To expand the raw material range for Ganoderma lingzhi production, this study explored the feasibility of maize stalk (MS) as a sawdust substitute and clarified the mechanism of MS utilization by G. lingzhi. 6 groups of culture substrates with different MS proportions were designed for G. lingzhi cultivation. The optimal formula was screened by analyzing agronomic traits, main bioactive substance contents, and targeted amino acid metabolic profiles. Lignocellulose content and enzyme activity at different growth stages of G. lingzhi were detected to investigate substrate utilization patterns. Results showed that the Y1 formula (60.8

Background Chitin synthases are essential enzymes in fungi, contributing to various biological processes such as hyphal growth, sporulation, and cell wall stability. Despite their well-documented functions in other fungal species, the specific roles of chitin synthases in Ganoderma lucidum remain unexplored. This investigation systematically characterized the complete chitin synthase gene family in Ganoderma lucidum . Methods A comprehensive analysis was conducted using bioinformatics tools to examine genomic localization, gene structure, conserved domains, and phylogenetic evolution. By employing bioinformatic approaches, the study investigated promoter cis-elements and expression patterns to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of these genes in G. lucidum . Results In G. lucidum , eight chitin synthase (GlCS) family members were identified and phylogenetically classified into five distinct classes. Our investigation revealed stage-specific expression patterns of GlCS genes throughout the fungal development process. GlCS1, GlCS2, GlCS5, GlCS6, and GlCS8 exhibited significantly greater expression levels in the early fruiting body (EA) stage than in the other developmental phases. In the mature fruiting body (MA) stage, GlCS3 was predominantly expressed. In the primordium formation (PR) stage, GlCS7 exhibited peak expression levels. Six genes (GlCS1, GlCS3, GlCS4, GlCS6, GlCS7, and GlCS8) were markedly upregulated under 40 °C thermal stress, suggesting their potential roles in thermotolerance mechanisms. These findings demonstrate functional diversification among GlCS family members across different developmental stages and stress conditions.

Objective:To investigate the protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharide(GLSP)on liver injury caused by acetaminophen(APAP).Methods:Fifty mice were randomly divided into five groups:Blank group,model group,positive drug group,GLSP low-dose group and GLSP high-dose group,with 10 mice in each group.After each group was pre-administered according to the corresponding dose for 14 consecutive days,the liver index,serum indexes(glutamic oxalacetic transaminase(AST),glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(ALT))and liver tissue plasma indexes(glutathione(GSH),malonaldehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),Caspase-3,Bax and Bcl-xl)were determined.Results:Compared with the blank group,ALT,AST,MDA and proapoptotic genes Caspase-3 and Bax were very significantly increased in the model group(P＜0.01).The contents of SOD and GSH decreased very significantly(P＜0.01),and HE staining showed that APAP treated mice showed typical lobular central necrosis of liver.Compared with model group,ALT and AST were very significantly decreased in polysaccharide dose group(P＜0.01),SOD and GSH were significantly increased(P＜0.05)and MDA was significantly decreased in polysaccharide low-dose group(P＜0.05),SOD and GSH were very significantly increased(P＜0.01)and MDA was very significantly decreased in polysaccharide high-dose group(P＜0.01),and pro-apoptotic genes Caspase-3 and Bax were very significantly decreased in polysaccharide group(P＜0.01),and the liver histopathological observation showed that the necrotic area of liver tissue decreased.Conclusion:Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharide can preprotect APAP liver injury,and its mechanism may be related to improving the antioxidant capacity of liver and inhibiting the occurrence of apoptosis.

