Scientific literature has highlighted the impacts of gender and race intersectionality on social indicators, emphasizing the need to direct greater attention to Black women. Data reveal how the intersection of these elements can affect the structures of opportunity and the enjoyment of basic rights, such as access to education, especially at the highest levels of education. The aim of this article was to examine the academic experiences of Black women in two public universities, one located in Brazil and the other in Spain, based on the accounts of 12 students. The goal was to identify the main phenomenon that impacts their experiences in academia. This is a qualitative, exploratory study whose data analysis was carried out through Content Analysis techniques. Two countries with distinct histories — one colonized and the other a colonizer — but both with populations historically formed on the basis of the enslavement of African peoples, served as a basis for highlighting the urgent need to develop affirmative policies aimed at contributing to the increased representation of Black women in public universities, both among students and among faculty and researchers, with the goal of promoting a more just and equitable education at all levels of education.
The aim of this study is to find out the possible barriers faced by teachers in Uruguay when dealing with affective-sexual-gender diversity in the classroom, in a context in which inclusion and respect for sexual diversity continue to be challenges for the education system. For this purpose, a qualitative phenomenological study was carried out, based on a focus group with eight active primary school teachers from different public schools in Montevideo. The data obtained were analysed using the coding technique, which made it possible to identify patterns and construct interpretative categories. The results highlight the lack of initial and continuous teacher training on this issue, the lack of pedagogical tools to address it in the classroom, and the perception of scarce institutional and regulatory support. Likewise, resistance within the teaching community itself, opposition from some families and the entrenched social taboos were identified as relevant obstacles. The conclusions underline the need to implement inclusive educational policies that guarantee comprehensive teacher training in gender diversity, both in its initial and permanent phase, in order to promote a truly equitable, respectful and discrimination-free school.
This study aims to identify profiles of victims of intimate partner violence among students enrolled in Education Degree programmes at Andalusian universities. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was administered, and participants were grouped through multivariate statistical analysis (cluster analysis). The sample, selected through probabilistic cluster sampling, comprised 4,898 students (78.2% women and 21.5% men), with a mean age of 20.88 years (SD = 0.51). The results reveal two distinct groupings in terms of the profile of victims of intimate partner violence. The first cluster, composed of young people under the age of 21, reported lower mean scores on the perception of having experienced different forms of intimate partner violence (emotional, physical, psychological, sexual and economic control). The second cluster, formed mainly by young people aged 21 to 24, displayed higher mean scores, indicating a greater perception of having suffered these forms of violence. Both clusters showed significant differences in terms of gender, age, degree, type of relationship and self-perception of abuse experienced in current or past relationships.
The objective is to identify and analyze, through the construction of an index, the violence manifestations perceived by women students of a Public Higher Education Institution in the state of Oaxaca. One of the entities with the highest gender violence index in Mexico, the second in femicides, with a Gender Violence Alert (AVGM) in 40 municipalities since 2018 and a predominantly indigenous population. Methodology, using a mixed approach, the young women's perception of psychological, physical, and sexual violence in their primary surrounding environment (community, family, school, and partner relationships) was obtained through a Likert scale questionnaire, and a stratified sampling was used. Multivariate statistical techniques such as factorial analysis, the principal components method, and factor rotation were employed for index construction. The results show the incidence of violence in partner relationships, followed by the school environment, and with less presence in the community. In the educational sphere, manifestations such as sexual harassment, academic discrimination, exclusion from activities, and digital violence were found. The index represents a useful tool to monitor progress and evaluate interventions in the prevention and elimination of gender violence.
In a context in which gender equality in higher education in Chile is becoming institutionalised, after the university feminist mobilisations of 2018, it is important to study the discourses of young university students of both sexes on the themes of violence and masculinity. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were applied to 9 female and 9 male students, and two workshop sessions were held with 9 female and 4 male students. In total, 31 students on different courses in different universities in Valdivia, Chile, took part. The discourses affirm that male violence is not natural, but learnt during differentiated socialisation, when boys of all ages gradually incorporate it as an attribute of masculinity. The explosion of feminism in the universities has led to violence against women becoming problematised and rejected. The same has occurred to a lesser degree with violence between males, which is still normalised and justified; and with self-inflicted violence by males, resulting in the appearance of a tension in male students between the presence and absence of self-care. The results indicate a weakening of violence as the articulating axis of young male identity in university students.
