Northeast Indian region is known for presence of diverse and unique banana (Musa spp.) accessions and its seeded wild relatives including the seeded M. balbisiana (BB genome). These bananas are used for various purposes such as food, medicinal, handicrafts, fabrics, etc. In the present study carried out with 6 different M. balbisiana seed extracts collected from different states of northeast India, phytochemical contents such as total phenol, total tannin and total flavonoid were evaluated along with DPPH radical scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power for evaluating the antioxidant potential. Variable contents of total phenol, total tannin and total flavonoid long with antioxidant potential were observed. Overall, the findings indicated possible application of the huge banana resources including the wild seeded accessions for various economic and useful value-added food, nutraceutical and herbal products.
This study aimed to isolate genomic DNA from fallen feathers collected from various avian species and locations, examining the influence of collection time and location on DNA quality and quantity. The DNA quality and quantity were assessed using a nanodrop spectrophotometer, and PCR amplification was conducted using universal GAPDH primers to evaluate the samples suitability for downstream applications. This study showed DNA concentrations ranging from 15 to 254 ng/µl with OD260/280 values between 1.38 and 1.94. Higher DNA yields were linked to samples collected from nearby, low-traffic areas, indicating that transit time and environmental exposure affect DNA quality. Pigeons and parrots had higher PCR amplification success compared to Kadaknath and desi chickens. It was concluded that feathers as a viable source of DNA for avian species, emphasizing the importance of optimal collection and storage conditions. A multi-sampling approach is recommended to counteract environmental impacts on DNA quality.
Aquaculture's rapid expansion raises significant concerns regarding antibiotic resistance, particularly in freshwater systems where Escherichia coli (E. coli) serve as a key indicator of fecal contamination. This study investigates mutation frequencies of E. coli strains from aquatic environments under selective pressure from oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol. Given that E. coli's antibiotic resistance is a growing public health issue, understanding mutation dynamics is crucial. We evaluated mutation frequencies in five E. coli strains isolated from fish, water, and sediment samples. These strains were initially sensitive to chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline. The mutation rates for oxytetracycline ranged between 4.12 x10-8 and 5.52 x 10-8 , while chloramphenicol exposure led to mutation frequencies from 1.19 x 10-4 to 9.62 x 10-5 . Cluster analysis using hierarchical methods revealed distinct patterns: E. coli strains exposed to oxytetracycline exhibited more uniform mutation frequencies compared to those exposed to chloramphenicol. The proximity matrix and dendrogram analysis demonstrated that oxytetracycline-treated strains clustered closely together, indicating similar mutational responses. Conversely, chloramphenicol-treated strains displayed greater variability, suggesting that chloramphenicol causes more diverse genetic changes in E. coli. The findings highlight an alarming increase in mutation rates, especially under chloramphenicol exposure, which significantly exceeds typical environmental bacterial mutation rates. These findings indicate a significant risk of antibiotic resistance and underscore the need for strict regulations and regular monitoring in aquaculture to manage it. Future research should investigate the specific mutations, strain genomics, and environmental factors contributing to resistance to address public health concerns related to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
An experiment has been conducted during kharif 2022 and 2023 to see the comparative performance of some liquid organic formulation on growth attributes and grain yield of Tulaipanji. The experiment was fitted out in randomized complete block design, with seven treatments and replicated thrice. Treatment comprising of vermicompost @ 3t ha-1 in combination of Sanjivak, Jivamrut, Amrit Pani, Panchgavya and vermicompost tea 20% foliar spray (FS) at 45 days after transplanting (DAT) which was compared with recommended dose (N: P: K= 50:25:25 kg ha-1) and absolute control. Results revealed that during the initial stages of crop growth i.e. 30 DAT, chemically fertilized plot recorded highest plant height (81.85 cm), dry matter accumulation (197.40 g m-2) leaf area index (1.47), chlorophyll index (221.77) and number of tiller m2 (495.97). Thereafter in the subsequent stages of rice growth, combined application of vermicompost 3 t ha-1 and foliar spray of panchgavya 20 % at 45 DAT recorded ominously maximum plant height, dry matter, leaf area and tillers which ultimately helped in producing 0.30 and 0.99 tone more grain yield ha-1 as compared to sole application of chemical (100 % RDF) and absolute control plot. Rests of the organic treatments were performed better in terms of growth attributes as well in grain yield over 100 % RDF. Present experimental finding clearly reflects the superiority of vermicompost in combination with panchgavya for sustainable aromatic rice production.
