During Mid-Tang,as the systems for selecting officials gradually matured,bureaucrats who rose through the imperial examinations congregated in the capital.Chang'an served as the stage for their daily lives.There had been an interactive impact between the city and its residents.Firstly,Chang'an's development pattern affected residents within it.During Sui and Early Tang Dynasties,with Zhuque Avenue as the central axis,the Chang'an City was symmetrical from east to west,while the political status of the different blocks was equal.In the Middle Tang Dynasty,with the political center moving from the Taiji Palace to the Daming Palace,the importance of the eastern blocks had grown increasingly prominent.This had an impact on the lives of literati bureaucrats in Chang'an City.They gathered towards the central and southern parts of the eastern blocks,as well as the western blocks,their related activities in turn reshaped the sociocultural function of various blocks of Chang'an City.As representative figure in the 9th century,Zhang Ji's visit to Bai juyi across the Zhuque Avenue,and his achievement of living in the East through three relocations,should all be observed under this context.
As a pragmatist philosopher, Peirce made a rich philosophical arguments on epistemology, methodology of belief, and true belief.In Peirce’s view, people can perceive belief through inner feelings and external actions.The connotation and meaning of the belief are clarified by the effects and actual meanings produced by the belief.The fixation of belief should adhere to the methodology combining inquiry, the method of science, and logical reasoning closely.The true belief is the goal of infinite inquiry with the effort of the community, be fixed according to the reality thoroughly, and be owned with the nature of satisfaction and indefeasibility.Peirce’s theory of belief has the inevitable theoretical defects of pragmatism philosophy, but at the same time, it has a certain enlightenment value for answering the question of whether belief can be taught, what to teach and how to teach to strengthen the ideals and beliefs of adolescents in contemporary China’s ideal and belief education.
艺术史学实证型方法是运用可靠的艺术史证据去寻求实证效果的研究方法,包括史料学、文献学、考古学和数据学等,在艺术史学研究方法中具有基础性地位.艺术史史料学方法是依据艺术史史料而进行艺术史研究的手段,艺术史文献学方法运用相关文献知识去证明或支撑某种新认知,艺术史考古学方法意味着依据田野考古工作真实遗迹和遗物而研究其与艺术品的关联性,艺术史数据学方法是运用定量分析、电子计算机数据统计或大数据等去获取确切的数量依据并得出结论的研究手段;坚持"实证"和"实证精神"是艺术史学实证型研究方法的基本原则.通向未来的艺术史学实证型方法应当力求言之有据、言之有信、言之有通、言之有识和言而自反.
清季议改与议废科举的知识群体,尚有正在通过科举渠道晋升的士人.这些应试士子并非惯常认为的仅是被动和消极接受相关政令,而是以科场书写的方式参与到科举改废进程当中.清廷废除科举这一通常被视为"鲁莽灭裂"的举措,从光绪辛丑科举"改章"及督抚提议科举"中额递减",到甲辰之际"中额递减"的适时出台和科举停废决策的正式启动,呈现出一条紧凑且又渐进的演化脉络.清季士人群体的科场书写不仅客观配合督抚科举"减额"提议的落地生根,其效应还延续至科举废除之后,具有超越科场本身并在远端触及政治决策和社会思想的言外之用.
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder（ASD） is increasing year by year and has become a hot topic in the international community.People diagnosed with ASD demonstrate different characteristics depending on their age and the heterogeneity of autism symptoms, and therefore the educational placement of people with ASD is facing different issues and challenges including the intensity of intervention for preschoolers, the challenges of inclusive education for school-aged children, the mental health problems of adolescents, and the difficulties of transition to adulthood.Because of the specificity of these issues, the educational placement policy for individuals with ASD is significantly different and more complex than for those who have other disabilities or disorders.In the UK,its educational placement policy and laws are relatively clear, which provides adequate support for the growth and development of children with ASD,adolescents and adults.Learning from the UK experience of autism educational placement policy development and practice, we can consider our autism educational placement policy from the aspects of involving family members, schools, multi-team cooperation and providing support for the students in the transition stage, and promote the development of the cause of supporting and helping disabled people.
