Initial teacher education in Physical Education in Chile is strongly regulated by quality assurance systems, where accreditation constitutes a key indicator of institutional performance. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the years of accreditation of Physical Education teacher education programs and students' performance in the National Diagnostic Evaluation (END), considering both disciplinary standards and thematic dimensions. A quantitative, cross-sectional, and comparative design was used, based on the analysis of results from 1,085 final-year students who completed the END 2024. The results show a non-linear pattern according to accreditation years, indicating that institutions with five years achieve the highest levels of performance across most standards. In contrast, institutions with six years do not demonstrate consistently higher results, while those with three and four years show lower and more homogeneous performance. In conclusion, the findings suggest that accreditation is not directly associated with improved learning outcomes, highlighting the need to complement these systems with indicators focused on student performance and the effective quality of teacher education.
Mesoamerica has countless plant genetic resources, including Vanilla pompona Schiede, a tropical American wild orchid of high economic value due to its aromatic fruits. Traditional knowledge associated with flowering management among the few producers who cultivate it has been scarcely documented. The objective of this study was to identify traditional management knowledge and environmental factors related to the flowering of V. pompona among producers in communities in Veracruz, Mexico. The research was conducted in Cazuelas (Papantla) and Puntilla Aldama (San Rafael), Veracruz, Mexico, using a qualitative approach based on the thematic life history technique applied to three producers selected through snowball sampling. Interviews conducted between April and July of 2024 and 2025 were recorded in written and audio formats and subsequently transcribed for analysis. Among the management practices identified are controlled water stress, trimming of vine tips, pruning of supports to increase light exposure, the selection of support types, with preference for those with thick, resistant bark, and the use of organic inputs such as ash broth and leaf litter. Producers identify, based on their experience, light intensity, ambient humidity, and temperature ranges (highs between 28-30 degrees C and lows between 8-10 degrees C) as factors associated with flowering induction. The integration of traditional knowledge and empirical observation, in relation to the sensitivity of V. pompona to its environment, is essential for understanding this process, which supports the development of management strategies that contribute to local communities and to the conservation of regional agrobiodiversity.
This article examines the transformations of Aymara dwelling practices in the city of Arica, with special emphasis on the relationship between textile production, social organization, and urban territorial dynamics. From a historical perspective, the transition is described from a traditional Andean way of dwelling, grounded in ecological complementarity, territorial mobility, and community organization, toward forms of urban settlement derived from modernization and migration processes that developed from the mid-twentieth century onward. In this context, the urban insertion of the Aymara population was initially characterized by a marked concentration specific neighborhoods, where cultural practices and social networks could be reproduced. However, conditions of labor precariousness fostered adaptive strategies, among which artisan textile production, carried out mainly by women within the domestic sphere, became particularly significant. The study highlights the role played by non-governmental organizations, particularly the Andean Studies Workshop (TEA), in promoting workshops and associations aimed at strengthening collective organization, cultural identity, and market integration. Nevertheless, the analysis of recent information reveals a decline in these organizational forms and a growing individualization of artisan labor. From a territorial perspective, a shift is also observed from historically concentrated areas toward new urban peripheries associated with social housing policies. This process reflects a reconfiguration of Aymara dwelling practices, in which cultural continuity, economic adaptation, and spatial dispersion coexist.
Written corrective feedback (WCF) has been widely investigated in second language acquisition; however, much of the existing evidence has focused on accuracy outcomes, paying comparatively less attention to the cognitive processes that mediate its effectiveness. This study examines the effects of indirect, direct, and metalinguistic written corrective feedback on the acquisition of the English simple past tense among Spanish-speaking university students, integrating behavioural data with eye-tracking measures. Using a quasi-experimental longitudinal design, 82 B1-level learners completed a pretest, an immediate post-test, and two delayed post-tests. Grammatical accuracy was analyzed through Obligatory Occasion Analysis, while eye-tracking was used to examine attentional allocation during feedback processing. The results indicate that all experimental groups outperformed the control group, with metalinguistic feedback showing more robust and stable effects over time. Eye-tracking data suggest greater sustained attention and lower extraneous cognitive load in this condition. The findings are discussed from cognitive and sociocultural perspectives, as well as in relation to their pedagogical implications for L2 writing instruction.
