为研究竹叶黄酮(BLF)与包膜丁酸钠(CSB)对仙居鸡抗氧化、免疫功能及相关基因表达的影响,试验选用300只健康的200日龄仙居鸡,随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复15只.对照组饲喂基础日粮,ZNB组在基础日粮中添加 40 mg/kg杆菌肽锌,BLF组在基础日粮中添加 500 mg/kg BLF,CSB组在基础日粮中添加 500 mg/kg CSB,复配组在基础日粮中添加 500 mg/kg BLF+500 mg/kg CSB.试验预试期 7 d,正试期 90 d.结果显示:与对照组相比,BLF组血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性提高(P<0.05),CSB组血清CAT和复配组SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性提高(P<0.05).与对照组相比,BLF组和复配组血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量提高(P<0.05),BLF组、CSB组和复配组血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量提高(P<0.05).CSB组血清白细胞介素 2(IL-2)以及各试验组血清白细胞介素 6(IL-6)含量较对照组均有提高(P<0.05).与对照组相比,ZNB组、CSB组、复配组血清干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量提高(P<0.05).与对照组相比,BLF组、复配组肝脏铜-锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu-ZnSOD)、GSH-Px以及BLF组、CSB组、复配组肝脏CAT、硫氧还蛋白还原酶 1(TrxR1)mRNA相对表达量提高(P<0.05),ZNB组、BLF组、复配组肝脏金属硫蛋白(MT)mRNA相对表达量降低(P<0.05).各试验组脾脏IFN-γ和ZNB组、CSB组、复配组脾脏IL-2以及ZNB组脾脏肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA相对表达量较对照组均提高(P<0.05).综上所述,日粮中添加 500 mg/kg BLF、500 mg/kg CSB可提高仙居鸡机体抗氧化和免疫功能,调节肝脏抗氧化和脾脏免疫相关基因的表达,BLF与CSB复合添加无协同效应.

【Objective】 The purpose of this experiment was to explore the effects of adding different concentrations of coated sodium butyrate in health sand on the growth performance, slaughter performance and immune organ index of breeding pigeons and squabs.【Method】 A total of 336 pigeons at 6 months of age were randomly divided into 4 groups with 7 replicates per group and 12 in each replicate.Squabs were natural hatching by breeding pigeons, each pair of breeding pigeon fed two squabs.The breeding pigeons in the control group were fed a basal health sand, the breeding pigeons in groups A to C were fed basal health sand supplemented with 0.1%,0.2% and 0.4% coated sodium butyrate.The experiment of breeding pigeons lasted for 120 days and that of squabs lasted for 28 days.The initial and final weights of breeding pigeons and squabs were weighed, the feed consumption of breeding pigeons was counted, and the growth performance was calculated.At the end of the test, 5 breeding pigeons and 5 squabs in each group were selected and slaughtered, and then the slaughter weight, breast muscle weight, leg muscle weight, semi-eviscerated weight and eviscerated weight were weighed, and the slaughter performance was calculated.The thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius of squabs and thymus and spleen of breeding pigeons were weighed to calculate the immune organ index.The activities of amylase, trypsin and lipase in duodenum of breeding pigeons were determined.【Result】（1）The average daily weight gain of breeding pigeons in groups A and B during lactation was significantly higher than that of the control group and group C,and the feed intake of breeding pigeons aged 10 months in group A was significantly higher than that of the control group（P＜0.05）,while the average daily weight gain of squabs in groups B and C was significantly higher than that of the control group and group A（P＜0.05）.（2）Compared with the control group, the percentage of semi-eviscerated yield and eviscerated yield of breeding pigeons in groups A and B,and the percentage of semi-eviscerated yield and eviscerated yield, slaughter rate of squabs in groups A,B and C were significantly increased（P＜0.05）.（3）There was no significant difference in thymus index and spleen index of breeding pigeons among the groups（P＞0.05）.The thymus index of squabs in group B was significantly higher than that in group C,while the bursal of Fabricius index of squabs in group B was significantly lower than that in group C（P＜0.05）.（4）Compared with the control group, the trypsin activity in the duodenum of breeding pigeons in group C was significantly higher（P＜0.05）,and the lipase activity in groups B and C was significantly higher（P＜0.05）.【Conclusion】 Adding coated sodium butyrate to healthy sand could improve the average daily gain and average feed intake of breeding pigeons and squabs, improve slaughter performance and immunity of squabs, and increase trypsin activity and lipase activity in duodenum of breeding pigeons.Under the experimental conditions, adding 0.2% coated sodium butyrate in the health sand had the best effect.