At this time, the world faces a critical challenge from various diseases due to high pollution and rapid industrial growth. Nowadays, in advanced treatment, various synthetic drugs are available. A synthetic drug not only cures diseases, but also has severe side effects on the human body and has high-cost value. A lot of examples reported that synthetic drugs are associated with side effects. As a result, Global Medicinal plants create huge demand due to low cost, fewer side effects. It has been continuously tried to minimize critical disorders in developed countries by utilizing secondary and primary plant bioactive phytochemical compounds. In this perspective, Hybanthus enneaspermus is an important multipurpose medicinal herb or a shrub. This plant belongs to the Violaceae family, commonly known as Ratanpuru, and has pink-colored flowers. It has been used as a medicinal herb since ancient times. The plant is used as an anti arthritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-ulcer. With potent antioxidant, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-arthritic, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, and anti-ulcer properties, Hybanthus enneaspermus's pharmacological potential is summed up in this study. Numerous extracts exhibit notable bioactive qualities, such as ethanolic, aqueous, and ethyl acetate fractions. According to these results, Hybanthus enneaspermus has a variety of therapeutic uses and can be a useful natural resource for creating innovative herbal medications.
Zein proteins in maize seeds regulate food and feed quality and belong to several subfamilies. Most maize prolamin is α-zeins, which are rich in glutamine, leucine, and proline but lacking in critical amino acids (lysine and tryptophan). RNAi experiments show that 22kD zeins downregulate the quality protein maize (QPM) phenotype, not 19kD. The opaque-2 mutation caused a chalky, soft endosperm and many defects. QPM genotypes with opaque-2 alleles and firm kernels were improved. As opaque-2 is recessive and biochemical lysine and tryptophan analysis is costly, conventional backcrossing alone is not very useful. Markerassisted selection (MAS) allowed top inbreds to be homozygous o2o2 utilizing opaque-2 gene-specific markers. Vivek QPM-9, a mixture of two QPM introgression lines, benefits various clients and customers. This review highlights the breeding strategies for QPM.
Mites are noxious pests infesting the garlic crop leading to significant yield loss. Several synthetic chemicals have been used over several decades; however, the extensive use of the chemicals has deleterious effects on both human health and the environment. Hence, a field experiment was conducted at the College of Horticulture, Bidar to evaluate the different non-chemical traditional methods against the garlic mite complex during 2020-21. Among the different treatments, sequential water spray –NSKE 5% at an interval of 24 hrs registered the lowest mean carmine spider mite population after the first spray (16.57/sq. cm of leaf) and second spray (15.82/ sq. cm of leaf). Further, it also recorded the highest mite population reduction over control to an extent of 64.90% and 65.98%, after the first and second spray, respectively. The sequential water spray -Pongamia seed extract 3% was next best with 61.99 and 63.01 percent reduction over control after the first and second spray, respectively. Similar results were obtained during 2021-22. The sequential water spray – NSKE 5% also proved to be best against bulb mites as it recorded the lowest lacerations on the garlic cloves (25.36 and 27.15%) with the highest reduction in laceration (51.57 and 51.21%) and the highest yield (27.00q/ha and 25.80q/ha) during 2020-21 and 2021- 22, respectively.
In countries like India where growth of human population is a major problem, livestock products are major source of nutrition to fulfil the demands of this large growing population. Disorder affecting the forestomach of large ruminants pose a significant challenge to livestock productivity. This review presents important findings on understanding ruminal disorder, diagnostic techniques and their treatment of common clinical conditions like ruminal acidosis, bloat, ruminal impaction, reticulo-peritonitis, and predisposing factors such as nutrition, management practices and environmental factors have been explained. The currently available diagnostic techniques, advanced imaging laboratory techniques, their timely assessment have been discussed in detail. The diagnosis of the disorders through various diagnostic methods and subsequent treatment methods, dietary adjustments and precautions to be taken to protect the livestock from the effects of these disorders have been described. Animal welfare requires the availability of animal nutrition for clinical solution to diseases and a holistic approach towards treatment of disease.
Millets are small sized cereal food crops that are mostly native to Asia, especially India. The nutritional composition of these small grained crops has earned them the name of ‘Nutri-cereals’. These belong to ‘Pseudo’ cereals and are a member of the family ‘Poaceae’. In the field, these crops can withstand conditions generated by climate change and off-field their nutritional content helps them fight hunger and other health conditions thereby providing positive effects on health. Millets are rich in both macro and micronutrients, however, their health benefits are more pronounced due to the presence of micronutrients including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, flavonoids, and polyphenols. The present world is struggling for food. Both, growing food and feeding the population is the biggest challenge, the whole world is facing today. Adverse climatic conditions are continuously challenging the productivity and yield of cereal crops and at the same time hidden hunger, malnutrition, obesity, and other degenerative diseases are affecting a large portion of the population due to unhealthy and non-nutritious food. Millets are a suitable answer to these problems. The present review is an attempt to explore the nutritional aspects of millets which makes it a suitable food option for the world’s population. The benefits of its nutritional composition to support a normal healthy human life are also attempted to discuss health security.
