of spatial resilience.MethodologyThis investigation serves a practical and developmental purpose as a comparative study and analysis, falling within the realm of qualitative research. Drawing upon library resources, documentation, observational techniques, case studies, and participatory interview methodologies, the research seeks to elucidate the factors influencing the spatial resilience of three prominent urban squares—specifically, Imam Square, Bu Ali Square, and Baba Taher Square in Hamedan. The study aims to identify the physical and social constituents contributing to the resilience of these urban spaces and formulate a model for spatially resilient environments. To facilitate comprehensive data collection, a combination of library research, documentary analysis, on-site observations, and participatory interviews were employed. Initially, qualitative analyses were conducted through meticulous investigation, observation, and description of parameters and characteristics within the aforementioned squares. Subsequently, utilizing the Minnesota method, interviews were conducted with frequent users of the spaces to gain insights into their perceptions and experiences. The target demographic comprised individuals who regularly engaged with these squares on a daily or weekly basis. Recognizing that certain influential parameters in physical and social analyses may elude direct observation, interviews were instrumental in capturing nuanced components. Findings were synthesized based on data retrieved from various sources, including user experiences, observations of pedestrian flows in key pathways surrounding the squares, and layered information analysis techniques.Results & DiscussionUpon scrutinizing the quantitative results, it has been discerned that the correlation coefficient values for all three studied urban squares are notably high, predominantly attributable to the social dimension and human presence, thereby enhancing spatial resilience. This study employed a quantitative test to evaluate correlation values on a macro level, alongside a qualitative explanatory approach for environmental analysis within the sample domains. The quantitative test was instrumental in complementing the insights derived from qualitative explanations, revealing that while the correlation indices at the macro level were nearly identical for Bu Ali Square and Baba Taher Square, disparities in their local integration significantly influenced the social presence within these two spaces. This observation underscores the interplay between quantitative correlation analysis and the qualitative measure of social presence. For instance, the bustling human activity at Bu Ali Square, situated near the city center, functions as a focal point due to its diverse functionality and ability to cater to the daily requirements of users and residents.ConclusionsThe findings underscore the significance of both physical and social components in determining the spatial resilience of an urban square, thus substantiating the initial hypothesis posited in this study regarding the pivotal role played by the amalgamation of physical and social factors in spatial resilience. Optimal spatial resilience in an urban setting, such as a square, necessitates a harmonious blend of functionality, physical structure, symbolic meaning, and social engagement. Examination of the constituent elements and sub-elements discussed in both the qualitative and quantitative segments of this research elucidates the mutually reinforcing relationship between the social and physical dimensions, whereby factors conducive to physical well-being ultimately contribute to enhanced social interaction, thus elevating the overall spatial resilience. In essence, the reciprocal influence between the physical and social dimensions is paramount in bolstering spatial resilience.Moreover, a square's ability to endure and maintain its spatial resilience amidst physical transformations and developments is contingent upon fostering acceptance, shared memory, and a sense of social belonging among the populace. When the social fabric weaves a tapestry of connection and belonging, it effectively sustains and surpasses physical alterations. Noteworthy is the pivotal role played by architectural structures imbued with cultural significance and responsive to social needs in fortifying the spatial resilience of an urban square. The results highlight that while spatial integration significantly impacts the formation and sustenance of social networks, other factors such as the diversity of functions, integration of uses, the presence of primary and secondary activities along access paths to the square, and the cultivation of a distinct sense of place through thoughtful design and community engagement all wield substantial influence. Evidently, deliberate planning to encourage social interaction and a sense of communal ownership plays a decisive role in shaping the vibrant social life and spatial resilience of urban squares.
In contemporary society, marginalization has emerged as a significant social issue, imposing formidable barriers to social development. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the causal and contextual factors contributing to the stagnation of social development among marginalized residents of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht. The study population consists of individuals residing in the marginalized areas of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht, who were purposively and theoretically sampled. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 38 residents from these areas, with the criterion of theoretical saturation determining the termination of interviews. The data analysis followed the grounded theory method, employing the Straussian approach. The research findings reveal the causal conditions for the suspension of social development, including mutual irreversibility, transient and instrumental actions, weak self-concept, intergenerational perpetuation of poverty, and limited access to resources. Furthermore, the grounds contributing to the stagnation of social development manifest through categories such as divergent roles, gaps in social awareness, inadequate resource availability and reference groups, erosion of family boundaries, and institutional distrust. The outcomes illuminate that the mosaic structure of these regions has been shaped by ethnic conflicts and identity clashes. The dominance of ethnic pursuits, stemming from these conflicts and regressive ideologies, has hindered societal convergence. Furthermore, identity conflicts, exacerbated by profound inequalities, have impeded the adaptation of these ethnic groups to the modern world, particularly in the context of Tehran. Consequently, individuals in these areas tend to engage in transient