Egg yolks contain abundant lipids, proteins, and minerals that provide not only essential nutrients for embryonic development but also cheap sources of nutrients for consumers worldwide. Previous composition analyses of egg yolks primarily focused on nutrients such as lipids and minerals. However, few studies have reported the effects of domestication and heating on yolk composition and characteristics. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of domestication and boiling on the metabolite contents of egg yolks via untargeted metabolomics using GC-MS and LC-MS. In this study, eggs were collected from Fenghua teals, captive mallards, and Shaoxing ducks. Twelve duck eggs (half raw and half cooked) were randomly selected from each variety, and the egg yolks were separated for metabolic profiling. The analysis identified 1205 compounds in the egg yolks. Domestication generated more differential metabolites than boiling, which indicated that the changes in the metabolome of duck egg yolk caused by domestication were greater than those caused by boiling. In a comparative analysis of domestic and mallard ducks, 48 overlapping differential metabolites were discovered. Among them, nine metabolites were upregulated in domesticated ducks, including monoolein, emodin, daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, which may be involved in lipid metabolism; some of them may also act as phytoestrogens (flavonoids). Another 39 metabolites, including imethylethanolamine, harmalan, mannitol, nornicotine, linoleic acid, diphenylamine, proline betaine, alloxanthin, and resolvin d1, were downregulated by domestication and were linked to immunity, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, four overlapping differential metabolites that included amino acids and dipeptides were discovered in paired comparisons of the raw and boiled samples. Our findings provided new insights into the molecular response of duck domestication and supported the use of metabolomics to examine the impact of boiling on the composition of egg yolks.

Microbial fermented feed (MFF) has been demonstrated to improve nutritional status as well as promote animal health. However, only a few studies have focused on its effect on the flavor of animal products, and the potential underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, egg amino acids and yolk trimethylamine (TMA), small intestine histomorphology, cecal microbiota and yolk metabolites were analyzed in MFF-treated ducks. The results showed that MFF significantly increased the flavor amino acids in duck eggs, along with reducing the yolk TMA. MFF caused an increase in beneficial cecal microflora, and regulated the bacteria involved in the metabolism of glucolipid, TMA and its N-oxide. Moreover, MFF regulated 34 annotated metabolites markedly enriched in four metabolic pathways. Correlation analysis showed that cecal microbiota and yolk metabolites were closely related to flavor-related indicators of duck eggs. Our study therefore provides a theoretical basis for improving avian egg flavor starting from the feed.

