The casing shear-compression deformation (CS-CD) caused by well-intersecting small fault and large fracture (F-F) slip induced by hydraulic fracturing is considered to be the main casing deformation (CD) type. The CD morphological characteristics can be clearly recognized using Multi-finger Imaging Tool (MIT) data, but the CS-CD morphological characteristics obtained by existing numerical simulations are far from this, which affects the clarification of CD mechanisms and the formulation of prevention measures. In this paper, the F-F slip kinematic characteristics are analyzed first, and the root of the problem of the traditional displacement uniformity model is revealed: the law that the strata on both F-F sides will undergo movements with displacement attenuation from the F-F plane to both F-F sides during F-F slip is ignored. Then, an improved finite element numerical model is proposed based on this insight, which introduces the displacement attenuation law into the CD analysis for the first time, and the change in the casing drift diameter is proposed as the measurement standard of the CD amount. On this basis, numerical simulations with control variables are carried out to further analyze the relationships between the CD amount and the F-F occurrence parameters, and between the CD amount and the structural and mechanical parameters of the strata, cement sheath and casing. The simulation results demonstrate that: (i) the displacement attenuation model reproduces the morphological characteristics of the actual CS-CD, with displacement attenuation resulting in long CD sections; (ii) The CD amount measurement method based on the casing drift diameter more effectively reflects the actual extent of CD; (iii) Increasing the steel grade and wall thickness of the casing is not effective in preventing CD. This paper further elucidates the geomechanical mechanism of CD caused by F-F slip and proposes a CD prevention strategy of controlling F-F activation induced by hydraulic fracturing and using specialized cementing materials to install buffers, thereby providing direct guidance for engineering practice.

Salt-bearing foreland fold-thrust belts represent a critical tectonic system for ultra-deep hydrocarbon exploration. In the Kalasu structural belt of the Kuqa Depression-characterized by the "four extremes" of ultra-high temperature, pressure, salinity, and stress-conventional single-detachment models fail to adequately resolve the complex subsalt structures. To address this challenge, this study integrates high-resolution 3D seismic data, field outcrop observations, well logs, balanced cross-sections, and particle image velocimetry (PIV)-monitored physical modeling to propose a ramp-flat multi-detachment model. Our results demonstrate that deformation is governed by four regional detachment horizons: gypsum-salt layers, thick mudstones, coal-bearing strata, and the basement, which vertically partition the basin into six tectonic units: supra-salt, salt, subsalt, supra-coal, coal, and sub-coal basement. The structural architecture is controlled by five key factors: (1) paleo-uplift geometry, (2) distance from the South Tianshan orogenic front, (3) orientation of basin-bounding faults, (4) regional stress regime (pure compression versus transpression), and (5) rheological contrasts among detachment layers. The kinematic evolution follows a progressive sequence: basement-involved thrusting -> multi-level ramp-flat detachment folding -> cover detachment. Three primary trap levels are identified-subsalt, supra-coal, and sub-coal-hosting six distinct trap styles: pop-up anticlines, imbricate faulted anticlines, structural triangle zones, fault-bend fold anticlines, supra-coal anticlines, and inter-coal/sub-coal anticlines. Notably, under transpressional stress, oblique paleo-uplifts control the formation of enigmatic "fish-scale" arcuate trap belts composed of fault-bend fold anticlines.