and utilitarian actions, limiting the establishment of sustainable social interactions and impeding social development. Introduction Currently, within the realm of development, new themes have emerged that underscore the significance of people and their social capabilities. The prominence and position of social development as one of the four dimensions of development (including social, economic, cultural, and political dimensions) becomes evident when studying the progress of development theory and initiatives. This evolution represents a shift from a primary focus on economic aspects to encompass cultural and social dimensions. The emphasis on quantitative measures has been superseded by the concept of "human development" and a greater consideration of its comprehension and implementation. Theoretical and empirical advancements substantiate that social development is a pivotal element of development, characterized by inherent requisites. To achieve this, it necessitates governmental policy-making and planning, which are integral to the overall pursuit of development. Equally vital is the extent to which the society and its citizens (particularly marginalized populations) comprehend, embrace, and incorporate these policies and programs into their daily lives. This study sets out to address this latter aspect, aiming to gain insights into the social development dynamics among the marginalized residents of Pakdasht and Qiyamdasht areas. Specifically, it seeks to explore how the experiences of marginalization have influenced their understanding of social development and shaped their social actions within their daily lives. Employing a qualitative, deep, and comprehensive approach, this study will examine the social development among marginalized individuals, shedding light on diverse dimensions through an exploration of their lived experiences. Literature Review Prior research has extensively examined social development across various dimensions, including women's participation (Allen, 1985; Boland, 1987; Glicken, 1979; Thomas and Sina, 2009), education (Bradshaw and Graham, 2007; Resnik, 1997), local communities (Daly and Winter, 1978; Velosky and Monroe, 2009), and others. Moreover, several studies have addressed the assessment of social development rankings within Hamedan province's cities (Zofari et al., 2009), the examination of social development indicators and rankings across the country's provinces (Firouzabadi et al., 2010), the investigation into Iran's social development indicators and international position (Fazli et al., 2012), the exploration of human and social development indicators (Gay et al., 2017), the assessment of Iran's current social development status (Riahi, 2010), the examination of dimensions within social development theory (Jacobs and Cleveland, 2007), the identification of dimensions and components within the five development programs (Jaghtai et al., 2015), the analysis of social development in Tehran city (Asgharpour Masoleh et al., 2013), the adoption of a social development approach in poverty alleviation programs in Iran (Qanai-Rad, 2004), and the conceptualization and measurement of social development (Madani and Roshfekr, 2014), among others. Furthermore, there have been studies conducted by foreign and domestic researchers that focus on the perspective of marginalized individuals themselves. For instance, studies such as Martin's exploration in 2000 in Lima, Tupac, Perlman's investigation in 2010 in Argentina and Rio de Janeiro, Safa's analysis in 1974 in Puerto Rico, San Juan, Oiro's examination in 1988 in Argentina, Ghanem's study in 1997 in Cairo, Sharma's research in 1991 in Sarga, India, Piran's work in 1373, Ismaili and Omidi's inquiry in 2011 in Islamabad, Parsapzoh's study in 1381 in Islamabad, and Pereghi et al.'s investigation in 1383 in Isfahan provide valuable insights into the phenomenon of marginalization. It should be noted that unlike the aforementioned studies that primarily focused on social development, these studies delved into the complexities of marginalization. Methodology This scholarly research study employed a qualitative approach, adopting a data-based strategy. The targeted population consisted of all adult citizens aged 18 and above residing in the marginalized regions of Pak-Dasht and Qiyam-Dasht, from which a sampling process was implemented. It is worth noting that, based on information provided by the municipality and governorate, these regions encompass eight districts within the city of Pakdasht, while being limited to a single district in Qiyam-Dasht. However, it is important to highlight that the selection of interview participants was not solely based on the criteria set forth by the municipality and governorate. This is because certain locations, despite exhibiting characteristics associated with marginalization in social, economic, and physical terms, were not officially classified as such. Additionally, the researcher's understanding and identification of the extent of marginalization in specific cases differed from the mappings provided by official coordinates. To ensure a purposive and theoretical sampling, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with a total of 38 residents living in the aforementioned areas. Results This study delves into the bottlenecks of social development among marginalized communities, adopting an internal and micro-level perspective. The rapid growth of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht has had profound impacts on the environmental and social dynamics of the region, manifesting in various forms. Particularly in Pakdasht, the presence of diverse ethnic groups contributes to the existence of distinct customs. However, due to the marginalized status of a significant portion of the population, these customs are not prominently observed. Consequently, a pervasive condition has emerged, characterized by income poverty, as well as social and cultural impoverishment. This predicament engenders insurmountable contradictions when confronted with the prevailing inequalities within the metropolis of Tehran. Daily life revolves primarily around livelihood pursuits and aspiring to attain essential societal values such as adequate housing, good health, and quality education. Unfortunately, these circumstances often undermine individuals' ability to engage in purposeful actions aimed at fostering a renewed sense of community and belonging within their place of residence. Moreover, the actions taken in this context are chiefly driven by individual rationality and economic cost-benefit considerations. Consequently, the social dimension is inadvertently sidelined, despite its pivotal role in shaping social development and the potential to establish new foundations for personal identity based on collective accomplishments.