Las sociedades han construido sus relaciones y sus estructuras organizativas en el espacio geográfico o territorio. Tales relaciones bidireccionales entre el medio físico y el ser humano han dado como resultado los lugares tal y como los reconocemos. Aunque el territorio se ha considerado un soporte neutro, asexuado, la progresiva introducción del enfoque de género y la Geografía de la Mujer o Feminista han permitido establecer novedosas bases teóricas y metodológicas, así como líneas de trabajo interdisciplinares. En este estudio se presenta un análisis cuantitativo en relación a la percepción y el conocimiento sobre la división administrativa de primer nivel de España y un análisis cualitativo sobre la construcción espacial de mapas. Se analizan los resultados por género, de estudiantes de Grado en Maestro y Maestra de Primaria (n=463). Los valores y estadísticos hallados constatan la ausencia de diferencias relevantes entre los conocimientos estudiados entre mujeres y hombres, aunque sí se detectan diferencias relativas a aspectos concretos (uso de la orientación cardinal y presencia de hitos relativos a aspectos sociales, servicios y culturales) a la hora de representar, gráficamente, la percepción del espacio por géneros.
La juventud sufre los efectos más perniciosos de la última década de inestabilidad económica y social. En este sector poblacional, las mujeres presentan una precariedad laboral mayor, en términos contractuales y salariales, en comparación con sus coetáneos. A través del análisis de datos de la revisión de los informes del Observatorio de Emancipación que el Consejo de la Juventud de España pública semestralmente, en este artículo describimos la evolución reciente (2015-2021) de la participación en el mercado de trabajo de las y los jóvenes de 16-29 años. Resaltamos que la segregación ocupacional en la juventud se mantiene durante los años de recuperación económica después de la crisis del 2008-2014 y se refuerzan con la emergencia de la pandemia, interrumpiendo algunas tendencias positivas en la inserción laboral de los menores de 30 años que se registraron en 2018 y 2019, al mismo tiempo evidenciamos que estas criticades en el mercado laboral afectan de manera particular a la población femenina joven. Mostrando así que la precariedad sigue teniendo “un rostro de mujer joven” en España.
Este estudio examina las actitudes del profesorado en formación hacia la igualdad de género en la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), centrándose en las diferencias entre mujeres y hombres en tres dimensiones de la construcción de género: sociocultural, relacional y personal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 230 futuros docentes (174 mujeres, 56 hombres; M = 21,3 años) matriculados en Educación Infantil y Primaria. Las actitudes se evaluaron mediante una versión adaptada de la escala de García-Pérez et al. (2010), compuesta por 50 ítems con una escala Likert de 5 puntos. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza unidireccional (ANOVA), que reveló diferencias significativas de género en seis ítems de la subescala sociocultural (p. ej., actitudes hacia el contenido sexista en los materiales de enseñanza, uso de lenguaje inclusivo, percepciones de la capacidad de conducir y opiniones sobre la igualdad de género en la ciencia y los deportes), cinco ítems de la subescala relacional (p. ej., comodidad con las muestras de afecto del mismo sexo, celos relacionales) y dos ítems de la subescala personal (p. ej., silencio cuando las mujeres son insultadas, aceptación de que las mujeres se vistan con estilos tradicionalmente masculinos). En todas las dimensiones, las mujeres generalmente demostraron actitudes más igualitarias que los hombres. Estos hallazgos resaltan la persistencia del sexismo ambivalente en la formación docente y subrayan la necesidad de integrar la capacitación transversal en igualdad de género en los currículos de maestros en formación para promover prácticas educativas inclusivas.
Various international studies indicate that gender can influence students' academic performance. The aim of this research is to assess whether there is a gender gap in the performance of Spanish students in the three subjects examined by PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment): reading comprehension, mathematics and science, across the eight editions to date. To this end, a literature review of the last three decades was conducted, along with a multisectoral analysis of the data from the available PISA reports, assessing national and regional differences and changes over time. The results of this study show that Spanish students follow the trend of most countries analysed by PISA: girls perform better in reading comprehension, boys perform better in mathematics, and there are no significant differences between the sexes in science. In conclusion, the gender gap is more pronounced in reading and less pronounced in mathematics. Gender differences in the three subjects tend to be greater in the latest edition than in previous ones.
La economía de ocio nocturno (NTE) impulsa la configuración de lugares agradables que brindan seguridad; no obstante, el disfrute de la NTE es social y culturalmente considerada como un comportamiento masculino, mientras que la incursión de las mujeres es una conducta que transgrede las normas sociales. La literatura refleja una alta prevalencia de victimización por violencia de género en contra de mujeres jóvenes que disfrutan y colaboran en los servicios. La comprensión de los factores que contribuyen a la violencia contra las mujeres (VCLM) en dichos contextos es un campo de estudio incipiente. Se elaboró una revisión bibliográfica desde una perspectiva de género que permitió el análisis de los factores individuales y ambientales (entorno social y físico) que condicionan la violencia en contra de quienes disfrutan y trabajan en los circuitos de la NTE. A través del análisis de contenido (AC), se llevó a cabo la revisión de 113 artículos científicos. Se identificaron tres factores de riesgo que condicionan la VCLM en el ocio nocturno (ON): a) el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas vinculado a las diferencias de género, b) la cultura de la VCLM en las organizaciones y c) el diseño de los espacios de ON y el sesgo androcéntrico.
