Good electrode materials play an important part in rechargeable Li batteries. In this paper, safe and inexpensive vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) aerogel materials were used as cathode materials. We discussed preparation of the films and lithium ion diffusion at the interface between the cathode and electrolyte by potential-step current transient technique and digital simulations. The results showed that diffusion coefficient (DLi) of the V2O5 aerogel film was 9.18×10-14cm2/s and exchange current was 12.5×10-6A at potential step 3.6~3.5VLi/Li+.

V2O5-TiO2 composite thin films were prepared by sol-gel process with Ti(C4H9O)4 and V2O5 powder as the starting materials.The thin films were characterized by XPS and UV-vis-nir spectrophotometer.With increase of heating temperature,content of V4+ decreases and that of V5+ increases gradually while that of Ti4+ remains as before;theoretical curves of the film agree with the experimental curves well through simulating of superposition integral;the transmittance of the films in the ultraviolet range falls remarkably and the absorption edges take a red shift with the increase of heating temperature.

An effective method to prepare the composites of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) was presented. Vanadyl-triisopropoxide (VO(OC3H7)3) was used as the starting material, MWCNTs pretreated with acids by a two-step process was used as the conductive ingredient. V2O5–MWCNTs composites were synthesized via a sol–gel method with solvent exchange and an ambient pressure drying technique. The samples were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, Raman spectra and electrical resistivity measurement respectively. The experimental results indicate that the V2O5–MWCNTs nanocomposite has a fiber-like and tri-dimensional network structure. Its surface area is up to 189.7 m2/g when the MWCNTs’ content is 15 wt%. And MWCNTs are dispersed homogeneously in the composites. The electrical resistivity of the composites decreases from 1,239 to 765 Ω·cm when the MWCNTs’ content increases from 0 to 10 wt%. Thus MWCNTs can improve properties of V2O5 aerogels as the cathode material in lithium batteries.

Energy, food, the environment are basics of the life. The snow can contribute to these many problems to have greatly even if not decisive. The snow/ice as the cold heat source has a remarkable substitute effect for fossil energy as energy. And there is not the discharge of the warm temperature from a system depending for a mechanical refrigerating cycle, and there is an effect for environmental safeguard without using refrigerants such as Freon with this snow air conditioner. In this study, the authors have suggested many systems of the air-conditioner in which the snow is used for cold heat source, and the authors call them all-air type snow air-conditioner and have been analyzing the performance of them. This snow air-conditioner is made by simple construction of a snow storage room, a blower and a dumper for regulation of air flow. The temperature/humidity of the conditioning area is controlled by the mixing hot return air and chilled air from the snow storage room. In this report, the authors discussed on the simplest system among many all air type snow air-conditioning ones. In this system, only the temperature in the air-conditioning area is controlled and this temperature is adjusted by mixing with the circulation hot air through a dumper and the cold air cooled by the snow, and the authors call this system all-air type temperature control β system. In this paper, the system is classified into different three models for the analysis, and characteristics of them are investigated analytically and discussed.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) doped vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) porous aerogels are a good kind of material as the cathode material in lithium batteries due to their layered structure, high energy density, good reversibility, high capacity for lithium ion insertion. V2O5-CNTs nanocomposites were synthesized by a sol-gel method, using the solvent exchange and ambient pressure drying technique. Electrochemical measurements of the nanocomposite were tested. The lithium ion capacity and cycle ability of the composites were investigated by galvanostatic discharge-charge cycling. The results showed that the nanocomposite had the higher capacity, about 384.0 mAh/g in the first discharge process and 256.3 mAh/g in the second discharge cycle. The charge-transfer reaction at the electrode/electrolyte interface and the kinetic mechanism were too studied by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

V2O5 aerogels are used to be compounded with MWCNTs in this paper.V2O5-MWCNTs composite are synthesized by the sol-gel technique and solvent exchange ways,with V2O5 powders,benzyl alcohol,isopropanol and MWCNTs the raw materials.The structure and properties of MWCNTs and V2O5-MWCNTs composite are studied by TEM,SEM,TG-DSC,etc.

The composite film materials of single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)and V2O5 were grown by sol-gel technique,followed by dip coating and solvent exchanging.The SWCNTs,purified and trimmed in nitric acid solution,were mixed into the V2O5 aerogel,a mixture of V2O5 powder,benzyl alcohol(BA),and isopropyl alcohol(IP).The microstructures were characterized with ultraviolet visible and infrared spectroscopy(UV-vis-NIR),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),atomic force microscopy(AFM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results show that high quality composite films of SWCNTs and V2O5 are porous.The Influence of sintering on its optical properties was also discussed.

Ambient pressure dried V_2O_5 aerogels were prepared from VO(OC_3H_7)_3、acetone and H_2O by sol-gel method and solvent exchange process.The crystalstructure,crystalform structure and the aper- ture distribution of the V_2O_5 aerogels were investigated by SEM,TEM,XRD and BET.The experimental Results show that V_2O_5 ambient dried aerogels exhibited a fibrous microstructure,surface area was 138. 9 m~2/g and average pore diameter was about 15 nm.V_2O_5 aerogels were crystalline when annealed at 300℃.The electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS)with different potentials were studied by fitting EIS date to an equivalent circuit,and then some kinetics parameters were analyzed and discussed.The elec- trochemical measurements have shown that the specific capacity of V_2O_5 aerogels derived by the ambient pressure dry is 300.45mAh/g,and it can be used as a good cathode material for Lithium batteries.