This study analyzes the psychometric properties of the Questionnaire on Teachers' Attitudes toward ICT in Reading Processes (AD@TIC-LEC), an instrument designed to assess the affective, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions of teachers' attitudes toward the use of digital technologies in reading instruction. The instrument development process followed rigorous procedures, including an extensive theoretical review, international expert judgment, and factorial analyses. The questionnaire was administered to a non-probabilistic sample of 469 early childhood and primary education teachers. Results from the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-dimensional structure composed of 33 items, showing adequate fit indices and high levels of internal consistency through the Omega coefficient. The findings confirm that the questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing teachers' attitudes toward ICT in reading contexts, offering a disciplinarily situated and psychometrically robust tool. Implications for educational research, teacher training, and future lines of study on digital literacy and technology-mediated reading practices are discussed.
This article analyzes how everyday life and the institutional culture of the Rural Normal School of Copiap & oacute; (1936-1950) contributed to the territorialization of the teaching State in northern Chile. The objective is to reconstruct these practices and examine their role in the formation of a regional teaching identity. A qualitative historical-sociological approach was used, through hermeneutic and content analysis of institutional sources. The results show that boarding school, discipline, cultural activities, and networks of sociability configured a territorialized professional hab-itus. It is concluded that normal-school training was a cultural process that integrated territory, teaching identity, and state project, contributing to Latin American educational historiography.
This manuscript develops a theoretical reflection on the ways in which biomedical research on aging in Chile produces, organizes, and circulates diagnoses through a chain of practices, mediations, and sociotechnical artifacts. From the perspective of science, technology, and society (STS) studies and biopolitics, it is proposed that diagnostic production constitutes an articulation between laboratory rationality and clinical-population rationality. The analysis is grounded in a doctoral ethnography conducted between 2011 and early 2013 in a Chilean laboratory dedicated to research on aging and old age, tracing the trajectory that connects the extraction of biological samples with their transformation into clinical reports and self-care recommendations. The results show that protocols operate as technologies of order aimed at domesticating contingencies and sustaining scientific authority. Likewise, scales and indicators function as normative infrastructures that transform bodily variations into clinically significant deviations, while the return of results acts as a mechanism of responsibilization that shifts part of the burden of care onto the research subjects. Taken together, the manuscript contributes to understanding how diagnostic production participates in the configuration of contemporary forms of governing aging and old age.
Organizational silence climate refers to the shared belief that speaking up in the workplace is inconvenient or futile, which negatively affects organizational effectiveness. This study aims to validate a Spanish version of the Organizational Silence Climate Perception Scale. Using exploratory factor analysis (n = 207) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 130) conducted on two independent samples, the three-factor model demonstrated adequate reliability and validity, supported by satisfactory fit indices and internal consistency. These findings support the use of the scale to assess organizational silence climate and related communication attitudes in Spanish-speaking workplaces.
The teaching of history in territories with past or ongoing conflicts requires teachers to have solid critical and pedagogical foundations for its approach. This manuscript aims to analyze, from a theoretical perspective, the relationship between initial teacher education, the development of historical competencies, and teaching in conflict contexts, taking as a reference the case of the State-Mapuche conflict in the Southern Macro-zone of Chile, with the purpose of examining its potential contribution to the construction of global citizenship. It raises the need to identify and assess the level of historical competencies promoted during university training, especially considering the historical, cultural, and political particularities of the analyzed context. Likewise, it is evident that history, approached from multiple perspectives, constitutes a fundamental component for teaching committed to democracy, as well as for the construction of a critical, aware global citizenship capable of recognizing the specificity of each socio-historical reality from a local and situated perspective.
The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with life satisfaction among older people residing in Arica, Chile, within a context characterized by social and cultural diversity. To this end, the Quality of Life Questionnaire (CUBRECAVI; Fernandez-Ballesteros and Zamarron Cassinello, 2007) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; V & aacute;zquez et al., 2013) were administered to individuals aged 60 and over. The results identified four factors significantly associated with life satisfaction: housing satisfaction, objective health, satisfaction with life in general, and social and health services. Additionally, 43.0% of participants were classified as having high levels of life satisfaction, and those who participate in social groups (t = 2.222, p = 0.027) showed higher mean life satisfaction compared to those who did not participate. These findings provide relevant evidence for understanding life satisfaction in later life within the context analyzed, particularly in socially and culturally diverse settings.