In the ultra-deep strata of the Tarim Basin, the vertical growth process of strike-slip faults remains unclear, and the vertical distribution of fractured-cavity carbonate reservoirs is complex. This paper investigates the vertical growth process of strike-slip faults through field outcrop observations in the Keping area, interpretation of seismic data from the Fuman Oilfield, Tarim Basim, NW China, and structural physical simulation experiments. The results are obtained mainly in four aspects. First, field outcrops and ultra-deep seismic profiles indicate a three-layer structure within the strike-slip fault, consisting of fault core, fracture zone and primary rock. The fault core can be classified into three parts vertically: fracture-cavity unit, fault clay and breccia zone. The distribution of fracture-cavity units demonstrates a distinct pattern of vertical stratification, owing to the structural characteristics and growth process of the slip-strike fault. Second, the ultra-deep seismic profiles show multiple fracture-cavity units in the strike-slip fault zone. These units can be classified into four types: top fractured, middle connected, deep terminated, and intra-layer fractured. Third, structural physical simulation experiments and ultra-deep seismic data interpretation reveal that the strike-slip faults have evolved vertically in three stages: segmental rupture, vertical growth, and connection and extension. The particle image velocimetry detection demonstrates that the initial fracture of the fault zone occurred at the top or bottom and then evolved into cavities gradually along with the fault growth, accompanied by the emergence of new fractures in the middle part of the strata, which subsequently connected with the deep and shallow cavities to form a complete fault zone. Fourth, the ultra-deep carbonate strata primarily develop three types of fractured-cavity reservoirs: flower-shaped fracture, large and deep fault and staggered overlap. The first two types are larger in size with better reservoir conditions, suggesting a significant exploration potential.

The FⅠ17 fault is a prominent strike-slip fault in the central Tarim basin, notable for its hydrocarbon abundance and intricate tectonic attributes, characterized by several deflections in its planar trajectory. Analyzing the FⅠ17 fault offers crucial insights into the role of basement structures on the evolution and formation of intracratonic strike-slip fault systems. This study utilizes the latest seismic data and integrating the foundation of previous research to conduct a detailed investigation into the spatial distribution, deformation intensity, activity phases, and formation mechanisms of the fault. The fault can be divided into three structural layers based on deformation features. The deep layer, situated beneath the TЄ3 interface (the bottom of the Upper Cambrian), shows basement rifts and weak strike-slip activity. The middle layer, spanning from TЄ3 to TO3 (the bottom of the Upper Ordovician), exhibits pronounced deformation with flower-like structures. The upper layer, extending from the TO3 to TP (the bottom of the Permian), is marked by three groups of en-echelon normal faults. Controlled by Precambrian basement heterogeneity, the fault evolved through three stages: weak compressive stress during the Middle -Late Cambrian led to rupture along basement rifts and weak zones that formed the fault’s embryonic shape; strong compressive stress from Middle-Late Ordovician activated and propagated the fault upwards; during the Silurian-Carboniferous, the fault experienced episodic reactivation and result in the emergence of en-echelon normal faults. Hydrocarbon enrichment at the FⅠ17 fault is influenced by source rock distribution, reservoir characteristics, and fault reactivation. Its positioning above the source rock center ensures an ample supply of hydrocarbon. The intense fault activity has created favorable conditions for large-scale fracture-cavity reservoir development, and the reactivation period corresponds with the hydrocarbon accumulation phase, significantly boosts hydrocarbon charging.

The Shunbei 5 (SB5) strike-slip fault, situated in the central Tarim basin, is distinguished by its considerable length, significant variations in planar orientation, and intricate multi-stage tectonic evolution. This study delves into the geometric, kinematic, and dynamic features of both the southern and northern parts of the SB5 fault, utilizing the latest seismic data from the Fuman Oilfield, and examines the factors influencing the fault’s planar deflection. The fault can be categorized into three structural deformation layers based on lithological features and fault features: the deep structural deformation layer (below TЄ3), characterized by basement rifting and limited strike-slip activity; the middle structural deformation layer (TЄ3-TO3), marked by vigorous strike-slip movements and the dominance of flower structures; and the shallow structural deformation layer (TO3-TP), featuring echelon-type normal faults and boundary graben faults, specifically in the southern SB5 fault. The fault activity is more pronounced in its southern SB5 fault compared to the northern, with the weakest activity at the TЄ3 interface and the peak at the TO3 interface. The southern SB5 fault transitions to sinistral slip at the TO3 interface, while the northern SB5 fault shifts from dextral to sinistral slip at the TC interface, highlighting variable slip directions across different interfaces. Rifts are extensively distributed within the Precambrian basement along the SB5 fault. The initial strike-slip fault rupture, which is primarily localized in these areas, exerts a significant influence on the formation of the S-shaped fault plane. This process involves four distinct evolution stages: the embryonic stage of strike-slip activity during the Middle-Late Cambrian; the intense strike-slip fault activity stage during the Middle-Late Ordovician; the reactivation stage of deep strike-slip fault in the Silurian; and the connection and reactivation stage during the Devonian-Carboniferous.

