Climate change, characterized by rising atmospheric CO2 levels and temperatures, poses significant challenges to global crop production. Sweet sorghum, a prominent C4 cereal extensively grown in arid areas, emerges as a promising candidate for sustainable bioenergy production. This study investigated the responses of photosynthesis and leaf-scale water use efficiency (WUE) to varying light intensity (I) in sweet sorghum under different temperature and CO2 conditions. Comparative analyses were conducted between the An-I, gs-I, Tr-I, WUEi-I, and WUEinst-I models proposed by Ye et al. and the widely utilized the non-rectangular hyperbolic (NRH) model for fitting light response curves. The Ye's models effectively replicated the light response curves of sweet sorghum, accurately capturing the diminishing intrinsic WUE (WUEi) and instantaneous WUE (WUEinst) trends with increasing I. The fitted maximum values of An, gs, Tr, WUEi, and WUEinst and their saturation light intensities closely matched observations, unlike the NRH model. Despite the NRH model demonstrating high R2 values for An-I, gs-I, and Tr-I modelling, it returned the maximum values significantly deviating from observed values and failed to generate saturation light intensities. It also inadequately represented WUE responses to I, overestimating WUE. Across different leaf temperatures, An, gs, and Tr of sweet sorghum displayed comparable light response patterns. Elevated temperatures increased maximum An, gs, and Tr but consistently declined maximum WUEi and WUEinst. However, WUEinst declined more sharply due to the disproportionate transpiration increase over carbon assimilation. Critically, sweet sorghum An saturated at current atmospheric CO2 levels, with no significant gains under 550 μmol mol−1. Instead, stomatal closure enhanced WUE under elevated CO2 by coordinated gs and Tr reductions rather than improved carbon assimilation. Nonetheless, this response diminished under simultaneously high temperature, suggesting intricate interplay between CO2 and temperature in modulating plant responses. These findings provide valuable insights into photosynthetic dynamics of sweet sorghum, aiding predictions of yield and optimization of cultivation practices. Moreover, our methodology serves as a valuable reference for evaluating leaf photosynthesis and WUE dynamics in diverse plant species.

BOPPPS教学模式可作为有效学习的支架,以各个模块间适宜的耦合性,明确具体的学习目标,师生、生生双边互动的参与式学习为突出特征,在保证知识内化的基础下,实现知识的创生,促进教育的内涵式发展.以高中生物学"体温调节"为例,基于BOPPPS教学模式进行分模块教学设计,探讨BOPPPS教学模式在生物学教学中的运用,实现提质增效的目的诉求.

以"摩尔根的果蝇杂交实验"为例,比较分析PCRR模型与一般的科学探究活动在培养学生核心素养层面的侧重之处,为教师在中学生物学教学实践中的模型选择提供借鉴.

在比较传统三维目标和OBE理念的教学目标的基础上,提出了 OBE理念下的高中生物学教学目标设计原则和流程,并以"生态系统的信息传递"一节教学为例,构建了基于OBE理念的教学目标范式,为"双减"背景下高效课堂的构建提供指导.

The biological characteristics and competitive predominance of cyanobacteria,as well as the formation and maintenance mechanism of cyanobacteria blooms,have aroused continuous interests among researchers.As an important nutrient for cyanobacterial growth,the assimilation of nitrogen is intimately coupled with the photosynthesis.However,nitrogen exists in various chemical forms in water,which affect the cyanohacterial growth and the formation of blooms in distinct ways.To delve into the formation mechanism of cyanobacterial blooms,it is important to understand the cyanobacterial photosynthetic feature as well as the mechanism and strategy by which the nitrogen of different forms are assimilated into cyanobacteria.This paper reviewed the processes and characteristics of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria,such as light energy capture and excitation energy transfer,primary photosynthetic reaction,CO 2 concentrating mechanism and assimilation.Then,it illustrated the transport and assimilation of different nitrogen forms（NO 3 - ,NO 2 - ,NH 4 + ,urea and N 2 ）,the regulation of these processes,as well as the mechanisms by which cells coordinate and regulate the carbon/nitrogen metabolism.The paper also summarized the latest research advances in cyanobacterial blooms and suggested on the content and direction of further research.