The trajectories of students who, at different points, assume caregiving or employment responsibilities reveal the existence of a diverse university that continues to operate under the assumption of the ideal student. The present article aims to analyze and critically synthesize the specialized literature on university students with parental and employment responsibilities, from a gender and an intersectional perspective that articulates the relationship between academic flexibility and cultural transformations. Protective factors associated with resilience-such as support networks, sense of purpose, self-efficacy, and institutional recognition-are systematized, and the contribution of flexible education is examined when it is implemented with effective institutional support. Likewise, gaps in policies and institutional practices are identified, proposing pathways toward institutions that recognize, support, and sustain these trajectories.
This study examines significant differences in perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) among university students in Chile who consume products and services from the fashion industry. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional research design was employed, combining exploratory factor analysis and inferential statistical procedures. A structured survey instrument was administered to a non-probabilistic sample of 302 students. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a four-dimensional structure of CSR, corresponding to economic, legal, ethical, and phil anthropic dimensions, demonstrating satisfactory levels of internal consistency. Inferential analyses revealed statistically significant differences based on academic characteristics, particularly university affiliation, field of study, and year of study, with the legal and economic dimensions showing the most pronounced variation. The findings underscore the role of higher education in shaping responsible consumption patterns and highlight the need for firms in the fashion industry to align their strategies with the ethical and regulatory expectations of young consumers.
This study analyzes the cognitive processes involved in visualization and reasoning manifested by children aged 5 to 6 when addressing tasks related to axial symmetry. A qualitative methodology of a descriptive level, based on content analysis, was adopted. The sample, purposively selected, consisted of 28 pre-school children. Among the main findings, it is observed that participants are able to interpret the concept of symmetry and represent some of its properties, attempting to generate the corresponding symmetrical figure. Furthermore, visualization emerges as an initial process of an intuitive nature, playing a fundamental role in the progression towards reasoning. The study concludes on the need to implement systematic work with this type of task, gradually increasing its complexity, in order to promote the development of cognitive processes linked to geometric transformations.
Callao Bay, the main port of Peru, concentrates intense port and industrial activities that compromise the quality of its marine sediments. The study aimed to identify the sources of contamination in marine sediments from Callao, Peru, through the application of the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model to geochemical data corresponding exclusively to 33 subtidal stations. The analysis was complemented with Spearman correlations to assess the relationships among 16 heavy metals: Aluminum (Al), Antimony (Sb), Arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Strontium (Sr), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Zinc (Zn), Mercury (Hg), and Manganese (Mn). The results allowed the identification of three main sources of contamination. The first corresponds to a geological source, representing 48% of the total contribution, and is associated with elements such as Al, Ti, Mn, and Ba, derived from natural processes of erosion and sedimentation. The second source is linked to domestic and industrial wastewater, contributing 33%, and is characterized by Co, Ni, As, Cr, Cu, and Hg, associated with urban and industrial discharges. Finally, the third source is related to port activities and the petroleum industry, representing 19% of the total contribution, and is evidenced by Cd, V, Hg, and Sb, elements associated with maritime traffic, hydrocarbon spills, and port operations. The results indicate that, although natural processes predominate, human activities significantly contribute to sediment contamination, providing key information for environmental management and the mitigation of contaminants along the Callao coastline.
Based on six years of ethnographic research in the Los Lagos Region (Chile), this article examines the implementation of composting toilets by situating these infrastructures within four globally circulating imaginaries of non-conventional sanitation. It concludes that, at the household level, these systems function as a form of socio-environmental cauterization, containing ecological harm where conventional sanitation proves insufficient. However, insofar as their adoption depends on households' social and cultural capital, they may contribute to the reproduction of sanitary inequalities.