The Makran accretionary wedge has the smallest subduction angle among any accretionary prism in the world. The factors controlling the spacing and morphological development of its deep thrust faults, as well as the formation mechanism of shallow normal faults, remain unclear. Meanwhile, the factors affecting the continuity of plane faults must be comprehensively discussed. Clarifying the development characteristics and deformation mechanisms of the Makran accretionary wedge is crucial to effectively guide the exploration of gas hydrate deposits in the area. This study aims to interpret seismic data to identify typical structures in the Makran accretionary wedge, including deep imbricate thrust faults, shallow and small normal faults, wedge-shaped piggyback basins, mud diapirs with fuzzy and disorderly characteristics of reflection, décollements with a northward tilt of 1°–2°, and large seamounts. Physical simulation-based experiments are performed to comprehensively analyze the results of the plane, section, and slices of the wedge. Results reveal that the distances between and shapes of thrust faults in the deep parts of the Makran accretionary wedge are controlled by the bottom décollement. The uplift of the thrust fault-related folds and the upwelling of the mud diapirs primarily contribute to the formation of small normal faults in the shallow part of the area. The mud diapirs originate from plastic material at the bottom, while those that have developed in the area near the trench are larger. Seamounts and mud diapirs break the continuity of fault plane distribution.

To find out the features of strontium isotopes in paleokarst reservoirs, the origins and features of strontium isotopes in the Ordovician karst reservoirs of the Huanghua Depression and reasons behind the strontium isotope differences of the Ordovician karst reservoirs in the south and north of Huanghua Depression have been investigated by isotopic geochemical experiments and compared with the global background of strontium isotopes. The results of the study show that the Ordovician formations in the Huanghua Depression have a larger range of 87Sr/86Sr than global Ordovician formations of the same depositional period, and variation trend of 87Sr/86Sr similar to that of the Ordovician depositional period globally. The original Ordovician carbonate formations there have transformed due to late paleokarstification and fluid dissolution, and the interaction of 87Sr-rich fluid in the ancient land with various types of karst rocks and filler rocks results in significant increase of the 87Sr/86Sr value. All the dolomite samples have higher 87Sr/86Sr values than the limestone samples of the same horizon, confirming that dolomite has stronger ability to capture 87Sr than limestone. The northern part of the Huanghua Depression experienced much longer epigenic karstification than the southern part, so the northern part has higher karstification intensity than the southern part; moreover, the displacement of 87Sr-rich fluid in the northern part is also stronger than that in the southern part, resulting in the difference of strontium isotope 87Sr/86Sr values low in the south and high in the north.

塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘地区走滑断裂控制着碳酸盐岩储层的发育和油气的富集.受多期构造活动和地层岩性差异的影响,哈拉哈塘地区走滑断裂的空间结构多样、断裂演化过程复杂,走滑断裂带结构差异对油气富集的控制机理仍存在争议.本文基于高精度三维地震资料、钻井资料的一体化研究,建立起哈拉哈塘地区走滑断裂的空间变形样式及分层分段模型.通过分析走滑断裂控制下的单井油气产能差异,明确了走滑断裂构造变形差异对油气富集的控制作用.结果表明:(1)该区走滑断裂在平面上具有分段特征,断裂带相互交切导致断裂空间结构复杂,形成多种组合样式,单一断裂带可划分为尾部、主位移带、叠接区以及断裂间截切部位,共发育9种平面样式,分别是尾部的羽状、马尾状、雁裂状样式,主位移带发育的线性及分支型样式,断裂叠接部位发育的辫状及软连接型样式,截切部位的交汇型和终止型样式.走滑断裂变形特征符合Riedel剪切模型,主干断裂周围发育分支断裂,断裂的发育以生长连接为主,截切部位伴随有断裂相继滑动引起的调节变形;(2)走滑断裂的纵向分层变形控制着油气的运移和成藏过程.断裂贯穿膏岩层是油气向上运移的关键.奥陶系碳酸盐岩的改造作用控制着油气的储集规模及连通性,志留系碎屑岩层内的构造活动影响着油气的充注和保存;(3)哈拉哈塘地区油气富集规律受控于断裂样式,高产井主要集中分布在断裂带尾部马尾状、羽状的主干-分支交汇部位,叠接段辫状的构造高部位以及主干断裂交汇区.预测成果得到超深井验证,吻合率较高,对超深层井位部署工作具有指导意义.