The phenomenon of global urbanization is currently undergoing rapid advancements. This scholarly study aims to contribute to the discourse surrounding mental health promotion and the revitalization of urban neighborhoods within the framework of urban planning in Iran. Within this context, the examination of environmental characteristics is of utmost importance due to their substantial impact on mental well-being. This study sought to investigate the individual effects of various environmental characteristics on the overall health of citizens, as well as explore the role of environmental preferences as a mediating variable. Recognizing the influential role of urban environmental design on the mental health of individuals, this research was conducted with the objective of establishing a relationship between the perception of environmental variables and public mental health in residential neighborhoods, while also considering the mediating effect of environmental preferences among the population of Mazandaran. Data was collected via a questionnaire comprising two sections. The first section addressed mental health, utilizing a standardized questionnaire, whereas the second section assessed participants' perceptions of neighborhood characteristics, including security, amenities, aesthetics, and destinations, along with their environmental preferences. The application of structural equation modeling revealed a statistically significant influence of the participants' perception of environmental characteristics on mental health, with a corresponding decrease in mental health condition when environmental preferences were reduced. Introduction Modern lifestyles, accompanied by physical and mental challenges, pose significant threats to human well-being. Echoing the principles outlined in the World Health Organization's (WHO) constitution, which defines health as the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being rather than the mere absence of disease or infirmity, it becomes evident that mental health can be influenced by perceptions of the surrounding environment. The subjective nature of perception, shaped by individual characteristics and environmental factors, underscores the role of residential environments in shaping the mental health and overall welfare of neighborhoods. Recognizing the intricate interplay between environmental perceptions and individual preferences, it becomes apparent that preferences are closely aligned with perceptions, and the evaluation of preferences is rooted in one's personal perception. Given the impact of environmental preferences on human mental health, it becomes crucial to identify and assess indicators of environmental preferences conducive to promoting well-being. To accomplish the primary objective of this research, the following inquiry must be addressed: How does the structural composition of residential environments relate to the mental health of residents in the Mazandaran Province's residential neighborhoods? Literature Review Research has indicated that the attributes of the natural environment hold significant relevance as predictors of health (Kruize et al., 2020). When examining residential environments, these encompass various elements such as amenities, accessibility, safety, visual appeal, and destinations (Giles-Corti & Donovan, 2002; Pikora, Giles-Corti, Bull, Jamrozik, & Donovan, 2003). 2.1. Influence of environmental factors on health Individuals' preferences exert a considerable influence on their perceptions. Furthermore, the combined effects of a residential neighborhood characterized by well-designed streets and accessible public green spaces are known to impact an individual's perception and, consequently, their mental well-being. Research suggests that aesthetically pleasing landscapes can confer both physical and mental health benefits upon individuals (Ronghua Wang et al., 2021). Numerous studies have explored the relationship between the physical environment and mental health, consistently revealing a direct correlation between one's mental well-being and the quality of their surroundings. It has been observed that individuals residing in areas marked by high levels of noise, traffic, derelict structures, and crime tend to experience heightened stress levels (Fong, Cruwys, Haslam, & Haslam, 2019). Studies examining the influence of the environment on health conditions can be broadly divided into four categories: (1) the impact of the environment on overall health, (2) the influence of the environment on mental health, (3) the effects of green spaces on health outcomes, and (4) the role of green environments in mitigating mental health issues and stress. Methodology The present study aims to explore the relationship between perceived neighborhood characteristics, such as safety, aesthetics, destination, and facilities, and their impact on mental health within residential areas. Additionally, this study seeks to investigate the mediating role of environmental preferences among individuals residing in Mazandaran Province. Data for this study was collected through a two-part questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire assessed participants' health status using the standard questionnaire known as SF36, which provides a comprehensive assessment of health on a global scale. The second part of the questionnaire assessed participants' perceptions of neighborhood characteristics, including environmental preferences, safety, facilities, aesthetics, and destination. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the survey data collected from a sample of 450 residents. Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the study Conclusion Numerous studies have highlighted the significant role of environmental perceptions in influencing individuals' mental health. Thus, the impact of the environment on mental well-being is undoubtedly substantial. Consequently, prioritizing security indicators, facilities, aesthetics, and destinations within the realm of environmental perception is highly recommended to enhance the overall mental health of community members. It is suggested that the provision of environmental factors preferred by residents be given due consideration in efforts to improve population health. By understanding people's preferences, effective measures can be taken to mitigate mental health risks associated with rapid urbanization in urban areas.
In contemporary times, the cultivation and advancement of libraries hold substantial importance as indicative markers of cultural progress. This research endeavors to examine the cultural and social implications arising from the establishment of a library within the Vanak village neighborhood of Tehran. The study employs a theoretical framework grounded in the human-environment perspective, focusing on three key areas of intervention: changes in the local community, leisure opportunities, and reading behavior. The ensuing analysis encompasses the assessment of social, cultural, economic, and physical consequences. Methodologically, the study employs a two-fold approach, employing thematic analysis as the primary methodology, followed by a supplementary survey method. The negative aftermath of constructing the library primarily manifests in diminished street-level safety for patrons, reduced psychological comfort of neighbors, conflicts between neighbors and library patrons, and parking space challenges for residents. Conversely, the positive ramifications encompass enhanced accessibility to the library space, improved academic performance among students, increased prosperity of businesses neighboring the project, the fortification of institutional social capital through coupling school-library connections, mitigation of social harm, and heightened cultural awareness within the neighborhood. Lastly, to mitigate adverse consequences and amplify positive effects, the study proposes four potential scenarios for future project developments: failure, compensation, welcome, and hope.IntroductionIn the majority of