The genus Agrocybe, situated within the Strophariaceae family, class Agaricomycetes, and phylum Basidiomycota, encompasses a myriad of species exhibiting significant biological activities. This review presents an integrative overview of the secondary metabolites derived from Agrocybe species, elucidating their respective biological activities and potential pharmacological applications. The metabolites under scrutiny encompass a diverse array of biological macromolecules, specifically polysaccharides and lectins, as well as a diverse group of 80 documented small molecular chemical constituents, classified into sterols, sesquiterpenes, volatile compounds, polyenes, and other compounds, their manifesting anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities, these metabolites, in which polysaccharides exhibit abundant activities, underscore the potential of the Agrocybe genus as a valuable source of biologically active natural products. The present review emphasises the need for escalated research into Agrocybe, including investigations into the biosynthetic pathways of these metabolites, which could foster the development of novel pharmaceutical therapies to address various health challenges.

To improve our understanding of the selfing of G. lingzhi basidiospore monokaryons and increase the efficiency of breeding excellent strains, 52 basidiospore monokaryons were isolated from a commercial G. lingzhi strain (laboratory number P). A severe partial segregation was observed using the chi-square test, the growth rate of the monokaryotic strains was normally distributed, and colonies exhibited 5 forms. The genetic diversity of the monokaryotic strains was further demonstrated by intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis, and the similarity coefficient was in the range of 0.49–1, which was consistent with the genotype classification results. In total, 14 AxBx monokaryotic strains were randomly selected for selfing with the 1 AyBy strain when the similarity coefficient was 0.76, and a total of 14 offspring were obtained via selfing, all of which were incompatible with their parents. The traits of the selfing progenies were diverse. The mycelial growth rate, fruiting body yield, and polysaccharide, triterpene, and sterol contents were the main indices. According to the membership function value, 71.43% of the selfing progeny were super parent, and the A88 strain with the best comprehensive traits was selected. These findings prove that ISSR molecular marker-assisted breeding reduces blindness, greatly reduces workload, and improves work efficiency.

The excessive employment of acetaminophen (APAP) is capable of generating oxidative stress and apoptosis, which ultimately result in acute liver injury (ALI). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs) exhibit hepatoprotective activity, yet the protective impact and potential mechanism of GLPs in relation to APAP-induced ALI remain ambiguous. The intention of this research was to scrutinize the effect of GLPs on APAP-induced ALI and to shed light on their potential mechanism. The results demonstrated that GLPs were capable of notably alleviating the oxidative stress triggered by APAP, as shown through a significant drop in the liver index, the activities of serum ALT and AST, and the amounts of ROS and MDA in liver tissue, along with an increase in the levels of SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px. Within these, the hepatoprotective activity at the high dose was the most conspicuous, and its therapeutic efficacy surpassed that of the positive drug (bifendate). The results of histopathological staining (HE) and apoptosis staining (TUNEL) indicated that GLPs could remarkably inhibit the necrosis of hepatocytes, the permeation of inflammatory cells, and the occurrence of apoptosis induced by APAP. Moreover, Western blot analysis manifested that GLPs enhanced the manifestation of Nrf2 and its subsequent HO-1, GCLC, and NQO1 proteins within the Nrf2 pathway. The results of qPCR also indicated that GLPs augmented the expression of antioxidant genes Nrf2, HO-1, GCLC, and NQO1. The results reveal that GLPs are able to set off the Nrf2 signaling path and attenuate ALI-related oxidative stress and apoptosis, which is a potential natural medicine for the therapy of APAP-induced liver injury.