Dyslipidemia refers to elevated levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides, accompanied by low HDL-cholesterol in the body which is one of the most significant modifiable contraindications for cardiovascular illness, and the leading cause of death worldwide. Inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiological process of cardiovascular disease among dyslipidemic people. Numerous systematic reviews have revealed a link among biological markers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)- 1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-4, and IL-10 and cardiometabolic disease as well as proinflammatory diet impact on inflammation. Several studies have found that preventing and managing dyslipidemia may considerably decrease fatality and morbidness caused by atherosclerosis and cardiac ischemia. The three major strategies to cure dyslipidemia are to improve one's lifestyle, eat a healthier diet, and use medications of these three, a healthy dietary habit is the most important lifestyle component that influences an inflammatory response. The inclusion of various foodstuffs plus healthy eating habits may exert a positive impact on wellness due to the anti-inflammatory qualities they possess. The purpose of the present review article is to assess the overall results obtained from current articles whose research has explored the relationship between dyslipidemia with Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) as well as its correlation with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. The dietary inflammatory index score is significant in the relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular disease among Dyslipidemia patients and is thoroughly evaluated, particularly in the context of healthy dietary habits. In conclusion, our analysis suggests that the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) tool appears as an effective scoring algorithm for assessing the proinflammatory effect of an eating regimen and helps to understand complex relationships among dietary habits, inflammation, and risk of cardiovascular disease among dyslipidemia individuals.
The current study was conducted to assess the mean, range, skewness, and kurtosis of four crosses in the F2 generation of upland cotton. The study consists of eight parents hybridized in a diallel method to obtain fifty-six hybrids. From these hybrids, four elite hybrids were forwarded to the F2 generation based on high boll weight, high yield of cotton per plant and high fiber quality. Based on the mean performance in the F2 population, Cross I (CO 14 x IC 359538) documented a high mean value for the locules number per boll and uniformity index. Cross II (GISV 328 x IC 359538) recorded the highest mean value for the number of monopodial branches per plant, boll number per plant, yield of cotton per plant and lint index. Cross III (IC 292130 x GISV 328) recorded a high mean for plant height, number of sympodial branches per plant, seed index and fiber fineness. Cross IV (MCU 5 x IC 359464) registered a high mean value for boll weight, number of seeds per boll, upper half mean length, fiber strength, elongation percentage and ginning outturn. All four crosses showed positive skewness for monopodial branches per plant, sympodial branches per plant, boll number per plant, locules number per boll, yield of cotton per plant, seed index, fiber strength and elongation percentage. Positive skewness is associated with complementary gene interactions, while negative skewness is associated with duplicate gene interactions. The platykurtic curve was observed for sympodial branches per plant, boll weight, seed index, fiber fineness and ginning outturn in all four crosses, whereas the leptokurtic peak was noted for yield of cotton per plant and boll number per plant in all four crosses.
In the whole world, millets are found to be one of the oldest cultivated crops in gaining popularity as a nutritious and healthy food due to its high nutritional value and great application scope in the bakery industry such as muffins. In this study, we discuss the nutritional profile, textural analysis and microbial study of the millet based muffin. This muffin has been prepared by mixing three different millets on different levels i.e., pearl millet flour, finger millet flour and little millet flour. The different samples were prepared in various treatments viz., M1, M2, M3 in the ratios of (Pearl millet flour: Finger millet flour: Little millet flour) 10:10:20, 10:15:15, and 10:20:10 respectively. Among all the three samples M2 was found to give an appropriate study. The moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate and ash were 22.19, 17.53, 12.65, 45.60 and 1.93 respectively. The multi-millet muffin adversely affected the hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness as compared to the control sample which was (100%) wheat based. There was no alteration in the physical appearance of the millet muffins as there was no microbial growth found on the muffins for 60 days at ambient temperature.