克拉苏构造带是库车坳陷油气勘探的主要区带.以克拉苏构造带博孜段三维地震资料为基础,进行一体化建模,明确盐下冲断带构造变形差异及古隆起、盐层分布特征;基于物理模拟实验,分析古隆起、盐层对盐下冲断带的控制作用.结果表明:研究区薄盐层分层作用差,断裂数少,规模大,易传递至盐上层;厚盐层易形成盐背斜和盐焊接等构造,盐下层多排逆冲断裂向盆地内部传递;古隆起发育区北翼断裂表现为倾角小、水平断距大和沿斜坡滑脱等特征,古隆起不发育区断裂表现为倾角陡、断距大且断裂数多的特征.古隆起发育区易形成滑脱冲断和盐背斜构造,古隆起不发育区易形成阶梯冲断和盐焊接构造;古隆起与盐层的双重叠加是影响盐下冲断带复杂变形的主要因素,古隆起限制冲断体系变形空间,盐层缓冲应力传递,起调节作用.该结果对研究区下一步天然气勘探开发具有指导意义.

基于我国高等教育提出的新工科建设理念,本文结合资源勘查工程专业应用型人才培养需求,突出校企融合办学优势.中国石油大学(北京)克拉玛依校区充分发挥紧邻天山、扎伊尔山造山带、新疆油田公司总部基地优势,打造"理论-技能-实训-思政"四位一体的教学模式,实现课堂知识学习、课外技能实践及企业现场实训、全过程思政育人等多教学环节有机链接.形成"以学生为主体"的教学理念及"以能力为目标"的考核机制,提高学生学习的主动性.该教学模式可以快速培养学生的地质思维,掌握企业实践技能,打造培养新工科背景下的一流本科"金课".

实际地震采集中的点震源激发产生球面波场,反射界面处球面波前曲率的改变会导致反射波的振幅和相位随频率而变化,而基于高频远场近似的常规平面波勘探忽略了球面波前曲率的低频频变效应.为此,本文首先利用高精度的数值积分法和有限差分法模拟了柱坐标系下的反射波记录,揭示了球面波反射系数的低频频变特征.为解决常规叠前反演需要多个偏移距反射波的限制,进一步提出利用球面波前曲率引起的频变效应进行叠前反演的新思路.敏感度和分辨率分析证明了低频频变反演的可行性,基于模型数据和实际近地表资料的反演结果验证了频变反演方法的稳定性和有效性.实验结果表明,考虑球面波前曲率的低频频变反演方法仅需要单一偏移距的反射波即可实现密度和速度参数的估计,为叠前反演提供新的思路.

The complex deformation styles of large intraplate strike-slip fault systems in the multi-stage superimposed basin are hot topics worldwide. This article proposes structural models and evolution processes for such strike-slip fault systems in the Tarim Basin based on high-resolution 3D seismic data and deep wells. Our analyses reveal that strike-slip fault in the Tarim Basin formed with different structural styles in five tectonic layers from the Sinian to the Permian that accompanies the Sinian rift systems and uplift, the Lower–Middle Cambrian reversed faults and salt tectonics, the Ordovician fault-karst systems, the Silurian to the Carboniferous en-echelon transtensional faults, and the Permian volcanic structures. Influenced by the multi-tectonic layers and complex evolution history, the strike-slip faults performed as multi-layer flower structures and various fault types. The evolution history of paleo-uplifts also influenced the distribution characteristics of strike-slip faults, such as X, diamond, and V shapes in the Tabei uplift and T shapes in the Tazhong uplift. The strike-slip faults formed in late Cambrian stage were associated with unconformities, inverted structures, and growth strata in deep layers. The different tectonic evolution models of the Tabei and the Tazhong uplift were built, which shows pre-existing structures, the lithological combinations from the rift basin to the marine basin, and the change of regional tectonic stress from the Cambrian to Permian are controlling factors of the strike-slip fault systems. These models provide a new interpretation method for intraplate strike-slip fault systems worldwide.

