In order to extend the material circulation chain of spent mushroom substrate and achieve the resource utilization of Pleuro-tus eryngii subsp.tuoliensis spent mushroom substrate,the Pleurotus eryngii subsp.tuoliensis spent mushroom substrate was used as the cultivation substrate of Pleurotus eryngii indifferent proportions(10%-50%).The macroscopic indicators of Pleurotu seryngii mycelium such as germination time,growth rate,growth status,and full bottle time under different substrate conditions were observed and the xylanase and laccase activities of the mycelium under different ratios of spent mushroom substrate were also measured.The ef-fect ofspent mushroom substrate on the mycelial growth of Pleurotus eryngii was comprehensively explored.The results showed that when the addition amount of spent mushroom substrate was 30%to 50%,the mycelial growth rate of Pleurotus eryngii was significantly accelerated compared to CK,the mycelial density was increased,and the laccase activity was also significantly increased.When the amount of spent mushroom substrate was 50%,the growth rate reached 0.74 cm·d-1,and the full bottle time was reduced by 3 days compared to CK.Therefore,using Pleurotus eryngii subsp.tuoliensis spent mushroom substrate as a substrate for cultivating Pleurotus eryngii can not only reduce production costs,but also reduce environmental pollution caused by resource waste,and provide new ideas and methods for edible mushroom cultivation.
To evaluate the impact of an environmental protection enzyme derived from vegetables,plants,and kitchen waster on the growth and development of tobacco,as well as the external and internal quality of tobacco leaves,a four-year comparative field exper-iment was conducted.The results indicated that the environmental protection enzyme can promote early and vigorous growth and of to-bacco seedlings,resulting in robust plant growth and achieving a 40.48%effectiveness in preventing tobacco brown spot.This led to an increase in yield by 148.8 kg·hm-2,a rise in production value by 7 482.90 yuan·hm-2,an elevation of the average price by 2.36 yuan·kg-1,and an improvement in the proportion of top-grade tobacco by 8.08%.The environmental protection enzyme could regulate the chloride ion content in tobacco leaves,improve potassium nutrient metabolism,increase the potassium-chlorine ratio,and enhance the combustibility of tobacco leaves.The sugar-alkaloid ratio approached the optimum level,leading to a more harmonious composi-tion of tobacco chemicals and a smoother smoke.The total amount of browning reaction products,cetane-like compounds,and L-Phenylalanine degradation products in the aromatic substances of tobacco leaves increased by more than 20%compared to the control,with a significant increase of over 700%in the crucial aromatic component,pinane.This results in an enriched aroma of tobacco leaves,a glossy appearance,and a looser leaf tissue structure.The application of environmentally friendly enzymes in flue-cured to-bacco has demonstrated significant enhancements in both quality and yield.This is reflected in the improved visual appearance of to-bacco leaves and the elevated inherent quality as well.
In order to investigate the changing patterns of nutrient composition of reeds in Tianjin and lay the foundation for reed fod-der utilization,the experiment collected reeds at different growth periods from major reed production areas in Tianjin and measured their conventional nutrient composition.The results showed that the crude protein(CP),crude ash,calcium(Ca),and phosphorus(P)contents of reed showed a decreasing trend from the leaf-spreading stage to the dead leaf stage;The dry matter(DM)and acid detergent lignin contents showed an increasing trend;The neutral detergent fiber(NDF)and acid detergent fiber showed a decreasing trend fol-lowed by an increasing trend;The total energy(GE)and crude fat(EE)contents showed a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend.The DM,CP,NDF,Ca and P contents of the reed at the heading stage were not significantly differ-ent from those at the late growth stage(P>0.05),while the EE and GE contents were not significantly different from those at the flowering stage(P>0.05)and reached the highest level.The analysis of the nutritional value and palatability of reeds showed that the potential of reed fodder exploitation was the highest during the heading stage.