Ganoderma lingzhi, a species of white rot fungus, possesses the highest abundance of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes among these fungi, as well as a relatively high carbon conversion rate. Corn straw, as an important sustainable resource, is used as a substrate for the liquid culture of G. lingzhi. However, little is known about the genes encoding the lignocellulose degradation and polysaccharide and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways involved in this process. This paper employs transcriptomics to uncover the key genes involved in lignocellulose degradation and the synthesis of polysaccharides and triterpenoids during the liquid fermentation of G. lingzhi using corn straw as the substrate, as well as their associations. Carbohydrate-Active enzymes analysis of differential genes in the sequencing results was used to analyze the genes related to lignocellulose degradation. Among these, 43 core genes encoding CAZymes were obtained after 0 to 5 days of fermentation, and 25 core genes encoding CAZymes were obtained after 5 to 12 days of fermentation. The differential expression levels of DN3690_c0_g1 (EGL), DN3627_c0_g2 (XYN), DN4778_c0_g1 (XYN), DN2037_c0_g1 (LACC), and DN277_c2_g1 (MnP) were used to identify the key genes. The polysaccharide synthesis metabolic pathway favored mannitol synthesis, and the expression of triterpene precursor-metabolizing enzyme genes revealed higher expression levels of key enzyme genes such as ACAT, HMGS, and MPK. A correlation clustering analysis of genes related to lignocellulose degradation, polysaccharide, and triterpene anabolism during liquid fermentation showed that lignocellulose degradation genes mainly influenced arabinose and mannitol anabolism, as well as the synthesis of triterpene precursors.

Fomitopsis betulina, as a macrofungus with both medicinal and dietary applications, is renowned for its rich content of bioactive substances. The recent advancements in research have significantly enhanced our understanding of its polysaccharides, cellulose-degrading enzymes, and wide range of secondary metabolites. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the artificial cultivation techniques and the chemical profiling of over 100 secondary metabolites identified in F. betulina, including terpenoids, phenols, and various other classes. These compounds exhibit notable pharmacological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-malarial effects. Moreover, this review delves into the genomic analysis of F. betulina, focusing on the prediction and classification of terpene synthases, which play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds. This insight is instrumental for potentially facilitating future biochemical studies and pharmaceutical applications. Through this review, we aim to solidify the foundation for future in-depth studies and the development of new drugs derived from this promising natural resource.

为明确吉林栽培的灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)种质资源的遗传多样性,以吉林省18个主栽灵芝菌株为试验材料,通过应用ITS(Internal transcribed spacer)序列分析及拮抗试验,并与ISSR(Inter-simple sequence repeat)分子标记相结合对其进行鉴定和遗传多样性分析.基于ITS序列构建的系统发育树表明,18种灵芝菌株均与赤芝(Ganoderma lingzhi)聚为一类,并细分为4个类群;79.7%的灵芝菌株之间存在拮抗现象,基于ITS序列分析及拮抗试验结果,菌株被分为7个类群;ISSR遗传多样性分析结果表明,18种灵芝菌株的遗传相似系数在0.382 4～0.974 4,平均为0.652 9,当相似系数约0.679时,其亦可被分为7个类群.综上,基于ISSR分子标记的分类结果与基于ITS序列分析+拮抗试验结果的分类一致,18种灵芝菌株表现出明显的遗传多样性.

Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional medicinal fungus in China.Modern pharmacological studies have found that G.lucidum has good liver protection.Its active ingredients can exert hepatoprotective effects by regulating the level of oxidative stress in liver tissue,in-hibiting inflammatory responses,regulating apoptosis and autophagy,etc.It has preventive and therapeutic effects on alcohol-induced liver injury,drug-induced liver injury,chemical reagent-induced liver injury,and ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver injury.This article reviews the liver-protective mechanism of G.lucidum,and summarizes the protective effects of G.lucidum and G.lucidum products in several types of liver injury,so as to a provide a reference for the research on the protective effect of G.lucidum on the liver.

以平菇为试材,采用平板培养、液体培养及袋料栽培等不同培养方式,研究了添加不同浓度的硒对平菇生长的影响,以及在液体、袋料培养中平菇对硒的富集能力,探讨3种培养方式的最佳添加硒浓度,以期为平菇栽培的各环节提供参考依据.结果表明:平板培养试验中,硒浓度低于10 μg·mL-1时长势较好,菌丝浓密、整齐,随着硒浓度的增加,菌丝生长缓慢,在1 μg·mL-1时生长速度最快;液体培养试验中,随着硒浓度的升高,菌丝生长受到抑制,平菇菌丝硒含量增加,添加硒浓度为20～30 μg·mL-1时,菌丝体生长量和富硒量最佳.袋料栽培试验中,硒元素添加量对袋料栽培平菇菌丝生长的影响不显著,生物学效率随着添加硒元素浓度的增加而增加,平菇硒含量整体呈现上升趋势,最佳添加硒浓度为100 mg·kg-1、平菇硒含量达到最大,菌丝生长最快,生物学效率最高,且各茬平菇硒含量存在差异.