urban projects overseen by the Tehran Municipality, it is pertinent to surpass purely economic and urban planning considerations and instead address the environmental, social, and cultural implications. Accordingly, the Vanak village neighborhood currently features approximately two libraries in its T-1 phase. The proposed undertaking, spearheaded by the "Technical and Civil Assistant" of Tehran Region 3 municipality, entails the construction of a library in the form of a book cafe. This initiative aims to bolster cultural advancement, foster an increase in per capita reading rates, and mitigate the detrimental social effects within the T-0 stage. Consequently, this research poses a crucial query for the subsequent T+1 stage: What are the cultural, social, economic, and physical consequences of erecting a book cafe for the inhabitants of Vanak village neighborhood? Thus, the primary objective of this study is to anticipate and examine the positive and negative aftermaths associated with constructing a library at the neighborhood level in Vanak village. Such endeavors strive to enhance the efficiency and efficacy of the library's construction while concurrently fostering the improvement and development of a reading culture.Literature reviewThe conceptual framework of this study draws inspiration from the "human-environmental approach," which is substantiated by numerous theories within the domains of architecture, social environment, landscape, and environmental psychology. In accordance with the triple model of "individual-environment-local community," the social and cultural repercussions resulting from the establishment of the Vanak village library are evaluated through the lens of three key variables: the audience, the neighborhood community, and the physical environment. Subsequently, an assessment of the social, cultural, economic, and physical consequences was conducted.MethodologyBased on the pragmatism paradigm, the research design employed in this study is reflective of a mixed-method approach, specifically categorized as a "social and cultural impact assessment." To that end, the research methodology comprised two distinct stages. Initially, a thematic analysis approach was employed, entailing interviews with key stakeholders encompassing municipal managers, experts from Region Three, councilors, cultural enthusiasts, local activists, school teachers, and residents residing in close proximity to the construction site. This purposeful sampling enabled a comprehensive exploration of the needs, attitudes, and consequences associated with the construction of the Vanak village library within the Deh-E-Vanak neighborhood. Subsequently, a questionnaire-based survey method was utilized to evaluate reading behavior, social needs of the residents, and the wider implications of the project. Employing a multi-stage sampling technique, the statistical population for this phase of the study encompassed all individuals aged 12 years and above residing within the Vanak village neighborhood, who could potentially benefit from the library. Considering a desired level of precision, the sample size was estimated to be 350 respondents, employing Cochran's formula.ResultsIn this study, the scenario method was employed to forecast the potential outcomes of the development endeavors and to envision effective strategies for the Vanak village library's growth and development. Accordingly, based on varying degrees of "cultural program" implementation by the municipal authority and levels of "social participation" exhibited by the Vanak village residents, four scenarios can be projected for the project's future trajectory:Failure scenario: This scenario emerges as a consequence of a feeble cultural program executed by the urban administration of Region 3, coupled with minimal motivation and limited social engagement from the community post-library inauguration. As a result, the library space and facilities experience underutilization, ultimately leading to project instability over the long term.Compensation scenario: This scenario considers the optimal utilization of existing urban spaces owned by the Region 3 municipality. Such an approach prevents redundancy and fiscal wastage, while simultaneously fostering the cultivation of awareness and cultural enrichment among the residents of Vanak village.Reception scenario: In this scenario, characterized by the cultural maturation and advancement of the Vanak village neighborhood, the community displays embracing behavior towards the library. Consequently, the library's purpose and activities align with a "neighborhood-oriented" focus. Consequently, it becomes imperative to undertake measures encompassing people-centered interaction, motivational strategies to encourage library usage, neighborhood management techniques, and the provision of diverse ancillary activities to enhance social participation within this cultural milieu. Ultimately, this scenario fosters the successful cultivation of a reading culture.Hope scenario: This scenario illustrates the gradual familiarity and utilization of the library by diverse patrons, as per their individual needs. With sustained implementation, this situation holds potential for cultural development and the advancement of a reading culture within the Vanak village community, as well as Region 3 of the municipality. Consequently, the effects and outcomes of such an optimistic scenario, primarily driven by "specialized and extra-neighborhood activities," give rise to cultural enrichment and the widespread promotion of reading.
Walking constitutes a fundamental activity and pedestrians play a vital role in the vitality of urban spaces. This research endeavor aims to conduct a comparative analysis of walkability between Tehran's Takhti and Marzdaran neighborhoods while validating the findings and comparing specialized models. The assessment of data and the comparative examination of the two neighborhoods were carried out utilizing three quantitative models: WalkScore, Smartraq, and SpaceSyntax. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS LISREL software. The research methodology employed was descriptive, analytical, and survey-based, representing an applied approach. The statistical population encompassed 250 residents from both neighborhoods. The analysis of pedestrian circulation models revealed that the Takhti neighborhood attained a WalkScore rating of 93.07%, achieved a connectivity index of 1.76 in the Space Syntax model, and exhibited three positive Z-scores in the Smartraq model. Conversely, the Marzdaran neighborhood obtained a WalkScore rating of 77.86%, recorded a connectivity index of 1.69 in the Space Syntax model, and displayed three negative Z-scores in the Smartraq model. By evaluating these outcomes and subjecting them to statistical analyses, encompassing the examination of performance, physical, social, and environmental criteria, it becomes evident that the Takhti neighborhood, with an average score of 3.52, exhibits a superior capability for walkability compared to the Marzdaran neighborhood, which achieved an average score of 2.40. These results reinforce the quantitative model findings regarding walkability in the Takhti neighborhood. Introduction The absence of pedestrian presence in local areas and the subsequent decline in neighborhood walkability have adverse effects on security, safety, and social interactions. These issues are further compounded by environmental concerns like air and noise pollution, public health implications, anonymity of neighborhood spaces, a lack of community belonging, and the resulting physical fatigue. Therefore, obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the current situation is vital for informed decision-making. To address these challenges, it is crucial for urban designers and planners to evaluate and measure the walkability of neighborhoods. This enables them to transform the urban environment, creating a pedestrian-friendly atmosphere that enhances the quality of walking in cities today. This