In order to study the effects of PM2.5 and PM10 on plant photosynthesis,four coniferous plants including Piceaasperata Mast、Pinustabuliformis Carrière、Juniperusprocumbens Sargent、Platycladusorientalis(L.)Francoare selected to analyze the changes of their photosynthetic indexes at different levels of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations.The results showed that photosynthetic indexes of the four coniferous plants responded differently to the changes in PM concentration.When the PM2.5 concentration level was the same,Pn and Trof P.asperata were the largest,P.tabuliformis were the smallest at low level but at the medium and high level,both P.orientalis were the largest,P.tabuliformis was the smallest.With the increase of PM2.5 concentration level,Pn,Tr and Gs of the four coniferous plants all decreased while Ci increased.The decreasing proportions of Pn and Tr were as follows:P.tabulaeformis>P.asperata>J.procumbens>P.orientalis.The decreasing proportion of Gs was P.asperata>J.procumbens>P.tabulaeformis>P.orientalis.The increas-ing ratioof Ci was P.orientalis>J.procumbens>P.asperata>P.tabulaeformis.When the PM10 concentration level was the same,the Pn and Tr of four coniferous plantsunder the low,medium and high level were all:P.orientalis>P.asperata>J.procumbens>P.tabulae-formis.With the increase of PM10 concentration level,Pn,Tr,and Gs all decreased,while Ci increased,and the changes were basically consistent with PM2.5.According to the comprehensive analysis,compared with other three coniferous plants,P.orientaliscan maintain a strong photosynthetic capacity under different levels of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration,which showing strong anti-pollution ability.P.orientalis canbe used as the preferred green tree species for urban dust and haze removal.
In order to strengthen the development of genuine chinese medicinal Gynostemma pentaphyllum(Thunb)Makino(G.penta-phyllum)in Qinba Mountain,and to enhance the production and efficiency,cnderground rhizomes of a five-leaf and a seven-leaf of G.pentaphyllum were cultivated at an altitude of 600 m in Yerengu town of Fang county in open-air cultivation conditions,and a seven-leaf G.pentaphyllum was cultivated under twelve-year taxus forest with a density of 0.4.The plant height,number of leaves,fresh and dry weight and total saponins content of G.pentaphyllum were examined for the month of April in the second year.The yield and total saponins content of a five-leaf and a seven-leaf of G.pentaphyllum and their correlation were analyzed,and the content of total saponins in tendrils of a five-leaf and a seven-leaf of G.pentaphyllum were detected by different processing measures.The results showed that there was a positive correlation between plant height and underground fresh weight,underground fresh weight and underground dry weight of a five-leaf G.pentaphyllum(P＜0.05),while the number leaves of a seven-leaf G.pentaphyllum was positively correlated with above-ground fresh weight,above-ground fresh weight and above-ground dry weight(P＜0.05),and underground fresh weight and underground dry weight were significantly positively correlated(P＜0.01)at an altitude of 600 m in the open-air cultivation conditions.In addition,un-der the density of 0.4 in taxus forest,the growth and fresh and dry quality of the seven-leaf of G.pentaphyllum were improved,and the to-tal saponin content per plant was obviously increased compared with the open-air cultivation.In conclusion,cultivating G.pentaphyllum under the forest with a density of 0.4 is better than open-air cultivation,and obviously increases the total saponins content.
Habitat quality is an important indicator of agricultural ecosystem health and biodiversity maintenance,and the assessment of habitat quality has important value and practical significance for the sustainable economic development of the region.To explore the habitat quality and its change pattern of Zhengzhou City,to balance the protection and development of regional agricultural ecological environment for Zhengzhou City,and to provide theoretical support for building a high-quality ecological livable city.Using the Habi-tat Quality module in the InVEST model,based on the land use data of three periods in 2018,2020 and 2022,the habitat quality and its change situation of Zhengzhou City were analyzed.The overall habitat quality of Zhengzhou City was at a medium-high level and had a downward trend,mainly affected by human activities such as accelerated urbanization,land development,construction,farmland conversion to construction land,etc.At the same time,the habitat quality of Zhengzhou City showed a spatial distribution characteris-tic of decreasing from the center to the periphery,and a spatial difference characteristic of decreasing from northwest to southeast.In terms of time,the habitat quality of Zhengzhou City showed a fluctuating downward trend,mainly affected by factors such as economic development,industrial structure transformation,energy consumption increase,illegal mining,etc.Protecting the ecological environ-ment and improving the habitat quality can provide reference for the agricultural ecosystem health and biodiversity maintenance of Zhengzhou City.This study can not only provide reference and reference for the habitat quality assessment of other similar regions,but also provide practical cases for the application of InVEST model at the regional scale in China.