How wetland vegetation productivity affects the compositional and functional diversities of microorganisms was examined following succession of Scirpus mariqueter monotype vegetation initiated by a restoration project on reclamation-denuded tidal flats. Soil samples were collected seasonally along with plant succession across a spatial gradient of vegetation coverage in the first year and also from densely vegetated areas in the growing season of the fourth year. The vegetation expansion rapidly modified landscape appearance of the tidal flats, leading to remarkable temporal increases in plant productivity (indicated by height and density) and soil organic matter (SOM) contents in the first year. The growing season plant productivity and SOM further increased after 3 years of vegetation development. Bacterial taxonomic diversities (based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing) did not change in spring and summer but greatly increased in autumn when plant productivity peaked and plant debris was partly released to soil; thereafter, the diversity remained at high levels and did not increase much in the following 3 years. In addition, microbial taxonomic diversities, and the modularity and complexity of microbial co-occurrence networks, increased from bare flats, sparsely vegetated areas, to densely revegetated areas. These results supported a positive but saturating relationship between microbial diversity and wetland plant productivity. The increasing taxonomic diversity was associated with higher number of "rare" microbes (i.e., those at abundances < 0.1%) at larger productivity. Also, soil with higher microbial taxonomic diversities had more degradable carbon sources and greater microbial functional diversity in Biolog EcoPlate analysis. Microbial functional prediction suggested more diversified metabolic types and enhanced levels of critical wetland functions including methanotrophy, sulfate respiration, and fermentation at higher plant productivity. To conclude, plant productivity showed positive impacts on microbial taxonomic and functional diversities at the initial stages of wetland vegetation succession, presumably because higher productivity supported more rare species and promoted microbial niche differentiation.

细胞生物学实验旨在让学生掌握细胞生物学基本实验技术与方法,同时培养学生动手实践能力和学科思维能力,提升学生的综合学科素养.本文围绕"植物细胞骨架的光学显微镜观察"这一实验项目,以"体现以学生中心,全面锻炼学科素养"为导向进行教学方法改革,将简单验证型实验改为设计型实验,引导学生以实验方法改良为主题,通过团队协作进行文献查阅、实验方案设计、实验操作、结果整理与分析和实验报告撰写,全面锻炼了学生的学科探索和创新能力.新的教学方法激发了学生的学习热情和潜能,提升了学生的实验收获感,实现了经典实验项目育人功能的升华.

以"纵观古今——探索人与黑猩猩的亲缘关系"为主题,围绕学科育人价值加以筛选、组织、设计教学内容,优化课程结构内容,实现减负增效的学习样态.

Organic matter input regulates the rate and temperature sensitivity (expressed as Q10) of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition by changing microbial composition and activities. It remains unclear how the incorporation of litter-made biochar instead of litter affects the Q10 of SOM decomposition. Using a unique combination of two-and three-source partitioning methods (isotopic discrimination between C3/C4 pathways and 14C labeling), we investigated: (1) how maize litter versus litter-made biochar (of C4 origin) addition influenced the Q10 of SOM (C3 origin) under 10°C warming, and (2) how the litter or biochar amendments affected the Q10 of 14C-labeled fresh organic matter (FOM) after long-term incubation. Compared with biochar addition, litter increased the rates and Q10 of mass-specific respiration, SOM and FOM decomposition, as well as the contents of SOM-derived dissolved organic C (DOC) and total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA). Litter-amended soils have much higher activities (Vmax) of β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and leucine aminopeptidase, suggesting larger enzyme pools than in soils with biochar. The Q10 of enzyme Vmax (1.6–2.0) and Km (1.2–1.4) were similar between litter-and biochar-amended soils, and remained stable with warming. However, warming reduced microbial biomass (PLFA) and enzyme activity (Vmax), suggesting decreased enzyme production associated with smaller microbial biomass or faster enzyme turnover at higher temperatures. Reductions in PLFA content and enzyme Vmax due to warming were larger in litter-amended soils (by 31%) than in the control and biochar-amended soils (by 4–11%), implying the active litter-feeding microorganisms have a smaller degree of heat tolerance than the inactive microorganisms under biochar amendments. The reduction in enzyme activity (Vmax) by warming was lower in soils with biochar than in the control soil. Our modeling suggested that the higher Q10 in litter-amended soils was mainly caused by faster C loss under warming, linked to reductions in microbial biomass and growth efficiency, rather than the slightly increased SOM-originated substrate availability (DOC). Overall, using straw-made biochar instead of straw per se as a soil amendment lowers the Q10 of SOM and FOM by making microbial communities and enzyme pools more temperature-tolerant, and consequently reduces SOM losses under warming.