An experiment was carried out during 2022-23 to study the Physical properties of in-situ custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) genotypes in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, India. The experiment was conducted in five villages and 16 different locations BCA-1is Chitrakote, BCA-2 to BCA8 are Salpheepadar, BCA-9 to BCA-14 are Arracote, BCA-15 Mareeguda and Madhur (check) are Bakawand. The selected custard apple genotypes are about 8 to 10 year old plants. The results showed the physical properties of in-situ custard apple genotypes under the Bastar district. The variations in Fruit weight per fruit (135.9 to 276.9 g/fruit), Pericarp weight per fruit (60.93 to 146.47 g/fruit), Seeded pulp per fruit (69.80 to 137.13 g/fruit), De-seeded pulp per fruit ( 60.27 to 121.00 g/fruit), Seed weight per fruit (9.53 to 16.40 g/fruit), Number of seed per fruit (21 to 41.87 seed/fruit), Fruit to de-seeded pulp ratio per fruit (2.07-2.42), Deseeded pulp to seed ratio per fruit (5.32 to 7.99), De-deeded pulp recovery percentage per fruit (41.30 to 48.56 %) and peel or pericarp percentage per fruit (44.50 to 52.89 %) of custard apple fruits were observed. After the observation, Madhur (check), BCA-4, BCA-5, and BCA8 custard apple genotypes were superior in quality traits and could be commercially viable cultivars.
There was an investigation regarding, Effect of seed soaking treatments on growth, yield and quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) at farm of the Horticulture Polytechnic, ACH, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India during the summer of 2023 on var. GAYMH-1. The experiment had a randomized block design (RBD) and included seven different treatments, including, T1: 6-Benzyl adenine (Cytokinin) 50 ppm; T2: GA3100 ppm; T3: PBZ 50 ppm; T4: Mepiquat Chloride 100 ppm; T5: CCC 100 ppm; T6: NAA 50 ppm and T7: control (Water soaked). On the one day before sowing, seeds were soaked with all the treatments for 24 hours and kept in the shade for 3 hours. Among treatments, seeds soaked in GA3 100 ppm (T2) reached 50% germination one day earlier than the control with the highest germination percentage (93.03%). The highest plant height (77.17 cm, 211.20 cm, and 220.13 cm at 30, 60DAS, and at last picking, respectively), was recorded with NAA 50 ppm (T6) and it attained 50% silking in 57.67 days which was 0.33 days earlier than control. Effect of seed soaking treatments of NAA 50 ppm (T6) was detected in getting a higher number of cobs plant-1 (2.40), length of cob (13.50 cm), cob girth (4.84 cm), the diameter of cob (14.51 mm), average weight of cob (84.980 g with husk and 20.213 g without husk), yield of cob plant-1 (150.545 g with husk and 41.567 g without husk), cob yield ha-1 (12.144 t with husk and 2.716 t without husk) and green fodder yield (36.111 t ha-1 ). The fresh weight basis were used to analyze the qualitative parameters of the cobs and obtained the highest protein (26.71 mg g-1 ) and reducing sugar (1.82%) content with GA3 100 ppm (T2). However, higher total sugar (3.93%) and (2.04%) content was obtained with NAA 50 ppm (T6).
Immunotoxicology examines the adverse effects of xenobiotics- including pesticides, heavy metals from emissions, drugs and other substances- on the body’s defense system of humans and animals. The term pesticide encompasses a diverse array of substances, including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, etc. Pesticides are widely used around the globe; however, there has been an increase in reports highlighting their harmful effects. The broad-spectrum activity of methyl parathion allows elimination a vast range of pests, making it a popular choice for pest control in agriculture. However, its use is increasingly regulated due to its high toxicity to humans, non-target organisms and the environment. Methyl parathion, a widely used organophosphate pesticide, is reported to pose significant health risks through its neurotoxic, immunotoxic and oxidative stress-inducing effects. Methyl parathion primarily exerts toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, leading to neural overstimulation. This study investigates the in vitro immunotoxic effects of methyl parathion induced due to increased oxidant stress (OS) in mitogen-stimulated avian lymphocytes. Utilizing lymphocyte proliferation and nitric oxide (NO) estimation assays, the findings showed a marked reduction in B and T-cell proliferation following exposure to a thousand-fold dilution of the No Observable Effect Level (NOEL/103) dose of methyl parathion. Additionally, oxidative stress, as indicated by NO levels, was significantly elevated in methyl parathion treated cells as compared to control cells. Thus, our results indicate that in vitro exposure to methyl parathion caused considerable immunotoxic effects in the exposed lymphocytes that could be linked with enhanced OS.