research aims to assess and analyze the local walkability in two neighborhoods in Tehran, employing the WalkScore, Smartraq, and space syntax methods. By comparing the outcomes of these approaches, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the walkability status within the selected neighborhoods. Furthermore, the research employs statistical analysis to validate the findings obtained from these models. This rigorous examination ensures the reliability and accuracy of the results. Ultimately, the study will propose recommendations that not only highlight the advantages and limitations of the utilized models but also present a neighborhood pattern that prioritizes pedestrian needs and activities. Literature Review By conducting a thorough literature review of previous studies and research pertaining to walkability, with a specific focus on measurement and assessment, it becomes apparent that there are noticeable deficiencies and erroneous approaches in the domestic research landscape. These shortcomings are particularly evident when it comes to result validation. While international research has diligently addressed methodological challenges, there is a dearth of investigation into the validation of these methods using questionnaire data in distinct localities. The necessity of undertaking this research lies in the imperative to introduce effective models for evaluating the state of local walkability. Additionally, it is crucial to validate the outcomes generated by these models and establish comparative analyses to discern their respective strengths and weaknesses. This rigorous examination is integral to unearthing the merits and limitations of each model, thus contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field. Methodology This study adopts an applied research approach with a combined framework that incorporates both survey-based statistical analysis and descriptive-analytical data analysis methods. The research procedure, data collection, and analysis can be classified into two categories: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative measures, assessment tools, and statistical techniques were employed to analyze the collected data, while a qualitative approach employing comparative techniques was utilized to compare two specific neighborhoods. Multiple methods were utilized to assess and comparatively analyze the walkability status of the studied neighborhoods. These methods include WalkScore, Smartraq, and space syntax models, each focusing on different dimensions of walkability. The analysis for WalkScore and Smartraq was performed using ArcGIS software, and a customized Python algorithm was developed and executed for the WalkScore method. For space syntax analysis, DepthMap software was employed. In the following section, statistical analysis was carried out to validate the outcomes derived from these models. This serves two purposes: enhancing the credibility of the models and confirming the reliability of the results in practical applications. This research falls under the comparative research category. The statistical population comprised residents residing in the Takhti and Marzdaran neighborhoods, with a randomly selected sample of 250 individuals. Results Based on the analysis conducted using the space syntax method, the findings reveal that the Takhti neighborhood exhibits a higher level of walkability quality compared to the Marzdaran neighborhood. This conclusion is supported by the evaluation of two critical indicators related to walkability in space syntax: connectivity and integration. Table 1 Indicator Neighborhood Max Min Average Integration Takhti 3.21 0.84 1.75 Marzdaran 3.48 0.87 1.69 Connectivity Takhti 30 1 3.5 Marzdaran 21 1 4.5 Intensity Takhti 1.2 0.32 0.69 Marzdaran 1.25 0.42 0.79 Mean Depth Takhti 7.82 2.79 4.47 Marzdaran 6.31 2.33 3.9n The findings derived from the WalkScore method indicate that the residential blocks located within the Takhti neighborhood consistently exhibit significantly higher average scores in comparison to those situated within the Marzdaran neighborhood. These scores were formulated based on the proximity of each residential block to local amenities, encapsulating an essential aspect of neighborhood livability. Table2 Neighborhood Total Units St.diversion Interval Walkscore Point Average Walkscore point Min Max Takhti 3070 0.16 85.87 98.92 93.07 Marzdaran 2742 0.73 43.75 97.91 77.86 The application of a method known as Smartraq brought to light notable disparities between the Takhti and Marzdaran neighborhoods in terms of intersection density, residential block density, and land use mix index. The findings indicate that the Takhti neighborhood exhibits a substantially higher magnitude in these metrics in comparison to its counterpart, the Marzdaran neighborhood. Table 3 Neighborhood Area (m2) intersections Nodes intersection index (per m2) households Residential Units Area (m2) Residential density Commercial land use area (m2) Office land use area(m2) Residential land use area (m2) land use mix indices Takhti 665946 419 307 6.29 7008 471821 0.018 140553 45604 371821 0.348 Marzdaran 1609772 311 293 1.93 10948 937252 0.011 62697 40771 937252 0.223 This research endeavors to employ rigorous statistical analyses in order to systematically investigate and substantiate the walkability attributes of the two focal neighborhoods, while simultaneously corroborating the results obtained from three distinct walkability models. Notably, regression analysis has effectively demonstrated that the aforementioned components decisively account for approximately 75% of the walkability variance discernible within the Takhti and Marzdaran neighborhoods. The outcomes derived from regression analyses and the comparison of mean values derived from the perceptions of neighborhood residents pertaining to walkability indices convincingly illustrate that the Takhti neighborhood, boasting an average score of 3.52, exhibits a considerably higher level of walkability in comparison to the Marzdaran neighborhood, whose average rating stands at a modest 2.40. Table 4 Indicates Neighborhood Statistics n Mean Median Mode s.d Var Functional Takhti 125 3.8 3.75 3.5 0.54 0.29 Marzdaran 125 2.20 2.32 2.3 0.43 0.48 Physical Takhti 125 3.71 3.5 3.61 0.52 0.27 Marzdaran 125 2.53 2.12 2.75 0.62 0.39 Social Takhti 125 4.12 4 4 0.54 0.32 Marzdaran 125 2.64 2.37 2.25 0.68 0.46 Environment Takhti 125 2.46 2.25 2.25 0.83 0.69 Marzdaran 125 2.24 2.3 2.5 0.68 0.38 Total Takhti 125 3.52 3.15 3.26 0.91 0.99 Marzdaran 125 2.40 2.90 2.75 0.663 0.441 Conclusion In conclusion, the synthesis of findings arising from the WalkScore, Smartraq, and Spaces syntax methods has yielded valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of each approach within the assessment framework. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it can be deduced that all three models have demonstrated efficacy, with their outcomes exhibiting notable congruity. However, none of these methods in isolation can be deemed adequate for a holistic evaluation of neighborhood walkability. Therefore, it is advisable to combine these methodologies to achieve a more comprehensive assessment of pedestrian environments. Unanimously, all three models concur on the walkability of the Takhti neighborhood, renowned for its historical character, intricate urban fabric, diverse land uses, and abundant amenities. Notably, this neighborhood excels across various indicators of walkability, encompassing ease of access to facilities, a mix of land uses, safety measures, population density, residential density, intersection density, continuity of networks, and street connectivity. As corroborated by the models, Takhti emerges as a notably pedestrian-friendly environment, diligently addressing the diverse needs of pedestrians, in stark contrast to the recently developed Marzdaran neighborhood. Acknowledgments The authors express their sincere gratitude to all individuals who have played a role in the conception and execution of this scholarly article.