抗生素的过度使用严重威胁着鸭产业的发展,甚至危害人类健康,因此寻找可靠的抗生素替代物已成为当务之急.免疫增强剂可以通过提高自身非特异性免疫能力,增强机体应对病原微生物或病原体的防御.本研究旨在对5种不同的免疫增强剂对绍兴雏鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)胸腺组织凋亡及免疫因子相关基因表达的影响进行研究.将150只1日龄的绍兴雏鸭随机均分为6组,连续3 d分别于颈部皮下注射生理盐水、绿原酸、β-葡聚糖、黄芪黄酮、未甲基化CpG的核苷酸(CpG-containing DNA,CpG DNA)和鸡免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG),18日龄采集胸腺组织,通过qPCR结合Western blot检测炎症相关基因和凋亡基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平.结果发现,与对照组相比,分别注射绿原酸、β-葡聚糖、黄芪黄酮、CpG-DNA和鸡IgG的绍兴雏鸭胸腺组织中,B淋巴细胞瘤2(B-cell lymphoma 2,Bcl2)mRNA和蛋白水平均显著降低(P<0.05),半胱天冬酶-3(Caspase3)的表达水平均在不同程度上调.此外,分别注射五种免疫增强剂后均在不同程度上提高了胸腺组织中诱生型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和环氧化酶2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX2)的表达水平,干扰素-α(interferon-α,IFN-α)、干扰素-β(interferon-β,IFN-β)、白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、视黄酸诱导基因Ⅰ(retinoic acid-inducible gene-Ⅰ,RIG-Ⅰ)、Toll样受体3(toll-like receptor 3,TLR3)和Toll样受体7(toll-like receptor 7,TLR7)基因的mRNA水平均呈现不同程度的上调表达.综上所述,绿原酸、β-葡聚糖、黄芪黄酮、CpG-DNA和鸡IgG可作为免疫增强剂调控鸭先天性免疫.本研究为预防鸭重要传染性疾病提供新途径,同时也为动物生产过程中抗生素替代物的应用提供一定的参考.

The genome-wide DNA methylation assay was used to analyze the difference in methylation between the breeding and conservation populations of Shaoxing ducks. The methylation level of the breeding population was higher than that of the two conservation populations, and the proportion of CG methylation sites was the largest in the three populations, most of the methylation sites were located in the exon region. There were 1247 different methylation regions in the two populations (group A and B), and 927 different methylation regions in the two groups (group A and group C). The differential methylation regions of the three groups were evenly distributed in the gene and intergene regions. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes in the A and B groups were mainly involved in synaptic and cell connections and the signaling pathways were significantly enriched in cAMP and oxytocin signaling pathways. The results showed that the group C was significantly enriched in eight signaling pathways, including the cAMP signaling pathway and long-term enhancement, compared to the group A. There were thirty-five differentially methylated genes, including CACNA1C, GRIA1, GRIA2, GABBR2, PDE10A, BRAF, GRM5, CPEB3, FMn2, GABRB2, PTK2, and CNTN1. These genes were involved in the development and ovulation of ovaries and follicles and were closely related to the excellent production performance of the breeding population. In addition, ATP2B1, ATP2B2, and other genes related to eggshell quality were identified, which can be used as molecular markers to improve eggshell quality in the future.