This study examines the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational productivity in a sample of 223 workers from public and private institutions in Chile, within a context characterized by increasing demands for performance, innovation, and organizational adaptability. A non-experimental correlational design was employed using the Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) developed by Bass and Avolio (1995) to assess transformational leadership, along with an ad hoc instrument to measure perceived productivity. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between the variables (r = 0,735, p < 0,01). The results indicate that higher levels of transformational leadership are associated with higher levels of perceived productivity, both at the individual and organizational levels. The inclusion of heterogeneous sample of organizations enhances the generalizability of the findings. Overall, the study provides empirical evidence on the relevance of transformational leadership as a factor associated with organizational performance in diverse contexts.
An updated review of the state of the art on entropy and negentropy was carried out with the aim of analyzing the theoretical and methodological contributions developed by various researchers. The analysis is framed within the context of complexity, understood in terms of its arguments, principles, and systemic perspective. As a starting point, the concept of total entropy of a system (S degrees tot) is revisited, followed by a discussion of the main theoretical contributions associated with this concept, beginning with physical entropy (S degrees phys), then intrinsic entropy (S degrees p), subsequently information entropy (S degrees inf), and finally the articulation between entropy and negentropy according to different theoretical approaches. Based on the discussion developed, a series of conclusions are presented in which basic premises are formulated regarding both thermodynamic principles and their close relationship with the multivariate homogeneity of complex systems, with the purpose of fostering scientific exchange and deepening the theoretical and methodological contributions proposed in this work.
The growing concern about obesity has led governments to implement warning label policies on ultra-processed foods in order to reduce their consumption. However, individual responses to these strategies have proven to be diverse. Therefore, it has become necessary to develop new methods to assess knowledge, understanding, and effective use of these labels. This study presents a model designed to predict the level of awareness of Chilean adolescents regarding front-of-package warning labels (FOPWL), through an illustrative case study. To this end, an innovative Robust Compromise Multicriteria Decision-Making (RC-MCDM) model was developed to calculate the degree of awareness of FOPWL. In addition, demographic, socioeconomic, health-related, dietary, environmental, and lifestyle variables were associated with the awareness score using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS). These models allow the analysis of variables with different statistical distributions. The results show a positive correlation between the FOPWL awareness score and age, female gender, the presence of diet-related diseases, adherence to a vegetarian diet, knowledge of healthy eating, and availability of pocket money. Conversely, negative associations were observed for variables such as body weight perception, engagement in weight-loss dieting, and screen time, while the relationship with the province of residence was found to be ambiguous. This predictive model may be useful for public health policymakers seeking to modify eating behaviors in specific population groups.
This study systematically synthesizes scientific evidence published between 2020 and 2025 on the influence of public spaces on urban quality of life in Latin America, based on a systematic review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The search included five databases (Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet, and Google Scholar), from which 25 articles were ultimately selected out of a total of 4957 records identified. The information was analyzed through a narrative synthesis organized around social, environmental, and health and well-being dimensions. The results indicate that public spaces generate positive effects on social cohesion, en vironmental sustainability, and physical and mental well-being; however, these effects are conditioned by marked inequalities in their distribution, quality, and accessibility, which limit their benefits for vulnerable populations. In addition, territorial inequality and perceptions of insecurity constrain the democratizing potential of public space, underscoring the need to advance urban approaches grounded in principles of spatial justice, participatory design, and inclusive management. In this context, the findings provide relevant evidence for the formulation of public policies that recognize public space as a fundamental urban right.
This article aims to analyze two Franciscan missionary colleges located on the southern frontier of the Spanish Empire, namely those of Ocopa and Chill & aacute;n, in order to understand and examine the links that were established between them toward the end of the colonial period. For this purpose, documentation preserved in the Archive of the Congregation of Propaganda Fide of Chill & aacute;n (Miscellaneous Affairs) and in the General Archive of the Indies, Chile section, referring to the relationships between both institutions, was consulted. The colleges of Chill & aacute;n and Ocopa maintained a relationship of fraternity, not only as a result of the transfer of the Chilo & eacute; missions in 1771, but also because they shared some of the missionaries who arrived in this region following the actions carried out by collectors in Spain. This relationship was expressed both in missionary activities conducted in non-Christian territories and in daily life within the colleges.
