Bringing policy commitments into the rule of law is a necessary path to optimizing the business environment,and it is of great significance to analyze the effectiveness of defective poli-cy commitments.A defective policy commitment is one that is unreasonable or imperfect in terms of content or form,thereby calling into question its legal validity.In the face of the"practice"of un-lawful policy promises,the judiciary has shifted from deliberate avoidance to recognizing the viola-tion of the law and requiring the government to take ex post facto remedial measures,so that it is appropriate to shift to the application of the"doctrine of diminution of punishment"in the event that the government subsequently penalizes the counterparty who has relied on the unlawful policy prom-ises of the government.In the current jurisprudence,legal norms that regulate the internal relations of the government,such as approvals,do not automatically generate policy commitments,whereas meeting minutes,which are in line with the"theory of governmental responsibility"and the"theory of the clarity of rights and obligations",can automatically generate policy commitments and produce effects between administrative subjects and administrative counterparts.In order to resolve the differences in the understanding of the content of the initial policy commitment and the subsequent changes in the commitment,and to avoid the government's"arbitrary interpretation"on the grounds of administrative superiority,there is a need to shift from a"public interest-oriented"to an"admin-istrative counterparty interest-oriented"interpretation of the defective policy commitment.There are two views on the validity of oral policy commitments,namely,"denial"and"proof",while"de-nial"has become the mainstream view that the written form is a statutory requirement and an inevi-table trend in the shift towards the rule of law for policy commitments.
How does citizen access the warmth and competence of different street-level bu-reaucrats?Can the experiment results in European context be verified in China?Based on the design principle of"promotion and expansion"replication experiment,the investigation experiment conduc-ted by Boer(2020)in the Netherlands was replicated in Chinese context,and 1182 participants were randomly selected.The results show that:(1)In Chinese context,citizen classifies street-level bu-reaucrats according to their different core tasks,but different from the original experiment,the pub-lic classifies them into two clusters instead of three;(2)Service-oriented street bureaucrats are con-sidered to be more warmer in Chinese context,but there is no significant difference in competence.However,when the urban manager samples among street bureaucrats are deleted,the research re-sults are reversed,which means that the selection of different street bureaucratic occupations may have a certain impact on the robustness of the results.The original experiment found that the regu-lation-oriented street-level bureaucrats are considered to lack warm and competence,while the other two types of street-level bureaucrats have no significant difference in warm and competence;(3)Cit-izen access of street-level bureaucrats'characteristics is not influenced by their gender in our study,which is inconsistent with the original experimental results.The paper further discusses the indi-genization of replication experiment in Chinese context from the concept,theory and tool.
With the rapid urbanization,the increasing crime is the main challenge of urban governance.As a new governance model,smart city aims to alleviate various urban diseases.How-ever,can constructing a smart city reduce crime?There is no evidence for this.Based on the quasi natural experiment of smart city pilot policy launched in 2012 in China,this paper collects the panel data of 292 prefecture level cities from 2005 to 2020,uses the staggered difference-in-difference mod-el to evaluate the effect of smart city on crime,and makes an in-depth discussion on its mechanism.The study found that:(1)Building a smart city can significantly reduce the number of crimes;(2)Smart city mainly exerts its influence on reducing crime through three mechanisms:Increase residents'income,improve the application of technology and optimize the allocation of resources;(3)Heterogeneity analysis shows that cities of different sizes and levels of development have different effects on crime reduction through the smart cities.This paper provides important policy enlightenment for improve the urban public security.
Public service value co-creation has become a fledgling research field.The paper be-gins by presenting an overview of public service value co-creation research in terms of publication trends,key journals,co-citation analysis of the literature,and theoretical basis and research meth-ods.Secondly,the research themes of public service value co-creation are systematically discussed:concepts and contexts,drivers,barriers,and benefits.Again,the progress of domestic and interna-tional research is compared and analyzed,and the content framework of public service value co-crea-tion is extracted.Finally,the authors want to encourage more studies on public service value co-cre-ation in China.
To construct a modern national governance system is an important task of reform in the new era.The logic of institutional reform in the new era has therefore shown a shift from func-tional transformation to modernization of the national governance system,bearing the core charac-teristics of"systematization".There are four typical approaches,consisting of function integration,function division,horizontal coordination,and vertical coordination.Organizational changes led by the CPC account for the systematic institutional reform in new era.Via self-reform,organization ex-pansion and capacity strengthening,the CPC designs the reform plan,reorganizes the reform system and implements the reform steps.As a result,the system reform is led by the national institution building process,the government reform is propelled by the reform of the party,and the adminis-trative system reform is boosted by government sector reform.Therefore,to a certain extent,the systematic reform in new era transcends the"triple substitution"dilemma of past reform practice.However,the institutional reform still has a long way to go before realizing a modernized govern-ment as an effective system.In the future,it is necessary to furtherly clarify two relationships,one is a-mong government,market and society,and the other is between central and local government,and refine the reform procedures and measures based on the principles of modern rational government system.