In order to gain a clear idea of whether K content in tobacco can be increased by grafting onto K+ efficient rootstocks and to clarify the response mechanism of potassium cycling in tobacco plant under K stress,a mutual grafting experiment has been conducted in two varieties of tobacco in different levels of K supply.The results showed that the K stress and plant growth in the common cultivar tobacco Yunyan 87 were significantly alleviated by grafting.The data of the whole plant K content and tobacco hypocotyls'net K+ flux demonstrate that potassium stress makes plants more inclined to maintain K+ in the shoot rather than in the root.In addition,when K deficiency occurred,the time required for the downward net K+ flux to decrease to stable levels in treatments with Wufeng No.2 as the rootstock was less than that in treatments with Yunyan 87 as the rootstock.The results of net K+ flux in the roots indicated that K channel proteins and transporters play different roles in two rootstocks in terms of potassium tolerance.Meanwhile,qRT-PCR results suggested that the increased circulation efficiency of K+ between the shoots and roots in plants constitutes an important adaptation mechanism by which Wufeng No.2 adapts to low potassium stress.In view of the experiment findings,it is concluded that the K+ up-take,transport efficiency and plant growth of Yunyan 87 can be enhanced by grafting with Wufeng No.2 tobacco rootstock.The relief of potassium stress by grafting can be attributed to its ability to respond to the occurrence of K deficiency in the external environment more rapidly and to enhance transport capacity in the xylem and phloem.
In order to analyze the moderate operation scale of tobacco agriculture,this paper randomly selected 105 tobacco growers in Zunyi Tobacco Industry complex as the research object,and divided the investigated samples into 8 groups according to the operation area of each grower.Considering the input of production factors and farmers'income of land management,based on the efficiency e-valuation of growers by DEA model,the super efficiency DEA-SBM model was used to analyze the efficiency differences between DEA effective decision-making units,so as to calculate the appropriate scale of tobacco production.The results showed that the com-prehensive technical efficiency of three types of planting scale 0.33-0.67 hm2,0.68-1.00 hm2 and 2.34-2.67 hm2 were all equal to 1.In super efficiency DEA-SBM,the comprehensive technical efficiency of planting scale 0.68-1.00 hm2 was the highest,followed by planting scale 2.34-2.67 hm2.The optimal planting scale for each household of tobacco leaf planting farmers can be based on the number of household labor,the number of farmers with tobacco planting intentions in a certain area,and the operating environment,ranging from 0.68-1.00 hm2 or 2.34-2.67 hm2.
To study and clarify the temperature drop threshold parameters during the color setting period,and improve the baking quality of tobacco leaves,this study compared the ash hanging ratio,economic characteristics,chemical composition,aroma content,and sensory quality of cured tobacco leaves with normal baking treatment(CK)by setting different temperature drop amplitudes(2℃,3℃4℃)and durations(3 h,5 h)in the early and late stages of color fixation,and comprehensively evaluated and ranked the qual-ity of tobacco leaves based on TOPSIS method.So as to screen out reasonable temperature drop threshold parameters for the early and late stages of color fixation.The results showed that:(1)the temperature drop during the fixed color period increased the proportion of tobacco leaves hanging ash from 26.56%to 86.62%,the proportion of top grade tobacco from 71.73%to 25.81%,and the average price of tobacco leaves decreased from 24.43 yuan·kg-1 to 15.04 yuan·kg-1;(2)The comprehensive score of chemical components in tobacco leaves decreased from 91.72 to 64.29,the sensory quality score decreased from 76.65 to 72.15,and the content of aroma substances increased from 887.557 7 μg·g-1 to 3 105.076 1 μg·g-1;(3)The TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation results showed that CK had the best comprehensive quality of tobacco leaves,and different temperature drop amplitudes and durations would reduce the qual-ity of tobacco leaves.The temperature in the early stage of color fixing is lower than(2℃,5h),and in the later stage of color fixing is lower than(2℃,3 h),which can be used as a threshold parameter for temperature drop warning during the color fixing period in the baking process,and can provide a theoretical basis for promoting the improvement of tobacco leaf quality and process optimization.