Ganoderma lingzhi is an important medicinal fungus, and it is particularly important to select strains with high yields and active substance contents. In this study, protoplasts of G. lingzhi were thermally inactivated to destroy intracellular enzyme proteins and preserve DNA. The DNA of G. resinaceum was damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and other components of the protoplasm except DNA were preserved. Then, the protoplast was induced using polyethylene glycol (PEG) for fusion. The results showed that the optimal thermal inactivation conditions for G. lingzhi were 30 min in a 45 °C water bath, and the optimal UV inactivation conditions for G. resinaceum were 70 s of irradiation using a 20 W UV lamp at a vertical distance of 15 cm. Antagonistic tests, internal transcribed space (ITS) and mitochondrial DNA identification, intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers and morphology were used to distinguish the parents from the fusants. Four true fusants were obtained, and the yield was 2.5%. The fruiting body yield of the fusants was significantly higher than that of G. lingzhi, and the polysaccharide and triterpene contents of the RAD-64 fusant were significantly higher than those of G. lingzhi. The results presented in this paper show that protoplast fusion technology can effectively improve G. lingzhi varieties and support the breeding of new varieties.

为探索吉林地区赤芝子实体的最佳采收期,本研究以吉林地区栽培的3个赤芝(Ganoderma lucidum)菌株为材料,在子实体生长后期,分别对其3个采收时间样品的干鲜重、含水量、多糖和三萜及甾醇含量进行研究.结果表明,随着采收时间的延后,子实体样品干鲜重变化规律不明显,含水量和多糖含量均呈现先升高后降低趋势,三萜及甾醇含量呈现逐渐降低趋势.综合分析表明,吉林地区以收获孢子粉为主的赤芝子实体的最佳采收时间建议为9月22日左右.

硒是一种必需的微量元素,参与包括人类在内的高等动物体内各种硒蛋白的合成.硒可作为生活在硒缺乏地区的人的营养补充剂.硒缺乏地区的人使用富硒食品可能是最安全和最好的建议.就人体对硒的需求、动植物的富硒过程、典型富硒食品进行概述,以期对硒强化产品的应用和发展给予一定指导和参考.

为探讨人参地下部位的挥发性成分(VOCs)的差异及炮制方法对人参地下部位挥发性成分的影响,本文采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)相结合的分析方法检测生晒参和红参的主根、须根和参芦挥发性成分.结果表明,从样品中鉴定出34种成分,β-人参烯、α-甘香烯、β-石竹烯、β-榄香烯、β-古芸烯、β-合金欢烯、香树烯、α-芹子烯及斯巴醇是生晒参和红参根须芦各部位共有的特征成分.各部位挥发性成分的组成相同,均是由倍半萜烃、倍半萜醇和烷烃组成.与生晒参的低温干燥相比,红参经过高温加热处理后各部位倍半萜烯含量明显升高,而倍半萜烯醇含量显著降低,但是倍半萜类总量只比生晒参稍高,差异不显著.

Ginseng plants associated with a number of fungi, several of which are reported to protect it from pathogens, thus improving plant growth. This study aimed to screen Panax ginseng leaves for endophytic fungi and to assess these fungi for their efficacy to inhibit ginseng black spot disease caused by Alternaria panax. A total of 256 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from P. ginseng leaves. Most of the fungal isolates belonged to Chaetomium, Nemania, Xylaria, Nodulisporium and Alternaria; the others were not identified. One isolate Chaetomium globosum (FS-01), inhibited on A. panax causes black spot disease of ginseng, suggesting that FS-01 can be a potential biocontrol resource for control of ginseng black spot diseases. This is the first report on C. globosum, an endophytic fungus as biocontrol agent for ginseng black spot. Key words: Panax ginseng, inhibitory effect, Chaetomium globosum, biological control.