文章首先概述了情境教育思想和高中生物学学科核心素养,然后论述了情境教育思想对高中学生生物学学科核心素养培育的启示,包括讲究"真",助力构建生命观念;追求"美",展现精美生命本质;注重"情",全面培育社会责任;突出"思",注重发展科学思维;实践"行",亲身体验科学探究.

在比较枯草芽孢杆菌N H-8及其突变体B2、H7抑菌活性的基础上,以苏粉8号番茄幼苗为试材,比较枯草芽孢杆菌NH-8及其高效突变体对番茄幼苗生长、抗性酶活性的影响.结果表明,NH-8菌株及其高效突变菌株对番茄生长具有明显的促进作用,接种H7菌株的番茄幼苗其幼苗株高、主茎高度、鲜质量、干质量分别为42.50 cm、2.82 cm、14.98 g/株、4.65 g/株,较清水对照增加73.04％、276.00％、77.28％、100.43％;2个高效突变菌株的拮抗能力较枯草芽孢杆菌N H-8有所提高,其促生作用和诱导抗性酶活性大多相应增强;接种生防菌株H7的番茄叶片过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性相对最大,分别为4.5、55.5、47.6、14.7 U.

文章首先阐述了高中生物学科核心素养的内涵,然后论述了高中生物教学中学生学科核心素养的培养策略,包括注重知识结构性教学,渗透生命观念;创设教学情境,发展科学思维;开放实验教学,提升探究能力;理论与实践相结合,培育社会责任感.

An integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell system (CW-MFC), consisting of an up-flow chamber and a down-flow chamber, was constructed to treat synthetic sewage wastewater. The performance of CW-MFCs filled with different substrates [i.e., ceramsite (CM-A), quartz (CM-B), and zeolite (CM-C) granules] under various hydraulic retention times (HRTs, 7.6, 4.0, and 2.8 d) was evaluated. Efficient and stable nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removals were observed in CM-A under different HRTs, while the voltage outputs of the CW-MFCs was greatly reduced as the HRTs decreased. With an HRT of 2.8 d, the ammonium (NH4 +-N) and orthophosphate (PO4 3--P) removal efficiencies in CM-A were as high as 93.8 and 99.6%, respectively. Bacterial community analysis indicates that the N removal in the cathode area of CM-A could potentially benefit from the appearance of nitrifying bacteria (e.g., Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira) and relatively high abundance of denitrifiers involved in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (e.g., Hydrogenophaga, Zoogloea, and Dechloromonas) and denitrifying sulfide removal (e.g., Thauera). Additionally, the difference in N removal efficiency among the CW-MFCs could be partly explained by higher iron (Fe) content in milled ceramsite granules and higher abundance of denitrifiers with nitrate reduction and ferrous ions oxidation capabilities in CM-A compared with that in CM-B and CM-C. Efficient PO4 3--P removal in CM-A was mainly ascribed to substrate adsorption and denitrifying phosphorus (P) removal. Concerning the substantial purification performance in CM-A, ceramsite granules could be used to improve the nutrient removal efficiency in integrated vertical-flow CW-MFC.