Fermented plant product (FPP) is a kind of functional complex containing probiotics and a variety of bioactive substances, which has multiple physiological functions. However, there is no systematic appraisal of FPP as a feed additive for laying hens. This study was conducted to evaluate the utilization of FPP in laying hens. A total of 120 healthy 34-week-old Xianju layers with similar body weight and egg production were randomly allocated into two dietary treatments with four replicates per treatment and 15 birds per replicate for 8 weeks. The dietary treatments included the basal diet without FPP (CON group) and CON diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg of FPP (FPP group). Compared with the CON group, the egg production and egg mass were significantly increased in the FPP group from 38 to 42 and 34 to 42 weeks of age (P < 0.05). Birds fed with the diet containing 500 mg/kg FPP had higher albumen height (P < 0.01) and Haugh unit (P < 0.05) than those of the controls. FPP supplementation significantly increased the villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) in the jejunum of laying hens (P < 0.01), as well as the ratio of VH to CD (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of tight junctions showed that dietary supplementation with FPP significantly increased the expression levels of Occludin (P < 0.01) and ZO-1 (P < 0.05) in jejunum of hens compared to the control group. In addition, dietary supplementation with FPP influenced cecal microbiota of laying hens, which was characterized by the changes in the microbial community composition, including the increased abundances of Firmicutes, Faecalibacterium, Oscillospira, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, and Coprococcus, along with the decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Phascolarctobacterium, Odoribacter, Desulfovibrio, and Mucispirillum. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, and Blautia were significantly and positively correlated with the intestinal barrier markers (P < 0.05), with extremely significant correlations between Ruminococcus and ZO-1, and Coprococcus and Occludin (P < 0.01), whereas Desulfovibrio had a negative correlation with the expression of Occludin (P < 0.05). As it can be concluded, FPP supplementation increased the egg production, egg mass, albumen height, and Haugh unit of laying hens, and improved intestinal health by ameliorating intestinal barrier function, which may be partially attributed to the regulation of cecal microbiota. Our findings suggest that FPP has the potential to be used as a feed additive to promote the performance of layers.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of coated sodium butyrate (CSB) and polysaccharides extracted from Cordyceps cicadae (CCP) on growth performance, intestinal tissue morphology and ileum microbiome in squabs. A total of 420 1-day-old squabs were randomly divided into seven groups with 5 replicates each and 12 squabs per replicate. The squabs were fed basal diet (control group) and basal diet supplemented with different levels of CSB (275, 550, and 1,100 mg/kg, groups CSB-275, CSB-550, CSB-1100) and CCP (27.5, 55, and 110 mg/kg, groups CCP-27.5, CCP-55, and CCP-110), respectively. The experiment was conducted for 28 days. The results revealed that the final BW and average daily gain concentration were higher (P < 0.05) in squabs of CSB-275 and CCP-110 groups than those in the CON group. Comparing with control group, the squabs in the groups CSB-275, CSB-550, and CCP-55 obtained higher villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) of the duodenum and higher VH of the jejunum (P < 0.05). Operational taxonomic units in the groups CSB-550 and CCP-27.5 were also increased (P < 0.05). Regarding the relative abundance of flora, the Actinobacteria abundance in the groups CSB-550, CSB-1100, and CCP-55 were higher than in control group (P < 0.05), and the Aeriscardovia abundance of CSB-275, CSB-550, CSB-1100, and CCP-110 were elevated (P < 0.05). However, the Enterococcus abundance in CSB-275, CSB-550, CSB-1100, and CCP-27.5 decreased (P < 0.05). In summary, results obtained in the present study indicate that CSB and CCP can improve growth performance, intestinal microbial balance and gut health of squabs.

To identify the dominant genes controlling follicular maturation, ovulation and regression for pigeon, we used RNA-seq to explore the gene expression profiles of pre- and post-ovulatory follicles of pigeon. We obtained total of 4.73 million (96% of the raw data) high-quality clean reads, which could be aligned with 20 282 genes. Gene expression profile analysis identified 1461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the pre- (P4) and post-ovulatory follicles (P5). Of these, 843 genes were upregulated, and 618 genes were down-regulated. Furthermore, many DEGs were significantly enriched in some pathways closely related to follicle maturation, ovulation and regression, such as ECM-receptor interaction, vascular smooth muscle contraction, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, phagosome. Importantly, the DGEs in ECM-receptor interaction pathway included COL1A1, COL1A2, COL4A1, COL4A2, ITGA11, ITGB3 and SDC3, in the progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation pathway involved CDK1, CDC25A, CCNB3, CDC20 and Plk1, and in the vascular smooth muscle contraction covered CALD1, KCNMA1, KCNMB1, CACNA1, ACTA2, MYH10, MYL3, MYL6, MYL9, closely related to promoting follicular maturation and ovulation in preovulatory follicles. Moreover, it seems that the lysosomal cathepsin family has a decisive role in the regression of early stage of post-ovulatory follicle. Taken together, these data enrich the research of molecular mechanisms of pigeon follicular activities at the transcriptional level and provide novel insight of breeding-related physiology for birds.