In nowadays society, gender gaps are still a major issue, appearing in various areas, including the professional field. These inequalities may be connected to certain psychosocial risks that affects women’s health. The following study examines how these risks impact the mental well-being of 414 Ecuadorian women in the professional field. To examine this, researchers used the short Spanish version of the CoPsoQ-Istas 21 tool, which measures 6 categories: psychological demands, active work, social support, quality of life, job insecurity, double burden and self-esteem. The tool’s reliability was confirmed with a total Cronbach’s Alfa of 874. Correlational analysis was conducted using ANOVA and Pearson’s coefficient. One of the most significant findings relates to the “Double Burden” category, which highlights how women are almost solely responsible for both household duties and their professional work. This problem isn’t recognized in Ecuadorian regulations on psychosocial risks, which were approved and enforced by the Ministry of Labor. As a result, improving women’s working conditions remains a challenge.
The consequences of the pandemic have shone a spotlight on the current economic system, often formulated as a dichotomy between life and the economy. This article analyses opinion articles published in the Italian and Spanish economic press during the state of alarm in Spring 2020, applying a gender and a feminist economics approach. The research was organised in two phases. In the first phase, quantitative analysis was applied to a sample of 1,284 opinion articles from leading economic blogs and newspapers in the Italian and Spanish press. In the second phase, qualitative content analysis was performed to explore the incorporation of gender or feminist economics. The results indicate an over-representation of male authors in both countries and a low percentage of gender perspective indicators. Except for inclusive language, both countries follow similar patterns: a relative presence of indicators of gender economics and little incorporation of indicators characteristic of feminist economics.
Este estudio mixto examina la relación entre el clima sexista y la vulneración de derechos laborales en universidades de las regiones del Biobío y Ñuble en Chile. A partir de una muestra no probabilística de 334 académicos/as, se identificó que un 25,7% percibe un clima sexista, siendo significativamente mayor en mujeres (40,3%) que en hombres (14,1%). Asimismo, un 23,7% reportó haber sufrido vulneraciones de derechos laborales, prevaleciendo también entre las mujeres. El análisis bivariado reveló una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la percepción de clima sexista y la experiencia de vulneración de derechos (46,5% vs. 15,7%). La fase cualitativa identificó diversas formas de vulneración, tales como incumplimiento de condiciones laborales, acoso, violencia de estudiantes y discriminación por embarazo. Estos hallazgos evidencian un entorno laboral desigual y precarizado, que afecta especialmente a mujeres y disidencias de género, perpetuando barreras estructurales en el ámbito académico. Se concluye que es urgente implementar políticas institucionales orientadas a erradicar el sexismo y garantizar condiciones laborales equitativas, promoviendo una academia más inclusiva, justa y sostenible.
This study investigates the representation of Panamanian women in pindín, a traditional folk music genre, and its role in constructing gender identity. By analyzing song lyrics and audience interpretations, especially among female university students, it reveals a strong masculine influence and the perpetuation of patriarchal stereotypes within the genre. Despite some female involvement in song production, pindín mainly reflects a male perspective, reinforcing conventional gender roles. The research highlights how female roles differ in songs for male and female performers and examines diverse interpretations among students shaped by their experiences and values. The findings show a complex negotiation between recognizing and accepting these stereotypes, with participants disapproving of certain song content while endorsing related real-life practices. The study emphasizes the need for greater female participation in pindín's production to promote more egalitarian representations and challenges ingrained stereotypes to foster a more inclusive Panamanian culture.
El fútbol y las redes sociales son espacios donde proliferan el discurso de odio y la discriminación, especialmente hacia las mujeres. Los hechos acontecidos en la entrega de medallas del Mundial Femenino de Fútbol 2023 han supuesto un punto de inflexión en la respuesta social respecto a las actitudes sexistas y misóginas hacia las deportistas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la conversación social generada en X.com en torno a las publicaciones de las jugadoras que compartieron el comunicado de apoyo a Jennifer Hermoso. Del total de 29.506 respuestas recibidas, el 78,51% han sido positivas, frente al 17,03% de comentarios negativos. Jennifer Hermoso fue la jugadora que recibió más insultos y los mensajes que buscaban desprestigiarla, como víctima, son los que recibieron un mayor alcance. Por lo tanto, a pesar del amplio apoyo social que han tenido, las redes sociales siguen siendo un espacio digital en el que el discurso social de odio hacia las mujeres sigue teniendo un peso relevante.