芽孢杆菌NH-8对多种植物病害均有较好的防治效果.为进一步验证其田间防治效果,进行生防菌剂防治番茄根结线虫病的田间试验.结果表明,设施大棚中使用生防菌剂NH-8能有效防治番茄根结线虫病,校正防效达到81.18％,同时对番茄还有一定的促生作用.菌剂处理20 d后,番茄苗株高、鲜质量和干质量分别比清水对照增加29.51％、49.94％、55.14％.

在高中生物情境教育中创设高效的问题情境是一个重要环节.问题情境的有效性是激发学生学习兴趣、获得生物知识、培养科学探究能力、提高解决问题能力的关键,也是衡量教学质量的标准之一.本文围绕科学史教学、多媒体教学、生活化教学三个角度探讨如何创设问题情境,提升教学效率,创建高效课堂.

随着我国高中生物学课程标准的改革,高中生物学教学必须做出相应改变从而迎接新的挑战.发展及提高学生核心素养是教师教学的重中之重,而情境教学对于学生核心素养的发展与提高有一定的促进作用.因此笔者提出:一、利用视听情境,增强直观体验;二、融合生活情境,加强生活联系;三、创设问题情境,发展科学思维;四、把握实验情境,提升探究能力.

以金钱蒲分蘖茎基部为外植体,采用组织培养技术,对其进行诱导、增殖、生根和炼苗,以期探索一种快速有效的金钱蒲组培繁育方法,为其他菖蒲属植物组培再生体系的建立提供参考.结果表明:初代诱导最佳培养基为MS+2,4-D 0.5 mg·L-1+6-BA 1.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.5 mg·L-1,平均萌芽数为3.88个;继代增殖最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 2 mg·L-1+NAA 0.5 mg·L-1,增殖系数为2.67;生根最佳培养基为1/2 MS+NAA 0.99 mg·L-1+2,4-D 1 mg·L-1+IBA 0.29 mg·L-1+活性炭2 g·L-1,生根率为93.33％;移栽于栽培基质(珍珠岩:蛭石=1:1)中,成活率可达90％以上.

核心素养是教育改革的方向,是新一轮课程改革的焦点,也是当下教学目标变革的指南.但核心素养下的教学目标,并不完全独立于"三基"模式下的教学目标,而是三维目标的具体化、科学化、生命化、学生主体化.核心素养目标的设计,应做到以课程标准为依据,以科学性为前提,内容要凸显学生的主体地位,实现学生的全面发展和可持续性发展.

湿地是扬州境内面积最大、最重要的生态用地之一,是支撑全市社会经济可持续发展的重要自然资源.扬州市现有各类湿地总面积14.19万hm2,占全市土地面积的21.53％,包括4个湿地类8个湿地型.扬州湿地空间分异特征明显,南部沿江以河流湿地为主,西北片主要是湖泊湿地,京杭大运河以东的大片区域是里下河沼泽湿地,仪征市的丘陵区域则以库塘湿地为主.分析扬州市湿地资源现状,提出科学规划、湿地恢复与重建及湿地监测与科学研究等保护修复对策.

The invasion of Spartina alterniflora Loisel, a perennial herb that was introduced into China in 1979, has become an important environmental problem in coastal zones of Jiangsu Province. Although microorganisms play an important role in the structure of ecosystems, the effect of S. alterniflora on soil microbial metabolic diversity remains unexplored. In this work, the variations produced by S. alterniflora in the seasonal dynamics of soil microbial metabolism were examined and compared with the soil microbial metabolism of bare flat. The obtained results indicated that S. alterniflora increases soil total carbon content during the whole year, and decreases soil salinity in spring, summer and winter. The presence of S. alterniflora enhanced the metabolic activity of soil microbes in summer. In autumn, Shannon (H') and Pielou (J) indices were significantly decreased in S. alterniflora-invaded soil. S. alterniflora altered microbial carbohydrate, amino acid, carboxylic acid, and phenolic acid metabolism in a season-dependent manner, and enhanced microbial amine metabolism during the four seasons. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that soil pH and salinity are driving the metabolic functional diversity in coastal wetlands. Taken together, these results confirmed that the invasion of S. alterniflora is modifying soil physicochemical properties and, subsequently, altering soil microbial metabolic diversity.