为探究益生菌制剂对雏鸭血清抗氧化能力、免疫功能和肝功能的影响,选取1日龄体质量相近、健康状态良好的雏鸭600只,将其随机分成2组:对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.15％益生菌制剂,试验期28 d.结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组雏鸭试验期末体质量和ADG均显著提高(P<0.05),血清中T-AOC、GSH-Px活性显著提高(P<0.05),血清IgA、ALB、TNF-α、IL-2含量显著提高(P<0.05).由此可见,在雏鸭饲料中添加益生菌制剂可以提高其生长性能、血清抗氧化能力,并对雏鸭的免疫功能和肝功能有积极作用.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of compound probiotics on intestinal microflora and metabolome of Shaoxing ducks. A total of 640 1-day-old Shaoxing ducks were randomly divided into two treatments with eight replicates and forty ducks for each replicate. The ducks were fed basal diet (Ctrl) and basal diet supplemented with 0.15% compound probiotics (MixP). The experiment lasted for 85 days. The results showed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacteroides in MixP was higher than that in Ctrl (P < 0.05). However, the abundance of Firmicutes and Oscillospira and Desulfovibrio in MixP was lower than that in Ctrl (P < 0.05). Concentrations of 71 metabolites differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the MixP and the Ctrl groups; for example, Pyridoxal (Vitamin B6), L-Arginine, and Betaine aldehyde were up-regulated (P < 0.05), and 7-oxocholesterol, 3-hydroxy-L-kynureni-ne, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were down-regulated (P < 0.05). KEGG was enriched in 15 metabolic pathways. The pathways of Vitamin B6 metabolism, Vascular smooth muscle contraction, Vitamin digestion and absorption, and Protein digestion and absorption were influenced by compound probiotics supplementation. Thus, supplementation of compound probiotics improved cecal heath through shifts in the cecal microbiome and metabolome.

Conservation of natural resources is a vital and challenging task. Numerous animal genetic resources have been effectively conserved worldwide. However, the effectiveness of conservation programmes and the variation information of species have rarely been evaluated. Here, we performed whole-genome and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of 90 Chinese indigenous chickens, which belonged to the Tibetan, Wenchang and Bian chicken breeds, and have been conserved under different conservation programmes. We observed that low genetic diversity and high DNA methylation variation occurs during ex situ in vivo conservation, while higher genetic diversity and differentiation occurs during in situ conservation. Further analyses revealed that most DNA methylation signatures are unique within ex situ in vivo conservation. Moreover, a high proportion of differentially methylated regions is found in genomic selection regions, suggesting a link between the effects of genomic variation and DNA methylation. Altogether our findings provide valuable information about genetic and DNA methylation variations during different conservation programmes, and hold practical relevance for species conservation.

本试验旨在探索稻鸭共作条件下绍兴鸭的生长性能、 屠宰性能和肌肉品质情况.306只同批18 d龄绍兴公鸭随机分为3个平行试验组,按照每667 m212只的放鸭密度开展为期42 d的稻鸭共作.结果显示:绍兴鸭经过42 d的稻鸭共作后,平均日增重为22.70 g,60 d龄时体重达到1.379 kg,屠宰率为87.07％,胸肌率和腿肌率分别为5.94％和13.65％.胸肌和腿肌的肌间脂肪含量分别为1.31％和1.80％,肌苷酸含量分别为0.95和1.16 mg·kg-1,共检测到7种不饱和脂肪酸和3种必需脂肪酸.本研究结果表明,稻鸭共作条件下,绍兴鸭生长和屠宰性能较优,肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸含量和必需脂肪酸含量相对丰富,可作为稻鸭共作模式的优良鸭品种.

