Inflammation is crucial to tumorigenesis and progression of many cancers. Inflammatory molecules in tumor microenvironment exert pro- or anti-tumor effects. Among them, interleukin, mainly produced by CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, is a class of small molecule proteins which play an important role in intercellular communication. Numerous studies have confirmed that interleukins are closely related to thyroid cancer. Interleukins regulate the proliferation and migration of thyroid cancer cells and they have prospects in discriminating benign and malignant thyroid diseases, predicting the risk of tumorigenesis, evaluating the prognosis and monitoring the recurrence of thyroid cancer. Besides, the effective application of interleukins in treatment of thyroid cancer has been confirmed by some cell and animal researches. The present review will introduce the potential mechanisms of interleukins in thyroid cancer and focus on the applications of interleukins in clinical practice of thyroid cancer, which will help update understanding of the progress of interleukins researches in thyroid cancer.

Rationale: Dieulafoy disease is characterized by the presence of dilated, tortuous arteries that project into the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and less frequently the bronchus. Patient concerns: Dieulafoy disease of the trachea has not been previously described. A 60-year-old woman with recurrent episodes of massive hemoptysis. Diagnoses: Dieulafoy disease of the trachea. Interventions :Selective arterial embolization was undertaken. Outcomes: The intervention was successful and no fresh episode of acute hemoptysis was observed. Lessons: Apart from the bronchus, vascular anomaly may also be present in the trachea in Dieulafoy disease.

Objective To study the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) with common respiratory disease and to reduce the possibility of missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis for PE.Methods 125 cases [aged 32 to 90 years,mean (70.33 ± 12.01)] were recruited from January 2010 to December 2016 in the sixth affiliated people's hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University.The patients were classified as the PE positive and the PE negative group.The base situation,underlying disease,clinical characters and accessory examination were compared between the two groups.The related risk factors for PE were analyzed and the cut off value of D dimmer were determined.Results Within the 125 cases,the incidence of PE was 45 cases.The patients complicated with apoplexy had significant in the diagnosis of PE (x2 =11.671,P ＜ 0.01).The factor of dyspnea,edema of lower extremity and atrial fibrillation had significant difference between the two groups (x2 =14.468-20.638,P ＜ 0.01).The value of D dimmer was significant difference between the two groups (t =-4.132,P ＜ 0.01).Multiple regression analysis showed that dyspnea (OR =28.700,95％ CI:1.759-11.845,P ＜ 0.01) and increased D dimmer (OR =23.522,95％ CI:1.149-3.017,P ＜ O.05) were the risk factors.The cut-off of PE diagnosis was 1.950.Conclusion Serum D dimmer over than 1.95ug/mL and the symptom of dyspnea were the risk factors for PE in respiratory patients,which needs the necessary examination of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA)

In this study, we aimed to explore the association of genetic polymorphism in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the susceptibility to combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE). We examined the polymorphisms of the MMP-9 C-1562T and TGF-β1 T869C in 38 CPFE patients, 50 pulmonary emphysema patients, and 34 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. The frequencies of polymorphic genotypes in MMP-9 were 78.95% CC and 21.05% CT in CPFE group, 76.0% CC and 24.0% CT in emphysema group, and 100.0% CC in IPF group. There were highly statistically significant increased frequencies of the CT genotype and T allele in CPFE and emphysema groups compared with IPF group (p < 0.05). The frequencies of polymorphic genotypes in TGF-β1 were 2.63% CC, 28.95% CT, 68.42% TT in CPFE group, 4.00% CC, 16.00% CT, 80.00% TT in emphysema group, and 5.88% CC, 41.18% CT, 52.94% TT in IPF group. Significant increases in the TT genotype and T allele frequencies were observed in emphysema group compared with IPF group (p < 0.05). Our study has showed that T allele in MMP-9 (C-1562T) and T allele in TGF-β1 (T869C) are risk factors of pulmonary emphysema. The T allele in MMP-9 (C-1562T) possibly predisposes patients with pulmonary fibrosis to develop emphysema.