从林下参叶片中分离内生细菌,以人参灰霉病菌为指示菌,筛选拮抗菌株,基于形态学特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析,对拮抗菌株进行鉴定.结果 表明,从林下参叶片中共分离得到56株内生细菌,其中菌株FS-1对人参灰霉病菌具有很好的抑制作用.采用生长速率法测定菌株FS-1的发酵液对8种植物病原真菌均有抑制作用.该菌株具有很好的固氮作用,且能够分泌吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)和产生胞外蛋白酶,IAA产量为4.25 mg/L.通过形态特征观察、生理生化测定和16S rRNA序列分析结果,将菌株FS-1鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).本研究表明菌株FS-1具有一定的生防潜力,可用于人参灰霉病的生物防治.

从林下参叶片中分离获得45株内生细菌,采用对峙培养法筛选出1株对腐皮镰刀菌具有拮抗作用的菌株FS17,基于形态特征、生理生化特性和16SrRNA基因序列分析,鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).采用生长速率法测定菌株FS17的发酵液对10种植物病原真菌均有抑制作用,抑菌率在46.83％～93.25％之间.菌株FS17发酵液处理人参根后,根腐病的发病率和病斑直径均明显小于对照,与多菌灵的防效差异不显著.本研究表明菌株FS17具有广谱抑菌性,可用于人参根腐病的生物防治.

为探究林下参内生真菌球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)FS-01菌株对人参病原菌的抑菌作用,该研究在实验室条件下,测定了FS-01菌株菌丝、发酵液和孢子悬浮液对人参黑斑病菌(Alternaria panax)、人参菌核病菌(Sclerotinia schinseng)、人参灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、人参立枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、人参根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)5种人参病原菌的抑制作用.结果 表明:内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01对5种病原菌均有抑制作用,其中,对人参黑斑病菌的抑制作用最高,为30.80％,其次是人参立枯病菌、人参菌核病菌、人参根腐病菌和人参灰霉病菌;发酵液抑菌实验结果表明,在加入内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01菌株发酵液的PDA培养基上,对人参灰霉病菌的抑制作用最高,为82.09％,其次是人参菌核病菌、人参黑斑病菌、人参立枯病菌和人参根腐病菌;孢子抑菌实验结果表明,在加入内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01菌株孢子悬浮液的PDA培养基上,对人参黑斑病菌的抑制作用最高,为83.72％,其次是人参灰霉病菌、人参立枯病菌、人参菌核病菌和人参根腐病菌.综上结果认为,内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01菌株对人参病原菌均有很高的抑菌作用,可作为人参病原菌的生防菌株资源.

从健康林下参叶片中分离筛选人参黑斑病内生拮抗真菌,为人参黑斑病生物防治提供优良菌种.采用组织分离培养法筛选人参黑斑病菌内生拮抗真菌,根据形态特征及基于18S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对拮抗菌株进行了鉴定,通过单因素及正交试验优化该菌株最适培养基及产生抑菌活性物质的发酵条件.结果 表明,从健康林下参叶片分离的内生真菌中,获得1株对人参黑斑病菌具有良好拮抗作用的内生菌株FS-01,经鉴定该内生真菌菌株为球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum).该菌株最佳培养基配方与发酵条件:淀粉1.50％、酵母浸粉1.00％、磷酸氢二钾0.05％、硫酸镁0.10％,pH值为7.0,培养温度为30℃,接种量为6.0％,培养时间为5d.筛选获得的林下参内生真菌Chaetomium globosum FS-01对人参黑斑病菌具有显著的拮抗作用,可开发为人参黑斑病的生防菌株.