The structural geometric and kinematic analysis of the Shunbei No. 5 fault zone (fault SB5) in the Tarim Basin was conducted based on the fault interpretation on the three-dimensional (3D) seismic sections and coherence slices of several seismic reflecting surfaces in the study area. The fault SB5 evolution model was recovered using the fault pattern analyses and palaeostress reconstruction, which required factors like the width of the damage zone, maximum throw of the main fault, vertical separation, and the shear crack angle along the fault zone. The results show that: (1) Four tectonic layers in the vertical direction are identified according to the difference of structure style, divided by the top and bottom of the Cambrian salt rocks, and the top surface of the Ordovician carbonate. (2) Strike-slip faults in the study area are the middle segment of the large strike-slip fault zone composed of major faults and overlap zones; 11 stepovers in the study area can be classified into three types according to their geometric characteristics. Strain concentration appears on the overlap zone under the continuous shear stress field and shows high activity. Fault SB5 has undergone three major evolutionary stages: the transpressional stage in the Middle Ordovician, the dextral shearing stage in the Early Silurian, and the final evolutionary sinistral process in the Late Devonian.

塔中隆起位于塔里木盆地中央隆起带中部,为塔里木盆地油气勘探的重点区块之一.以塔中隆起高品质三维地震资料精细解释为基础,开展塔中隆起走滑断裂的剖面和平面几何学特征、断裂的活动期次和断裂形成机制研究.地震资料显示塔中走滑断裂于石炭纪之前定型,少数走滑断裂的活动持续到了石炭纪之后,断穿基底到志留系和泥盆系,断面直立,但是在不同层位断层的几何特征存在明显差异性,主要分为3层结构:深层中、下寒武统断裂平面上呈线性展布,中、下寒武统在断裂两侧上拱;深部断裂向上继续切穿上寒武统和奥陶系,并在碳酸盐岩顶面发育许多分支断裂,剖面上表现为正花状构造,平面上组合为斜列断裂;浅层走滑断裂发育在上奥陶统-志留系和泥盆系内,剖面上常以负花状构造样式出现,平面上表现为该层特有的北西向雁列断层.这3层断裂在垂向上叠置,形成复杂的空间形态,将塔中隆起走滑断裂的演化阶段划分为3期:中寒武世塔中地区存在构造反转事件,在压扭应力作用下发育规模较小的走滑断裂;晚奥陶世走滑断裂复活,形成正花状构造;志留纪—泥盆纪走滑断裂持续活动.塔中隆起走滑断裂的形成受周缘构造环境控制,在中寒武世局部压扭应力、晚奥陶世压扭环境和志留纪—泥盆纪的压扭环境下形成演化.

勘查技术与工程专业对实践性和应用性有很高的要求,合理的实践课程设计和理想的实习基地建设是新工科背景下应用型人才培养的基本保障.依托新疆丰富的、特有的地质资源并发挥油田一线的地理优势,中国石油大学(北京)克拉玛依校区深化校企合作,逐步形成了普通地质实习、构造地质实习、地球物理野外实习、地球物理室内处理与解释实习和生产测井实习"五位一体"的实践课程体系,并建设了相应课程的实习实践基地,为勘查技术与工程专业应用型人才的培养提供了宝贵经验.