Understanding the causes and determinants of development and underdevelopment has emerged as a crucial focus within the realm of social and economic studies over the past five decades. Regional development, as a fundamental requirement for progress, encompasses diverse dimensions aimed at achieving regional equilibrium, reducing infrastructural disparities, and addressing structural and territorial gaps. This developmental model not only exhibits exceptional efficiency in terms of resource management and harnessing regional potential, but also strives to narrow or eradicate disparities within and between regions through the spatial organization of socio-economic and structural activities, capitalizing on local capacities unique to each region. This particular study seeks to conduct a comprehensive structural analysis of the drivers influencing regional development in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Employing an applied theoretical framework, the research employs a descriptive-analytical survey approach. Data and information were gathered through an extensive examination of relevant academically-sound sources alongside field observations, including interviews and questionnaires. Quantitative analysis, employing cross-impact analysis and Micmac software, was employed to analyze the collected data. Twenty key factors were thus extracted and identified as crucial drivers influencing regional development in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari. Introduction Regional development is driven by the objectives of reducing socio-economic disparities among different regions and promoting spatial decentralization, ultimately aiming for sustainable socio-economic progress. By recognizing and understanding the factors that contribute to regional development and formulating plans for achieving sustainable development, regions can take essential steps towards closing the gap between them. These disparities manifest as a reflection of various elements, such as environmental factors, political economy, shortcomings in spatial planning systems, insufficient integrated territorial management, and a lack of coordination among responsible organizations involved in spatial and regional development. The Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, encompassing a significant territorial extent in Iran, benefits from extensive capacities within economic, social, cultural, and natural resource domains, indicating a favorable environment for growth, development, and overcoming challenges. Nonetheless, despite numerous programs designed and implemented to foster infrastructure development and enhance social services, unfavorable conditions persist in major economic, social, and infrastructure indicators. Inefficient management practices, operational inadequacies, and insufficient attention towards harnessing the province's potentials have led to diverse issues and challenges impeding its development. Consequently, it becomes evident that regional imbalances and the neglect of development drivers within the province are reflected across economic, social, cultural, and infrastructure indicators. Thus, recognizing the influential factors and drivers that underpin regional development in the province and establishing a solid foundation for regional development planning based on these drivers becomes critically significant. Such an approach serves as a gateway to addressing and alleviating the problems and shortcomings associated with underdevelopment and deprivation. Thus, the primary objective of this research centers on conducting a structural analysis of the drivers shaping regional development. Specifically, it seeks to address the following question: What are the key driving forces influencing regional development in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province? Methodology The present research adopts an "applied-theoretical" approach in terms of its purpose, while employing a "descriptive-analytical" methodology that aligns with its nature and methodological framework. The research methodology for this study combines both quantitative-survey and qualitative techniques, in accordance with the research objectives. In addition to gathering insights from experts through the Delphi method, documentary analysis of various sources such as the provincial spatial planning document, reports, plans, and development plans of the province has been utilized as part of the research methodology. The statistical population for this study consists of academic experts, professionals, and institutional-organizational managers who possess ample knowledge and experience in the field of regional development within the study area. These experts were purposefully selected and included in the research sample, following the method of purposive sampling. To analyze the structure of regional development drivers in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, a total of 21 academic experts, institutional-organizational experts, and managers were chosen as representative samples. Selection criteria were based on the experts' expertise, willingness to participate, as well as the complexity of the methods, stages, and implementation conditions associated with the Delphi technique. This study encompasses various dimensions and drivers of regional development, including economic, social, infrastructural, environmental, agricultural, and institutional-organizational aspects, in addition to urban and rural development considerations. These drivers were prioritized based on the expert opinions' importance, and the identification of key drivers was accomplished through the utilization of the Cross-impact analysis method along with Micmac software. Discussion and Results Aligned with the primary objective of the present research, the structural analysis and identification of key drivers that impact regional development in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were carried out using the Cross-impact analysis (CIA) method. This method facilitated the identification and assessment of the influence exerted by these drivers on the region. Through a comprehensive analysis that involved examining the relationship between variables, assessing the stability and instability of the studied system, constructing a matrix of direct influences (MDI), a matrix of indirect influences (MII), ranking variables, and calculating the coefficient of displacement for each variable under varying conditions, a total of 20 factors were extracted and selected as the key drivers influencing the regional development of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. Table 1 presents the ranking of drivers affecting the regional development of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, based on their direct and indirect dependencies and influences. Table 1. Key drivers influencing the regional development of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province Code Drivers Final score Rank MDI MII MDI MII V1 Employment and labor market 227 226 1 1 V20 Human resource management and the use of local and expert manpower in the development management of the province 222 221 2 3 V54 Migration management (rural-urban and outside the province) 220 220 3 2 V49 Coordination and constructive inter-organizational interaction 216 212 4 4 V22 Coherence in social management of the province 211 209 5 5 V4 Deprivation policies and poverty reduction 203 202 6 6 V41 Development of infrastructure and urban and rural water supply networks 202 200 7 7 V39 Utilization of tourism capacities and tourism development infrastructures 200 196 8 9 V11 The optimal distribution system of investment and economic resources between different regions of the province 197 195 9 11 V51 The existence of comprehensive crisis management plans and programs 197 194 10 8 V12 Economic competitiveness at the national and transnational level 194 194 11 10 V60 Management of urban and rural population spatial distribution system 194 194 12 12 V55 Appropriate distribution of infrastructure, services, and balancing to the urban and rural residential network 192 193 13 13 V25 Protection, exploitation, and management of water resources (organizing and development of water resources, containment and transfer of surface water, and improvement of efficiency in exploitation of water resources) 191 190 14 17 V28 Management and exploitation of agricultural resources 191 190 15 15 V47 Development and equipping of infrastructures, and facilities related to the field of crisis management 189 189 16 14 V62 Resilience of settlements 187 187 17 18 V64 Evaluating the effects of urban and rural development plans 187 185 18 16 V33 Environmental and social management of water transfer projects 184 182 19 22 V34 Management of environmental hazards and pollution (polluting sources of water, soil, and air and the emerging phenomenon of dust storm with extra-regional origin) 181 178 20 19 Conclusions The present study has been conducted with the primary objective of conducting a comprehensive analysis and identification of indicators and drivers that contribute to regional development in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. To achieve this goal, an examination of spatial planning and development documents specific to the province, as well as consultations with academic and organizational experts, were conducted. Through this process, a prioritization of 20 drivers was accomplished, highlighting the key drivers that significantly influence regional development. It is crucial to attain a correct comprehension of these key drivers within the development dimensions of the province in order to effectively implement regional development policies in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. By doing so, integrated management, sustainable planning, and collaboration at national and provincial levels can be fostered. This collaborative effort aims to overcome obstacles to development and capitalize on opportunities in alignment with the province's capabilities.