Age at first egg (AFE) and egg number (EN) are economically important traits related to egg production, as they directly influence the benefits of the poultry industry, but the molecular genetic research that affects those traits in laying ducks is still sparse. Our objective was to identify the genomic regions and candidate genes associated with AFE, egg production at 43 weeks (EP43w), and egg production at 66 weeks (EP66w) in a Shaoxing duck population using genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and haplotype-sharing analysis. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genetic parameter estimates showed that the heritability was 0.15, 0.20, and 0.22 for AFE, EP43w, and EP66w, respectively. Subsequently, three univariate GWASs for AFE, EP43w, and EP66w were carried out independently. Twenty-four SNPs located on chromosome 25 within a 0.01-Mb region that spans from 4.511 to 4.521 Mb were associated with AFE. There are two CIs that affect EP43w, i.e., twenty-five SNPs were in strong linkage disequilibrium region spanning from 3.186 to 3.247 Mb on chromosome 25, a region spanning from 4.442 to 4.446 Mb on chromosome 25, and two interesting genes, ACAD8 and THYN1, that may affect EP43w in laying ducks. There are also two CIs that affect EP66w, i.e., a 2.412-Mb region that spans from 127.497 to 129.910 Mb on chromosome 2 and a 0.355-Mb region that spans from 4.481 to 4.837 Mb on chromosome 29, and CA2 and GAMT may be the putative candidate genes. Our study also found some haplotypes significantly associated with these three traits based on haplotype-sharing analysis. Overall, this study was the first publication of GWAS on egg production in laying ducks, and our findings will be helpful to provide some candidate genes and haplotypes to improve egg production performance based on breeding in laying duck. Additionally, we learned from a method called bootstrap test to verify the reliability of a GWAS with small experimental samples that users can access at https://github.com/xuwenwu24/Bootstrap-test.

通过测定120日龄的奉化水鸭胸肌的肉品质、营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量,揭示其肉品特性.结果:奉化水鸭胸肌肉色亮度值(L*)、红度值(a*)、黄度值(b*)分别为29.42,14.63和1.25,pH值、失水率和剪切力分别为5.94,30.46％和22.38 N,其中:公鸭胸肌的pH值和剪切力均极显著低于母鸭(P＜0.01),肉色(L*、a*、b*)和系水力在性别间差异不显著(P＞0.05).胸肌中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分含量分别平均为22.96％、1.99％和73.41％,在性别间差异不显著(P＞0.05).胸肌中鲜味氨基酸含量平均为7.93％,占总氨基酸(TAA)的37.91％;必需氨基酸(EAA)含量平均为7.91％,占TAA的37.82％,EAA与非必需氨基酸(NEAA)比率为60.86％.肌肉中共检测到17种脂肪酸,其中必需脂肪酸(EFA)占总脂肪酸(TFA)的19.39％,不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量占TFA的64.31％.大多数氨基酸和脂肪酸含量在性别间差异不显著(P＞0.05).综上表明,奉化水鸭肌肉蛋白质含量高、氨基酸组成合理,鲜味氨基酸、EFA、UFA含量丰富,具有较高营养价值和较好的风味.

为探讨不同番鸭群体遗传多样性和亲缘关系,本研究选取24对微卫星引物,对7个番鸭群体的DNA片段进行PCR扩增及毛细管电泳产物信息检测.结果表明,24个微卫星位点在7个番鸭群体上共检测到80个有效等位基因,基因流(Nm)为2.4181,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.4561,F-统计量(F-statistic)平均为0.0937.7个番鸭群体中,福建花羽番鸭遗传参数较高,海南嘉积鸭遗传参数较低,温州麻步番鸭和法国巴巴里番鸭遗传距离最近(0.0209),福建花羽番鸭和法国巴巴里番鸭遗传距离最远(0.1641).聚类分析结果显示,7个番鸭群体被分为3个类群,余姚花羽番鸭、余姚白羽番鸭、温州麻步番鸭和法国巴巴里番鸭为一个类群.综上所述,7个群体的遗传多样性呈现中度水平,其中福建花羽番鸭遗传多样性较高,海南嘉积鸭较低;群体间呈现中度分化,有频繁的基因交流;地理群体间存在一定的遗传分化.