Correlation between the expression of STK33 and the pathology of lung cancer was investigated, to explore its effects on prognosis. Hundred and two lung cancer patients diagnosed by pathological examinations were randomly selected in Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital from February, 2012 to February, 2017 to serve as observation group, and the tumor tissues were collected. At the same time, 19 patients with lung benign lesions were selected and lung tissues were also collected to serve as control group. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of STK33 mRNA in tissues. Expression levels of STK33 protein were detected and compared by SP immunohistochemistry staining and western blot analysis. Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between STK33 expression and the pathology and prognosis of lung cancer. Results of PCR showed that expression level of STK33 gene in control group was significantly lower than that in observation group (p<0.05). The expression level of STK33 mRNA in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was lower than that in lung small cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma (p<0.05). Western blot analysis showed that the expression level of STK33 protein in lung small cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (p<0.05). Immunohistochemistry staining showed that the positive rate of STK33 in lung large cell carcinoma (100%) and small cell carcinoma (100%) was significantly higher than that in lung adenocarcinoma (88.1%) and squamous cell carcinoma (86.2%) (p<0.05). The 5-year survival rate analysis showed that the recurrence-free survival rate and overall survival rate of STK33 gene high expression level group were significantly lower than those of low expression level group (p<0.05). The differential expression level of STK33 is related to the pathology and prognosis of lung cancer, which is of great value in clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation.

This study aimed to explore the different pathogeneses of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) from emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis. The levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Krebs Von Den Lungen-6 (KL-6), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), and the telomerase activity in peripheral blood were measured in 38 CPFE patients, 50 pulmonary emphysema patients, and 34 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. The results demonstrated that the levels of VEGF and TGF-β1 in IPF patients were significantly higher than those in emphysema patients (p < 0.05), and no significant differences were detected between CPFE patients and other two groups (p > 0.05). The levels of KL-6 and CYFRA21-1 in IPF patients were significantly higher than those in emphysema and CPFE patients (p < 0.05), and the latter had the similar levels (p > 0.05). Among the three groups, the levels of SCC, MMP-9, TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, and telomerase activity were not different (p > 0.05). Our study showed that VEGF, TGF-β1, KL-6, and CYFRA21-1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The lower levels of KL-6 and CYFRA21-1 in CPFE patients may be one of the reasons why these patients develop emphysema on the basis of fibrosis.

In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play important roles in the development of human cancer. We assessed the role of lncRNA ANRIL in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect the expression of ANRIL in NSCLC tissues and paired nontumor tissues. The high expression level of ANRIL was positively correlated with advanced tumor-node-metastasis stage and greater tumor diameter. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the physical interaction between c-Myc and ANRIL. ANRIL silencing significantly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation. Together, we showed that ANRIL is involved in the oncogenesis of NSCLC, and ANRIL may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with NSCLC.

Retrospective analyses were conducted for the clinical data of two cases with pseudoMeigs' syndrome at our hospital.Both had respiratory symptoms,such as cough and dyspnea.Radiological examinations revealed ascites,pleural effusion and pelvic mass.The definite pathological diagnosis was pelvic malignant tumor.After surgical tumor removal,ascites and pleural effusion disappeared without recurrence.Along with reviewed cases from PubMed in the last decade,a total of 49 cases had pseudoMeigs' syndrome.The age range was 11-73 years.Their clinical manifestations include dyspnea (78％),abdominal distension (69％),cough (14％),abdominal pain (12％),fatigue (10％),weight loss (6％) chest pain (4％),fever (4％),abdominal mass (4％),and oliguria (2％).CA125 was commonly elevated.The primary tumors in pelvic cavity accounted for 78％.And ovarian metastasis from colon cancer was one of the most common in metastatic tumor.

Objective To observe the effect of bronchial asthma combined with allergic rhinitis by azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray.Methods Eighty-seven cases of bronchial asthma combined with allergic rhinitis patients were divided into treatment group(45 cases)and control group (42 cases) by random number table method,both groups were given the treatment of bronchial asthma according to the guidelines for regulating,treatment group on the basis was combined with azelastine hydrochloride 1 spray per side,2times per day,for 3 months.Observe two groups of asthma symptoms within 3 months control situation,the number of antibiotics and hospitalization for acute exacerbation.Results Treatment group total effective rate,asthma control test score,number of antibiotics and due to the number of exacerbations hospitalization were superior to control group [93.33％(42/45) vs.76.19％(32/42),(23.80 ± 2.15)scores vs.(22.05 ±3.16) scores,13.3％ (6/45) vs.35.7％ (15/42),11.1％ (5/45) vs.33.3％ (14/42)] (P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Combined by azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray may make a good control,reduce the use of antibiotics for acute attack and times of hospitalization,worthy of clinical application.