Eggplant is one of the main vegetable species under protected cultivation in northern China.The color of the pericarp under the calyx of eggplant is an important agronomic character,and the color expression is closely related to light conditions.The varieties with green pericarp under the calyx tend to become pale,mottled,or even lose luster prematurely under weak light,which seriously affects the fruit commodity.In this experiment,eggplant inbred lines with significant differences in fruit color under the calyx between purple and green were used as experimental materials.The fruit color under the calyx was graded and assigned by color comparison plate.The genetic law of fruit color under the calyx of eggplant was systematically studied by using the combined analysis method of P1,P2,F1,B1,B2 and F2 generations.The results showed that the fruit color under eggplant calyx was a quantitative character;The in-heritance was in line with two additive-dominant-epistatic major gene inheritance model(B-1 model);Major gene heritability(hmg2)in B1,B2 and F2 was 89.66%,94.00%and 93.96%respectively,with high selection efficiency.The heritability of major genes in F2 generation was 93.96%,which could be selected at the early stage of breeding.The color of the pericarp under the calyx of eggplant is affected by both genes and environment.It is of great significance to deeply reveal the genetic law of the pericarp color under the ca-lyx,in order to overcome the environmental influnce,and provide theoretical reference and data support for variety breeding.
In order to explore the effects of different flavor additives on the deposition of flavor substances in pork,27 Duroc-Lan-drace-Yorkshire pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 3 pigs in each replicate.The control group was fed basal diet,the first group added 5 kg·t-1 flavor additive to the control group's diet,and the second group added 1 kg·t-1 plant extract to the control group's diet.The feeding period was 45 days.Feed,serum and pork were tested separately for volatile sub-stance composition analysis.The results showed that the main flavors of the feed of the control group and the feed of the test group 1 and the 2nd group were citrus aroma mixed with the smell of grass and oil,and the citrus aroma in the experimental group 1 was stronger than that of the other two groups.Alcohols and aldehydes contributed significantly to serum and muscle flavor in both groups.In terms of the transmission of volatile flavor substances in feed,serum and muscle,the feed effect of the two groups was significantly better than that of the other two groups.The results showed that the increase of hydrocarbon content in feed did not significantly change the transport effect of substances.The addition of aldehydes to the animal's body through feed additives may result in a signifi-cant increase in aldehyde flavors in the final animal muscle.
To clarify the field growth and roasting characteristics of a new flue-cured tobacco strain,Luoyan 1 was compared with Zhongyan100 to analyze its field growth performance,as well as its discoloration,water loss,chlorophyll degradation and polyphenol oxidase activity changes in tobacco leaves in the dark box and roasting experiment.The results showed that Luoyan 1 plant had high height,leaf surface shrank and leaf tip drooped obviously.Compared with Zhongyan 100,the plant height and the number of leaves increased obviously.At 60 days after transplanting,Luoyan 1 grew rapidly in height,and the leaves grew first and then widened,and plant development degree basically stopped increasing.In terms of baking characteristics,compared with Zhongyan 100,Luoyan 1 to-bacco leaf browning rate and chlorophyll degradation rate were slower,water loss rate was faster,yellow characteristics and water loss balance was slightly poor,tobacco leaf color fixation was not easy.To sum up,in order to highlight the tobacco leaf quality of Luoyan 1,appropriate adjustments can be made to the baking process:high temperature yellowing at the early stage of yellowing,appropriate reduction of dry and wet bulb temperature difference,reduce water loss of tobacco leaf,adjust the coordination between tobacco leaf yellowing and water loss,appropriately raise the dry and wet bulb temperature difference at the later stage of yellowing and early stage of color setting,increase moisture discharge,and prevent tobacco leaf from becoming hard and yellow.