La victimización secundaria es un concepto adoptado por la psicología criminal a partir de los años 80 para referirse a aquellas situaciones en las que una víctima de un delito vuelve a ser victimizada por el propio sistema a lo largo del proceso judicial. Aunque dicho concepto no aparece en la legislación española hasta el año 2015, desde 1998 se incorpora progresivamente a las sentencias españolas por influencia de peritos judiciales (psicólogos y médicos forenses fundamentalmente), de abogados y de la legislación internacional. El estudio que se presenta en este artículo comprende el análisis de todas las sentencias en las que se menciona dicho concepto incluidas en la publicación oficial del Centro de Documentación Judicial (CENDOJ). El objetivo es establecer cuándo y cómo se incorpora el concepto de victimización secundaria a la jurisprudencia española, a qué tipos de delitos se aplica y en qué medida difiere el uso que se hace de dicho concepto en la doctrina judicial de su definición dada por la psicología criminal de la que es originario.
This study examines the impact of women’s political and labor force participation on gender inequality. In this context, 22 OECD member countries with available data are selected as an appropriate sample. Methodologically, the study utilizes the panel cointegration test to explore the relationships among the variables under investigation. The analysis covers the period from 1991 to 2021. The findings indicate that a rise in women’s participation in politics and the labor force is linked to a significant decrease in gender inequality. Specifically, the regression results reveal that a 1 percent increase in women’s political participation leads to a 1.46 percent reduction in gender inequality, while a 1 percent increase in women’s labor force participation results in a 2.28 percent decrease in gender inequality. The study suggests that liberal principles such as equal access to governmental and parliamentary positions, as well as employment opportunities, should be extended to both men and women.
The literature on health messages has paid considerable attention to cognitive determinants of successful message framing, but a recent meta-analysis showed that positive and negative emotions, too, exert influence. We surmised that the contradictions in the literature could have owed to a failure to control the composition of the study samples. Women typically show greater Neuroticism scores than men and greater susceptibility to negative emotions not only in life settings but also according to neuroimaging. Therefore, samples with mixed genders may distort research outcomes when negatively framed health messages are presented to experimental subjects. We investigated whether the adherence by women to a nutritional recommendation is stronger in the face of negative than positive visual frames and whether men behave differently. A factorial experiment was employed, with the photo of a coffin versus one of a smiling family included along texts on COVID-19 in posters virtually shown to hospital personnel and university students in Lima, Peru individually. Whereas all the results were non-significant in the global sample, negative visual framing increased intention to adhere to the nutritional recommendation among women but not among men. Researchers are advised to take into account gender differences to avoid arriving at false conclusions.
Purpose: This study examines how digitization affects women's employment in 22 OECD nations that were chosen for their varied political, economic, and digital traits. To better understand how technological adoption interacts with socioeconomic factors to influence employment outcomes, the study will look at the short-term and long-term effects of digitalization on women's labour force participation. Design/Methodology: A strong panel data structure is used, with variables like the fertility rate (F), GDP per capita (GDP), internet usage (WEB), mobile cellular subscriptions (MB), and women's labour force participation (W) for the years 2000–2021. Utilizing econometric methods such as unit root tests, co-integration analysis, and causality models, the study aims to identify dynamic connections between women's employment and digitization. Findings: The results show that women's labour market engagement is greatly increased by digitalization, as seen by the rise in the use of mobile and internet gadgets. Results from co-integration show that women's employment and digitalization have a consistent, long-term relationship. Originality: This study highlights the revolutionary potential of digitization in establishing gender-neutral employment markets and provides fresh insights into the relationship between digitalization and gendered labour market outcomes. The study adds to the conversation on creating inclusive digital economies worldwide by being in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, especially those on gender equality and decent labour.
El devenir político chileno, con un estallido social y la crisis de los partidos tradicionales, permitió la aparición de candidaturas independientes de mujeres gracias a la introducción de fórmulas de paridad en la elección de representantes en el proceso constituyente 2020. Este trabajo explora los resultados de uno de estos procesos. Para ello se desarrolló un diseño de investigación cualitativa en que se entrevistó mediante entrevistas en línea a ocho candidatas, sin militancia partidista, residentes de dos provincias semi rurales de la región de Valparaíso, quienes relataron sus experiencias de campaña. La información recogida se analizó mediante la identificación de categorías, según la teoría fundamentada, y la identificación inferencial de las emociones latentes en la explicitación verbal. Los resultados evidenciaron que la gestión de la emoción puede entenderse como un obstaculizador para la participación de mujeres en política. Algunas de las emociones aquí descritas emergieron como un factor que impactó decisivamente en las trayectorias de las candidatas, en términos de continuación o abandono de la política institucionalizada. Este trabajo evidencia cómo la perspectiva subjetiva influye en la baja incorporación de mujeres en cargos de representación pública.