塔里木盆地塔北隆起发育两组呈小角度相交(40°)的透入性X型走滑断裂,分别沿着NNE走向和NNW延伸.在对塔北哈拉哈塘地区三维地震资料解释的基础上,对走滑断层的几何展布特征以及断层的剖面变形特征进行研究;同时重点解析了RP6断裂和HA13断裂,分析比较NNW向与NNE向断层的变形及发育特征差异;结合盆地重磁资料以及周缘造山带的活动特征,对塔北隆起小角度的X型走滑断层的发育机制以及演化进行了分析.研究表明,塔北隆起走滑断层在垂向上具有明显的分层变形特征,分为三个构造层:震旦系-中寒武统下构造层(TH3界面以下)、上寒武统-中奥陶统中构造层(TH3-TO3 t界面)和上奥陶统-石炭系上构造层(TO3 t-TP界面).断层在下构造层和中构造层中整体处于压扭环境,多发育正花状构造;上构造层中断层主要发育负花状构造或正断层,整体处于张扭环境.两组断裂比较,NNW向断裂活动性强,在各构造层中均有显著的断裂特征发育,垂向连通性强,发育先存基底断裂,而NE向断层主要发育在中构造层,在下构造层和上构造层中断层发育不明显.活动性分析表明,断层的形成与演化具有多期性,走滑断层的形成经历了三期主要活动:中寒武世末、中晚奥陶世和志留纪-石炭纪.塔北隆起X型走滑断裂的形成受到了NNW向基底断裂和薄弱带的控制,NNW向先存基底断裂带或薄弱带优先发育走滑断裂,基底断裂与主挤压应力方向的夹角小于45°-Φ/2,NNE断层的发育受NNW向先存断裂限制,最终形成小角度相交的X型断裂.

新疆天山具有丰富的地质现象及矿产资源,是地质教学的天然讲堂,中国石油大学(北京)在天山创建资源勘查专业油气地质综合实践基地,以新工科建设为目标,形成"以油田企业需求为教学导向,企业实践技能为教学目标,企业标准化成果为评价标准,企业高级工程师为学生导师,企业精神文化为思政课堂"的"五融合教学体系"及"课堂讲授、野外观察、现场记录、室内制图、综合汇报"的"五位一体教学方法",为新型工程人才培养提供经验.

Strike-slip deformation belts are interesting structures in the crust and are of significance in petroleum exploration. The Shunbei 5 fault belt (SB5), a long strike-slip deformation belt in the Tarim Basin, played an important role in the formation of a recently discovered major oilfield known as the Shunbei oilfield. In this study, models of plan view and vertical profile were established to interpret SB5 with multi-cycled tectonic activities. To this end, its structural framework, tectonic evolution, and associated plate tectonics were investigated using 2D and 3D seismic data. SB5 was formed as a dextral simple shear belt at the end of the Middle Ordovician. In the plan view, R-shears and P-shears with local transpressional and transtensional structures were observed. Along the vertical profiles, various structural styles occurred at various depths and strata in response to various stratigraphy mechanisms. Although these structures show clear boundaries between them, they correspond to the same formation time, indicating that they underwent deformation simultaneously. The second activity of SB5 occurred at the end of the late Ordovician, during which it was a dextral transtensional strike-slip deformation belt consisting of left-stepping en echelon R-shears. The R-shears were transtensional during the progressive deformation. Subsequently, SB5 underwent several strike slips of weak strength. Notably, SB5 cut through a deep Middle Cambrian gypsum salt layer and connected the deep Lower Cambrian source rock with deep Lower and Middle Ordovician carbonates to form the oil and gas reservoirs. The established models are of reference value in the interpretation of other subsurface strike-slip deformation belts.

顺北5号走滑断裂带是顺北地区规模最大的走滑断裂带,具有较强的垂向分层变形特征.走滑断裂带纵向分层结构对于断溶体油气藏控制作用明显.通过对顺北5号走滑断裂带的三维地震资料解释,开展断裂带构造解析,建立其纵向分层结构模型.研究结果表明,顺北5号走滑断裂带垂向上可划分为4层结构,分别为寒武系膏盐岩下断裂系统、寒武系膏盐岩相关断裂系统、奥陶系碳酸盐岩断裂系统和奥陶系—石炭系碎屑岩断裂系统;地层能干性差异是分层变形的基础,区域构造运动的变化引起的走滑断裂分期活动,是分层变形的主要原因;走滑断裂带纵向分层结构对油气控制作用明显,膏盐岩之下断裂控制烃源岩分布,穿膏盐岩层断裂控制油气运移,奥陶系碳酸盐岩断裂控制储集层规模及连通性,晚奥陶世—石炭纪碎屑岩层内断裂控制油气充注.根据走滑断裂活动强度,可以划分为强活动优势叠加型、强活动差异叠加型及弱活动弱叠加型3种.