Phosphorus is an indispensable nutrient element for plant growth and development,but phosphorus is difficult to be directly utilized by plants in the soil,thus limiting plant growth,and the presence of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria in the soil can promote the uptake and utilization of phosphorus by plants.The aim of this study was to study the species of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria in soil,so as to provided strain resources for the resource bank of microbial fertilizer strains as well as the development and production of microbial phosphorus solubilizing bacterial agents.In this study,the phosphorus solubilizing ability of the phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from the soil of Zhangzi pine sand fixation forest was qualitatively analyzed by pure culture method and selective medium,quantitatively analyzed by molybdenum antimony antimony colorimetric method,and identified by the extraction of bacterial genomic DNA,and by the amplification,sequencing,and comparison of 16S rDNA.The results showed that three strains with strong phosphorus solubilizing capacity were screened out from the soil of camphor pine sand fixation forest with the numbers of 30-3,30-4 and 36-5,and their close relatives were Bacillus aryabhattai,Paenibacillus tyrfis and Rhizobium tropici,and the phosphorus solubi-lizing amount was 37.63 mg·L-1,37.63 mg·L-1 and 32.24 mg·L-1,respectively.It could be seen that there are more species of phos-phorus solubilizing bacteria in the soil of Zhangzi pine sand fixation forest and their phosphorus solubilizing capacity is strong,which could provide germplasm resources for the subsequent development of microbial fertilizers.
The current greenhouse climate environment,environmental monitoring data can only reflect the current environmental con-ditions and cannot predict the trend of greenhouse environmental changes.To solve the problem of poor greenhouse climate environ-ment control,a method for predicting greenhouse climate environment factors based on the LSTM neural network was adopted.The humidity,temperature and carbon dioxide concentration collected in the greenhouse were standardized as historical data,and 90%of the data was used as the training set and 10%was used as the test set.The LSTM prediction model was established by setting initial parameters,and the training accuracy of the model was adjusted constantly by finding different model parameters.Finally,the LSTM prediction model was tested and validated by the test set.Both a BP neural network model and a GRU prediction model were estab-lished in order to better illustrate the superiority of the LSTM prediction model.The results showed that the LSTM prediction model could effectively predict the trend of changes in humidity,temperature,and carbon dioxide concentration in greenhouse and had an average improvement of 5.80%and 3.81%in the prediction accuracy compared to the BP neural network model and GRU prediction model.The LSTM prediction model established in the paper can achieve accurate prediction of greenhouse climate environmental fac-tors and provide certain decision-making support for greenhouse environmental regulation.
作物生长模型是模拟和预测作物产量的重要工具,其中通过作物对温度和日长因子响应而建立物候模型会直接影响最终模拟结果,因此需要通过建模优化和参数校准来提高模拟精度.基于此,通过梳理当前温度和日长模型构建的理论基础,将其各自分为线性模型和非线性模型 2 种类型,对比分析了其中代表性函数的特性和呈现形态,描述了各个函数的优缺点和实际应用的现状,总结当前温度和日长模型发展存在的主要问题:模型的机理解释性不强、函数优化难度高、集成应用程度低、实际应用受限,提出针对性的解决方法:物候模型优化需要在坚持精细化田间试验的基础上从微观层面不断发展模型,综合多影响因子并挖掘最优混合模型来提高模拟精度.兼顾准确性与普适性以满足实际应用需求的模型函数构建是未来需要研究的方向.
为建立和优化基于冷冻干燥基础猪肉样品的水分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪近红外定量预测模型,分别以 130 个冷冻干燥猪肉粉近红外光谱(near infrared reflectance spectroscopy,NIRS)和其中的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量为研究对象,应用偏最小二乘法(partial least squares regression,PLS)、内部交叉验证和外部验证建立和优化冷冻干燥猪肉粉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪的近红外定量预测模型.结果表明:最优冷冻干燥猪肉粉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量模型的相关系数(R2)分别为 96.58%、99.31%、99.47%;交互验证标准偏差(RMSECV)分别为 0.305、0.742、0.692;预测标准偏差(RMSEP)值分别为 0.294、2.297、0.460.综上,基于冷冻干燥基础的猪肉营养成分近红外快速检测各指标模型的R2 均在 96%以上,RMSECV值均在 0.8 以下,RMSEP值均在 2.3 以下,证明此次冷冻干燥猪肉粉营养成分近红外快速检测模型构建成功.