A conducted field experiment that is an investigation of flowering characteristic attributes of some mango varieties in the Chhattisgarh plain zone at a field of Horticulture Farm, CoA, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) in the years 2019-20 and 2020-21. In the results of research work of both the years, the difference in flower buds was different. It was noticed that the Chhattisgarh Raj variety was the earliest panicle emergence and the late variety Amarpali experimental years. In the same way are varieties Chhattisgarh Raj is earliest and late is Amrapali different parameters likeflower bud differentiation, the emergence of inflorescence, the start of the first flowering date, 25% flower opening, 50% flower opening, and days of full bloom and start date of a bearing. The both years (2019-20 and 2020-21) observed that in total number of flowers in panicle1 was the maximum variety Chhattisgarh Gaurav (1780.16) and the minimum is Chhattisgarh Pawan (704.50), in case number of hermaphrodite flower panicle1 Dashehari (518.00) highest and lowest Chhattisgarh Raj (68.33) and several male flower panicle1 is highest Chhattisgarh Gaurav (1265.16) and least value Chhattisgarh Pawan (522.833), sex ratio is highest is Chhattisgarh Raj (14.21) and the minimum is Langra (1.56).
Milk provides essential nutrients for growth but also serves as a medium for various microbial growth. The milk gets contaminated with some pathogenic microbes, either from infected udder or due to poor milking practices like uncleaned udder and teat, unhygienic hands, uncleaned milk containers, improper sanitation of milking equipment, contaminated water source etc. The pathogenic microbes that contaminate milk Poses serious threats to public health and produce milk-borne diseases. It is essential to study the quality of milk supplied by the local vendors to avoid outbreaks of any food-borne illness. Identification of pathogens in milk samples is one of the important quality parameters. Conventional detection methods like bacterial culture and microscopy are time-consuming and less accurate. Molecular techniques like polymerase chain reaction offers rapid detection of pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity. This study utilized polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella spp., and Escherichia coli in milk samples collected from vendors in Jabalpur, India. A total of 40 samples were analyzed and results showed contamination rates of 37.5% for Staphylococcus aureus, 7.5% for Brucella spp., and 15% for Escherichia coli. The findings underscore the importance of implementing proper hygiene measures and routine microbial surveillance in dairy practices to ensure public health safety and to prevent the development of foodborne illnesses due to contaminated pathogenic microorganisms.
The preservation of fruits and vegetables using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated directly from fruits and vegetables is a human-friendly approach. The fruits and vegetables which were available in the nearby local market were used for this experiment. LAB in these fruits and vegetables were enriched using skim milk broth. Then the cultures were isolated and purified. LAB was isolated using MRS media. Then after serious of morphological and biochemical characterization, their antimicrobial property was assessed against B. subtilis, E. coli, Pseudomonas sp., Xanthomonas sp., Serratia sp. and Collectotrichum sp., Alternaria sp., Sclerotia sp., Rhizopus sp. and best isolate which was performed well as selected and polysaccharide was extracted by centrifuge method at 10,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The Lactobacillus plantarum LABB3 was found to be the best isolate recorded maximum polysaccharide with antimicrobial activity. Then fruits and vegetables (banana, papaya, carrot, beans) were coated with these polysaccharides (biofilm). It is found that these biofilms reduce the weight loss of fruits and vegetables and also reduce atmospheric microbial attack on fruits and increase the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. Thus these edible biofilms can be used as bio preservatives for increasing the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
Agriculture is important for human beings because it provides food, employment, and other necessities, and pollution in agriculture causes several problems. Heavy metals are always at the top of the list regarding concerns about agriculture pollution. Heavy metals reach in agriculture from various sources but the uses of agrochemicals like fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture are the most common sources. The most common heavy metals are arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). Heavy metal pollution in agriculture threatens human and animal health, pollutes groundwater, causes plant phytotoxicity, and reduces agricultural productivity and soil health. Heavy metals enter the food chain mostly through the soil, where they are absorbed by plant roots. Once they enter the food chain, they pose a serious risk to each organism linked to that food chain. Heavy metals create imbalances in several crucial processes in plants and soil ecosystems. Heavy metal degradation takes too much time in soil and remains in the soil for a very long time. Heavy metal degradation from the soil ecosystem may be accomplished through the use of bioremediation.
Microplastic contamination in riverine ecosystems includes diverse forms such as threads, fragments, films, foams, and pellets. These tiny particles can be ingested by aquatic organisms and travel long distances, eventually settling in sediments. While many studies have examined microplastics in surface waters and river depths, research on their accumulation and mobilization within riverbeds is limited. Effective mitigation of microplastic contamination requires comprehensive sampling from various locations, including non-point sources and intrasite variations, to better understand their distribution and concentrations. Microplastics degrade from larger plastics through mechanical forces and UV radiation, and they pose significant threats to aquatic life, human health, and ecosystems. This article focuses on the impact of microplastics, including their adsorption of harmful contaminants and their ecotoxicological effects. Additionally, policy interventions are essential for reducing plastic pollution in riverine environments.