With the global surge of urbanization and population growth, the well-being of children within modern urban developments has been largely overlooked, necessitating an urgent need for attentiveness towards their needs in cities. Consequently, the assessment of urban neighborhoods in terms of child-friendly city components becomes an essential area of research. This study employs a survey method to evaluate the dimensions and components associated with a child-friendly city. Utilizing a cluster-spatial sampling approach, ten neighborhoods from five regions of Ardabil are selected as representative samples (two neighborhoods per region). A total of 400 researcher-developed questionnaires are then distributed proportionally based on the population of each selected neighborhood. The collected data is subsequently analyzed using one-sample t-statistics in SPSS software, as well as multi-criteria decision-making models to prioritize the neighborhoods according to the research criteria. The findings reveal distinctive characteristics of child-friendly city dimensions and components across the various neighborhoods of Ardabil. Interestingly, when comparing the dimensions, the environmental-physical and organizational-managerial dimensions emerge as the most problematic areas within the studied neighborhoods. Additionally, it is noteworthy that despite the inherent spatial disparities between neighborhoods, Neighborhood No. 1 in District 4 and Neighborhood No. 3 in District 2 of Ardabil Municipality exhibit greater challenges compared to other neighborhoods under investigation. Introduction With the rapid global urbanization and population growth, the well-being of children has been largely overlooked in modern urban planning and development. Consequently, there is a pressing need to prioritize the consideration of children in urban environments like never before. Thus, it becomes imperative to conduct an in-depth investigation into the state of neighborhoods within the city of Ardabil, specifically in relation to the key indicators and criteria of a child-friendly city. This study aims to assess and prioritize the neighborhoods based on their adherence to these criteria, aiming to provide an accurate depiction of their current state and identify those in most need of improvement. To address the research inquiries and establish a logical framework, the following assumptions were formulated: - The nature of the components that contribute to a child-friendly city varies across different localities within Ardabil city. Of these components, the dimensions pertaining to physical and management are anticipated to pose the greatest challenges in the investigated areas, as evident from comparative examination. -The ranking of different neighborhoods of Ardabil city are different in terms of the components of a child-friendly city. Literature Review Permanasari et al. (2019) conducted a study entitled "Political pattern of public space in creating a child-friendly city in Jakarta," which emphasizes the significance of employing a bottom-up participatory approach in fostering heightened utilization and engagement among children. In their research titled "Child-friendly city survey focusing on children's health," Brown et al. (2019) underscore the influence of the environment on children's well-being. Accordingly, they assert the necessity for cities to possess comprehensive knowledge concerning the factors that impact children's health. Furthermore, it is imperative to prioritize understanding and promoting interactions between children and their environment, thereby enhancing their overall health. Examining the role of child-friendly urban structures in neighborhood development, Ahmadi et al. (2018) present their findings in an article entitled "Evaluation of the role of child-friendly city structure in the realization of development: case study of neighborhoods in Yazd city." Their research demonstrates significant variation in child-friendly city indicators within Yazd city, with certain neighborhoods exhibiting a high level of prosperity while others languish at a considerably lower level. Safaiyeh neighborhood emerges as the most prosperous, securing the top rank in the city. Conversely, Fahadan, Mahdiabad, Sajjadiyeh, Amirabad, and Kashtargah neighborhoods are positioned at the bottom, highlighting their limited prosperity. In their study on "Evaluation of child-friendly city indicators in Mashhad metropolis," Kharazmi et al. (2019) reveal the impact of these indicators and discern a discrepancy between the current state and the desired outcomes. The analysis uncovers a significant gap concerning access to play areas, green spaces, and vital services, suggesting the need for noteworthy improvements in these localized indicators within the context of Mashhad. Methodology The present study adopts an applied research design with a descriptive-analytical nature. Spatial cluster sampling was employed to randomly select 10 neighborhoods, comprising two neighborhoods from each of the five regions in Ardabil city, to serve as the sample. The target population for this research consists of households with children residing in the selected neighborhoods. To determine the appropriate sample size for the questionnaire, Cochran's statistical population formula was utilized, considering a 95% confidence level. As a result, 380 households were initially determined; however, to ensure increased accuracy, the sample size was expanded to 400 households. The distribution of the questionnaire was proportional to the number of households in each neighborhood. The evaluation of the problematic conditions of Ardabil city's neighborhoods regarding the components of a child-friendly city was conducted using the t-test. Subsequently, in the Excel environment, various multi-criteria decision-making models, including Topsis, Vicor, Electre, and Copeland integration model, were employed