为推广应用抗旱丰产型小麦品种,解决北京市农业用供水不足的问题,采用种子萌发期、苗期和全生育期干旱胁迫 3 种方法,分别对北京地区 11 个小麦主栽品种进行抗旱性评价,将抗旱级别HR、R、MR、S和HS分别赋值 5、4、3、2、1,并分别给予 3种鉴定方法下的抗旱结果以 20%、10%和 70%的权重,计算出综合抗旱指数,同时结合籽粒产量,综合比较参试品种的抗旱性和丰产性.结果表明,综合抗旱指数在 3.0 以上、抗旱性优于或等于对照农大 212 的品种有农大 3486、京麦 8 号、中麦 415、农大5181、中麦 175.结合胁迫后各品种的产量表现,农大 3486、农大 5181 可作为北京地区抗旱丰产冬小麦首选品种,京麦 8 号可作为备选品种.
为探究光谱数据预处理、不同统计方法对核桃叶片N、P、K含量光谱反演精度的影响,采用平滑去噪预处理光谱反射率数据,并比较一次函数、二次函数、三次函数、幂函数、指数函数和半对数函数构建的核桃叶片N、P、K含量光谱反演模型精度.结果表明:(1)平滑去噪预处理光谱数据比原始数据构建的反演模型决定系数(R2)更高、均方根误差(RMSE)和相对误差(RE)更小,即数据预处理后的反演精度更高;(2)将6 种统计方法构建的N、P、K含量模型的预测值和实测值绘制 1∶1关系图,以直观展示模型估算值与实测值的一致性程度,结果显示,具有最高决定系数(R2)、最小均方根误差(RMSE)和相对误差(RE)的均为三次函数建立的各生育期叶片N、P、K含量光谱反演模型,且该模型通过置信椭圆F检验,即三次函数构建的各生育期叶片N、P、K含量光谱反演模型精度最高.综上,本研究表明数据预处理和构建不同回归反演模型,可以提高光谱数据的利用水平,进一步提高反演模型的适用性和客观性.
为探究秦烟 99 上部叶的适宜采收方式,提高烟叶质量和可用性,以秦烟 99 上部烟叶为材料,采取不同采收方式进行试验,研究了不同处理对上部烟叶外观质量、经济性状、物理性状、化学成分,以及感官评吸质量的影响.结果表明:不同采收方式对秦烟 99 上部烟叶外观质量、经济性质、物理性质、化学成分,以及感官评吸质量均产生显著影响.上部 4～6 片带茎采收和 4～6片逐叶采收均能提高上部烟叶整体质量,成熟度、叶片结构、身份、油分、色度、柔软度、正反色差 7 项外观质量指标优于常规采收,可显著提高烤后烟叶正组率、上等烟比例、均价,大幅降低微带青和杂色烟产生,有效改善烟叶物理性状,降低烟碱、总氮含量,提高糖含量,协调性化学成分,提高烟叶香气质、余味,减少杂气、刺激性.综合来看,以 4～6 片带茎采收整体效果最佳,各项测定指标明显好于4～6 片逐叶采收和常规采收.
为确定大豆萌发期模拟干旱最适PEG-6000 溶液浓度,筛选出抗旱种质资源,选用 4 份抗旱性不同的大豆品种,设置 3个浓度PEG-6000 溶液(12%、16%、20%)进行萌发期模拟干旱处理.利用浓度为 16%PEG-6000 溶液对 70 份大豆种质资源进行干旱胁迫,以相对发芽率、相对胚根长、相对胚根鲜质量为鉴定指标,利用隶属函数法对抗旱性进行评价.结果表明:16%PEG-6000 溶液模拟干旱效果最好,胁迫组发芽率、胚根长、胚根鲜质量的平均值均显著小于对照组(P<0.05),胚根鲜质量的抑制程度最高;相对发芽率、相对胚根长、相对胚根鲜质量 3 个鉴定指标均与平均隶属函数值极显著正相关(P<0.01),相对胚根长与平均隶属函数值相关系数最大(R=-0.979);利用隶属函数法将70 份大豆种质资源分为 5 个等级,其中抗旱型大豆品种 3 份,较抗旱型 8 份.本研究确定了PEG-6000 溶液模拟干旱胁迫的最适浓度,筛选出 11 个抗旱和较抗旱型品种,为大豆抗旱品种筛选提供方法参考,也为抗旱品种的应用提供理论依据.