本试验旨在探究包被丁酸钠或蝉花多糖对哺育期种鸽减重、血清免疫球蛋白含量、肠道组织形态及回肠菌群的影响.选取730日龄美国白羽王鸽哺育期种鸽420只,随机分成7组,每组5个重复,每个重复12只.A组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,B～D组分别在基础饲粮中添加275、550和1100 mg/kg包被丁酸钠,E～G组分别在基础饲粮中添加27.5、55.0和110.0 mg/kg蝉花多糖.试验期28 d.结果 表明:1)与A组相比,试验组(G组公鸽除外)种鸽哺育期减重均降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05).2)与A组相比,B、F组种鸽血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著提高(P<0.05).3)与A组相比,B、F组种鸽十二指肠绒毛高度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度和回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著提高(P<0.05).4)与A组相比,G组种鸽回肠中厚壁菌门相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05);B、F组种鸽回肠中乳酸菌属相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05),B组种鸽回肠中气斯氏菌属相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05).综上所述,种鸽饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠或蝉花多糖可以提高哺育期种鸽血清免疫球蛋白含量,改善肠道形态,提高回肠中厚壁菌门和乳酸菌属相对丰度.本试验条件下,包被丁酸钠或蝉花多糖适宜添加水平分别为275或55.0 mg/kg.

本试验旨在探究包被丁酸钠或蝉花多糖对乳鸽生长性能、屠宰性能及血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响.选取1日龄乳鸽420只,随机分成7组,每组5个重复,每个重复12只.对照组(Ⅰ组)亲鸽饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ～Ⅳ组亲鸽分别在基础饲粮中添加275、550和1100 mg/kg包被丁酸钠,Ⅴ～Ⅶ组亲鸽分别在基础饲粮中添加27.5、55.0和110.0 mg/kg蝉花多糖.试验期28 d.结果 表明:1)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ和Ⅶ组乳鸽末重和平均日增重(ADG)均显著提高(P<0.05).2)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ和Ⅶ组乳鸽屠宰率显著提高(P<0.05).3)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ和Ⅶ组乳鸽血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和总抗氧能力(T-AOC)均显著提高(P<0.05),血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05).4)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组乳鸽血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著提高(P<0.05),Ⅶ组乳鸽血清IgA含量显著提高(P<0.05).由此可见,亲鸽饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠或蝉花多糖均能促进乳鸽生长并增强机体抗氧化和免疫能力.本试验条件下,亲鸽饲粮中添加275 mg/kg包被丁酸钠(Ⅱ组)或110.0 mg/kg蝉花多糖(Ⅶ组)效果最佳.

拜城油鸡是我国极具特色的地方珍品油鸡禽品种,具有诸多优点.本研究随机选取60只300日龄拜城油鸡(公母各半)和45枚鸡蛋,分别进行体重、体尺和蛋品质测定,并用28个微卫星位点对拜城油鸡进行标记.结果显示,拜城油鸡体重、体尺存在显著的性别差异,属于体型较大的鸡品种;蛋品质方面,拜城油鸡蛋黄颜色、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度具有一定优势;拜城油鸡平均有效等位基因、杂合度和多态信息含量分别为3.69、0.61和0.57,28个位点中23个为高度多态位点,遗传多样性丰富.

为揭示奉化水鸭体尺和屠宰性状在性别间的差异,以及体尺与屠宰指标间的相关性,参照中国家禽体尺和屠宰性状测定标准对60只(公母各半)120日龄奉化水鸭的体尺和屠宰性状进行测定和分析.结果 显示:奉化水鸭公、母鸭之间的半潜水长、体斜长和龙骨长呈极显著差异(P＜0.01);试验群体平均活重为(1066.0±247.5)g,屠体重为(903.3±134.4)g,屠宰率为(85.1±1.1)％,全净膛重为(738.5±63.6)g,全净膛率为(69.7±5.3)％;公母鸭间的活重、屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌重差异极显著(P＜0.01),但公母鸭间的屠宰率、全净膛率等差异均不显著(P＞0.05);公母鸭的活重与屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重间存在极显著正相关(P＜0.01).结果 提示:在奉化水鸭的选育中,活重是重要的测定指标,可优先用于预估其他生产指标,特别是屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重,这对今后奉化水鸭的选育具有重要意义.