As an emerging production factor in the digital economy era, data elements face numerous constraints caused by underdeveloped basic institutional frameworks during the advancement of market-oriented allocation reform. Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area—the two pioneering pilot zones for data element marketization as the research subjects, this paper systematically compared the development status and policy landscape of data element market-oriented allocation in these two regions. Through comparative study, it identifies the common institutional challenges and distinctive features of their respective basic data element institutions. It is found that leveraging their comparative advantages, both regions have created a series of practical mechanisms to address institutional bottlenecks and unlock the value of data elements, two typical paradigms for regional synergy and cross-border flow in the reform of the market-oriented allocation of data factors have been formed respectively. Furthermore, this paper puts forward a national applicable development approach for the reform of the market-oriented allocation of data elements, which adapts the unified national core basic systems with regionallyflexible implementation rules, specific mechanism recommendations are also proposed for each basic system.
To address the dilemma of balancing cross-domain circulation and security protection for sensitive educational data within an integrated data market, this paper proposes an intelligent governance framework characterized by a "dual-domain" perspective. First, on an inter-project dimension, an innovative dynamic auditing module based on large language model (LLM) and few-shot prompt engineering is designed. By performing intelligent analysis of technical documentation, the module enables the cross-project reuse of governance experience and compliance logic, ensuring that original privacy documents remain within their respective domains. Second, on an intra-project dimension, a progressive "trust, capability, and effectiveness" (TCE) indicator system is constructed to quantitatively evaluate data allocation efficiency and security levels among multiple stakeholders. Empirical results demonstrate that the framework effectively identifies compliance risks throughout the project lifecycle and significantly enhances governanceperformance. This framework provides a deployable, intelligent regulatory pathway for the cross-domain circulation of sensitive data, achieving the goal of "reusable experience with data remaining on-premise".
Cross-domain data circulation constitutes a core link in the construction of a national integrated data market, however it is confronted with a series of challenges including complex business forms, intertwined technical pathways, and the absence of a unified framework. Furthermore, the prominent characteristics of megacities—such as decentralized data sources, data heterogeneity, and scenario coupling—impose greater challenges on cross-domain data circulation. To address these challenges, five business forms and seven technical pathways of cross-domain data circulation are systematically collated and summarized. On this basis, drawing on the distinct data characteristics of public and private domains, an innovative "federation-confederation" dual-layer architecture is proposed, which enables complex data circulation within the public domain, within the private domain, and between the two domains via a multi-agent collaboration mechanism. Finally, a "scenario matrix" for cross-domain data circulation is developed, with cross-domain federated training of medical data adopted as a case study for empirical analysis.
The construction of a regulatory system is an important part of building the national integrated data market.The lawful and compliant operation of the data market,as well as the assurance of fairness,openness,and impartiality,all depend on the construction of the regulatory system.Based on an analysis of the morphological standards and production specifications for data products,the data market supervision content in the procurement of raw data materials and the production,circulation,and use of data products was proposed.The framework for data market supervision and management was proposed,and the construction path for the regulatory system was designed,comprising six components:regulatory standards,regulatory rules,regulatory approaches,regulatory participants,regulatory implementation,and regulatory disposal.This provides theoretical support and practical guidance for developing the regulatory system for constructing the national integrated data market.
To assess the development status and regional disparities of China's integrated data market,this study focuses on the core characteristics of"integration"and constructs an evaluation index system based on the"Five Unifications and One Opening"policy framework.The system encompasses five dimensions:unified market foundational institutions,unified physical infrastructure,unified government regulation and governance,unified factor resource market,and continuous expansion of opening-up to the outside world.Using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)for weighting,an empirical measurement is conducted on the development level of integrated data markets in 18 representative cities across nine major strategic regions,including Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,in 2025.The results show that the market is in the initial transition stage from"administrative-driven"to"market-driven".It presents a three-layer structural characteristic of"leading market foundational institutions,insufficient endogenous market momentum,and differentiated layout of opening-up".Spatially,it exhibits a pattern of"high in the east,low in the west;fast in the south,slow in the north"with Shanghai,Beijing and Shenzhen forming the core leading poles,and several major urban agglomerations developing a synergistic"multi-polar heterogeneous and complementary advantages"model.Based on these findings,policy recommendations are proposed to promote the systematic transformation of the data market from aspects such as scenario-based pricing,categorized policy implementation,and institutionalization of rules and technologies.