TiO_2-V_2O_5 nano-composite thin films were prepared by sol-gel process with Ti(C_4H_9O)_4 and V_2O_5 powder as the starting materials.The thin films were characterized by Ellipsometer,AFM,XRD,TG-DSC and UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer.The results show that with increase of heating temperature,TiO_2 transforms from amorphous to anatase and then to rutile.The temperature at which rutile appeared and anatase turning into rutile completely decreases about 200℃.Crystallite size grows from 5.1nm to 227.3nm gradually.The refractive index of TiO_2-V_2O_5 composite thin films changes from 1.6 to 2.4,and the thickness reduces from 276nm to 187nm simultaneously.The transmittance of the films in the ultraviolet range falls remarkably while the absorption edges take a red shift with the increase of annealing temperature.

The resonance light scattering (RLS) spectra of ethyl rhodamine B with nucleic acid (calf thymus DNA and herring sperm DNA) have been studied. The effective factors and the optimum conditions have been studied, and the enhanced intensity of RLS is in proportion to the concentration of nucleic acids in the range 0 similar to 5.00 mu g mL(-1) for calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) and 0 similar to 3.50 mg mL(-1) for herring sperm DNA (hsDNA). The limits of detection are 3.42 and 3.14 ng mL(-1), respectively. Based on this, a RLS method for the determination of nucleic acids sensitized by emulsifier OP-micelle was accordingly established. The binding mode concerning the interactions of ethyl rhodamine B with nucleic acids was also studied, and this method has good selectivity and high sensitivity and it has been applied to the determination of DNA in synthetic samples and real samples with satisfactory results.

Vanadium pentoxide aerogels have received significant attention because of its structure. The structure, characterization, and synthesis of V_2O_5 aerogels are reviewed, its’ nanocomposites with organic or inorganic materials and their applications in lithium ion batteries, electrochromic advices, catalyzer, sensing devices are briefly introduced. The study and development of V_2O_5 aerogels at home and abroad are discussed in detail.

Riboflavin is employed as the photosensitizer of a novel photopolymer material for holographic recording. This material has a broad absorption spectrum range (more than 200 nm) due to the addition of this dye. The experimental results show that our material has high diffraction efficiency and large refractive index modulation. The maximum diffraction efficiency of the photopolymer is about 56%. The digital data pages are stored in this medium and the reconstructed data page has a good fidelity, with the bit-error-ratio of about 1.8×10−4. It is found that the photopolymer material is suitable for high-density volume holographic digital storage.

The authors proposed the snow cooling system of direct heat exchange between hot air and snow block with a vertical hole. In this snow cooling system, the characteristics of heat exchange is little affected by the amount of remaining snow, and the outlet air temperature is almost constant, and be enough low to use for the actual air conditioning system. So this system has become to be adopted widely. In this study, the suthors investigated the effect of initial snow height on the characteristics of heat exchange by the experiment with models of practical scale. Experimental results showed that heat transfer coefficients on the snow surfaces of top and bottom plane were not affected by initial snow height, but the heat transfer coefficient of snow hole increased with decreasing snow height being affected by the entrance region. It was found that heat transfer coefficient of snow hole approached to a constant value on condition that snow height was over 2 meters. A empirical equation compensated by the initial height of snow block was obtained from the experimental results.

It is very important to use many kinds of natural energy resources to keep environment clean and to reduce the energy consumption. Many simple and skilful methods to utilize the natural energy have to be developed. The authors have been proposing to utilize snow stored till summer as one of the natural cold and clean energy resources. In this study, the authors investigated the characteristics of direct heat exchange between hot air and snow block with a vertical hole. This heat transfer model, so called as the snow cooling system, may be applied to various air-conditioning systems of conventional living room and so on. As the heat transfer process of this model is very complicated because the shape of the snow block changes by the progress of melting, the characteristics of the direct heat exchange were investigated by the experiment with a model of practical scale. The outlet air temperature through the snow hole and snow melting process were measured for various air flow rates at constant inlet air temperature 30°C. Experimental results show that the outlet air temperature from the snow cooling system was almost constant and enough lower to use for the actual air conditioning situations. Heat transfer coefficients on the snow surfaces of top plane, bottom plane and side wall of the snow hole were clear by those experimental results, and the correlative equations between the overall Nusselt number and the Reynolds number are presented for three surfaces mentioned above.

Snow has been already used effectively as the coolant for refrigerator in some heavy snowfall area in Japan. As the surface of snow is covered with cold melting water, we can expect the gas absorption on the surface. By this mechanism, the snow is able to remove some contaminants from air such as dust or harmful gases. As in the snow cooling system, air is cooled directly by the surface of vertical snow hole drilled through snow pile, some contaminants are removed automatically and simultaneously with heat transfer process. The heat and mass transfer process are very complicated because the surface area of snow decreases and the shape of snow changes in accordance with its melting process. In this study, the authors measured the absorbability of ammonia gas as the example of contaminant of room air with a pilot plant of the snow cooling system. Experimental results show that the mass transfer rate of ammonia through the melting snow surface is depndent on air flow rate and ammonia concentration, but is not dependent on the volume of snow remaining. And it is cleared that this filter effect of the snow surface can be applied to actual use of contamination control of air conditioning.