to rank the ten selected neighborhoods from the five regions of Ardabil city based on their problematic status in relation to the components of a child-friendly city. The selection of weights for the criteria was determined using Shannon's entropy method. Results The findings indicate significant variations among the localities within Ardabil city concerning the identified issues. Upon comparing the dimensions, it was observed that the organizational-management and environmental-physical dimensions exhibited the highest frequency of confirmation, thus suggesting their prominence as the most problematic dimensions across the studied localities. Moreover, employing multi-criteria decision-making models unveiled that Neighborhood No. 1 in Region 4 of Ardabil Municipality exhibited the highest number of neighborhood issues, primarily associated with concerns related to environmental-physical, cultural-social, and organizational-management aspects. On the other hand, Neighborhood No. 10 in Region 2 of Ardabil Municipality showcased the lowest number of neighborhood issues when compared to the other localities. It is essential to note that the localities examined in this research were selected based on their adherence to the dimensions and components of a child-friendly city. Conclusion One of the fundamental factors contributing to the spatial differentiation of localities, as evidenced by research indicators, is social and occupational inequality, which leads to unequal social and structural positions. This inequality in turn influences the access individuals and groups have to scarce social resources and benefits, including wealth, power, and status. Consequently, these factors significantly impact individuals' rights, opportunities, rewards, and social standing. Given the interconnectedness between social and spatial processes, this issue within Ardabil city exacerbates disparities in accessing urban services, opportunities, and amenities, particularly for children. These include aspects such as transportation and independent mobility, access to diverse services and activities, safety and security, friendly green spaces, and environmental concerns. Therefore, addressing social inequalities and enhancing urban infrastructure and facilities constitute crucial steps towards creating a child-friendly city. Furthermore, based on the authors' personal experiences and feedback from residents residing in localities with a higher prevalence of neighborhood issues, it becomes evident that urban management, particularly the municipality, plays a significant role in the environmental and physical realms. Through wielding influence and exerting power over other involved institutions, the municipality has had a notable impact on the problems faced by such neighborhoods. This influence stems from the limited awareness and economic poverty experienced by neighborhood residents, as well as the functional shortcomings of local institutions. Consequently, existing policies geared towards the development of socially, economically, and physically deprived populations – who predominantly reside in the most problematic areas identified in this study – have been ineffective. Instead, the current conditions have created a situation where high-income groups benefit disproportionately from the existing state of affairs. The lack of specific plans and programs targeting these problem areas, coupled with the failure to delegate approved plans for implementation at lower levels (such as regional municipalities), has exacerbated inequalities between localities. Hence, adopting a justice-oriented perspective in urban management is paramount. By doing so, attention can be directed towards improving conditions in deprived and problematic areas, thereby working towards a more equitable urban landscape.
امروزه در فضاهای سکونتی به دلیل عدم توجه معماران به مؤلفههای ادراکات حسی ساکنین و عدم توجه به تأثیر حواس بر فرآیند ادراک آنان، نظارهگر تنزل کیفیت سطح زندگی و همچنین رضایتمندی نامطلوب ساکنین در محل سکونتشان میباشیم. با توجه به آنکه نگرشهای پدیدارشناسانه در حوزه فضاهای سکونتی کمتر موردتوجه پژوهشگران قرارگرفته است، این پژوهش از دیدگاه پدیدارشناسانه مرلو پونتی و نظریات برگرفته از آن بهره گرفته است و بر آن است تا به ارائه راهبردهایی به جهت ارتقا کیفی ادراکات حسی ساکنین فضاهای سکونتی بپردازد. این پژوهش از منظر روششناسی توصیفی-تحلیلی و پیمایشی است. ابزار این پژوهش پرسشنامه و جامعه آماری آن 50 نفر از متخصصان حوزه معماری میباشد. برای تعیین اعتبار یابی پرسشنامه از نرمافزار Smartpls2 استفاده شده و به جهت اولویتبندی دادهها از آزمون فریدمن در نرمافزار Spss استفاده شده است. یافتهها نشان میدهند که مواد و مصالح بوم آورد و آشنا با انسان جهت ایجاد حس خاطرهانگیزی با مقدار آماره تی 3.47، انعطافپذیری و سیالیت فضا با مقدار آماره تی 3.44 و بهرهگیری از نماد و نشانهها با مقدار آماره تی 3.12 بیشترین تأثیر را بر ارتقا کیفی ادراک حسی ساکنین فضاهای سکونتی ایفا میکنند که بهتفصیل بیان میگردد.
فضای شهری موفق دارای طیف گستردهای از مؤلفههای ذهنی و عینی است و توجه به شاخصهای کالبدی برای ایجاد یک مکان «موفق» نقشی تعیینکننده دارد که یکی از راهبردهای آن، توسعهی پیاده راهها در شهرهاست. این پژوهش به دنبال پاسخ به اینکه چه عواملی میتواند به موفقیت طرحهای پیاده راهسازی و ارتقا مکان نقش داشته باشد، انجامگرفته است. مقاله حاضر باهدف بررسی مؤلفههای کیفی و کمی مکان، به تحلیل تطبیقی طرح پیاده راهسازی دو خیابان منتهی به میدان مرکزی شهر همدان، قبل و بعد از اجرا میپردازد. روش تحقیق، ترکیبی از شیوههای کیفی و کمی میباشد وجهت گردآوری اطلاعات در کنار مطالعات کتابخانهای و اسنادی از ابزار مشاهده، مصاحبه، پرسشنامه استفاده شده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که در نمونه موردمطالعه برخلاف اجتماعپذیری، سه شاخصهی دسترسی، کاربریها و فعالیتها، آسایش و ایجاد تصویر ذهنی، ارتقاء چندانی نداشته است و نیز بین هم پیوندی و اجتماعپذیری رابطه مستیم وجود دارد. همچنین، ارتقا کیفیت مکان نمیتواند تکبعدی و با نگاه فرو کاهنده به مؤلفههایی خاص صورت گیرد و مستلزم آن است که طرحهای پیاده راهسازی، با در نظر گرفتن همه مؤلفهها به اجرا درآیند.