A letter (Pitoia 2014) which doubted the conclusions of our meta-analysis (Shen et al. 2014) has been published recently, in which the author wondered whether 70% of partial response (PR) plus stabilization of disease (SD) would be considered as a modest response to treatment with sorafenib in patients with radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Here, wemake some clarifications: Firstly, ‘70%’ may not really refract the effect of sorafenib. According to the results of the DECISION trial (Brose et al. 2013), the progression-free survival (PFS) reached 5.8 months and SD 33% in the placebo arm. All the data of SDs obtained in the seven clinical trials of the meta-analysis were assessedwithin 6months, which is too short compared with the5.8monthsof PFS.Moreover, in theDECISIONtrial, the primary endpoint was PFS, and the secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), response rate (complete response (CR)CPR), and safety; however, SD was not used as an endpoint. We think that the pooled SD in the metaanalysis which reached 52% may not accurately represent the response of sorafenib in the treatment of radioiodinerefractory DTC. Therefore, SD cannot accurately represent the response of sorafenib. Only CR and PRmay represent the response rate. As far as we can discern, OS may be the best evaluation index for the treatment response in radioiodinerefractory DTC patients. Unfortunately, no data that compares the differences between sorafenib armandplacebo or other agents has been reported. In the DECISION trial, median OS has not yet been reached in either arm. Secondly, wemade the point that the pooled PR in our meta-analysis was 22% (which could result in an overestimation of the effects, because all of the seven clinical trials lacked randomization and blinding). Recently, a retrospective study evaluating tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) therapy outside of clinical trials in five French oncology centers has reported that among 39 DTC patients treated with sorafenib, the PR rate was 15% (Massicotte et al. 2014); in the DECISION trial (Brose et al. 2013), it was 12.2%. However, as mentioned in the

OBJECTIVES:We aimed to investigate the activity of regulatory T (Treg) cells in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) lung infection and its influence on effector T-cell responses.MATERIALS AND METHODS:C57BL/6 mice were randomly inoculated with PA-laden agarose beads (1 × 10(5) CFU/50 μL) or planktonic PA (1 × 10(5) CFU/50 μL), and euthanized at the time points of 4 hour, day 1, 3, 5, and 7. Bacterial load, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cell counts, and lung tissue histology were assessed. BAL fluid concentrations of TGF-β1, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A were measured. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of TGF-β1, IL-10 and CD4(+) T-cell subtype-specific transcription factors were determined. The expression of CD4(+)CD25(+)forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)(+) cells in lungs and spleens were analyzed.RESULTS:Mice inoculated with PA-laden agarose beads developed chronic PA lung infection during 7-day study period, while mice inoculated with planktonic PA cleared bacteria in 3 days. Compared with mice recovered from acute PA lung infection, those with chronic infection had significantly increased effector T-cell responses, accompanied by a more severe neutrophilic inflammation. Mice with chronic PA lung infection had significantly lower concentration of TGF-β1 and higher concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A in BAL fluid. Meanwhile, they had significantly lower mRNA levels of TGF-β1, IL-10 and FoxP3 in lung tissues, and lower expression of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) cells in lungs and spleens.CONCLUSIONS:These findings indicate that Treg cell activity is partly inhibited in mice with chronic PA lung infection, which contributes to the enhanced effector T-cell responses in airways.

目的 探讨Toll样受体(TLR)2、4 mRNA在铜绿假单胞菌慢性感染小鼠肺内的动态改变及其作用.方法 56只雄性Balb/c小鼠随机气道接种含有铜绿假单胞菌(PA)琼脂糖珠(感染组,34只)和无菌琼脂糖珠(对照组,22只).于第1、3、5、7、10天处死小鼠,取肺组织细菌培养,行肺组织病理观察,ELISA法检测肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白介素(IL)-6和IL-17的含量,采用Real-time PCR检测TLR2 mRNA及TLR4 mRNA表达.结果 感染组在接种后第3天IL-6和IL-17水平均达高峰,分别为(154.83±12.51)ng/L和(601.05±25.53)ng/L,均显著高于对照组(40.05±2.98)ng/L和(213.75±9.25) ng/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且两者在接种后第10天仍处于高水平.感染组中TLR4 mRNA的相对表达量第7天达高峰(4.09±0.25),与对照组第7天(0.97±0.05)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而TLR2 mRNA在感染组和对照组各时间相比变化均不明显(P＞0.05).结论 TLR4与小鼠肺部慢性感染PA的发生发展密切相关,其机制可能与TLR4在肺的免疫损伤中起到重要作用有关.

目的 分析阿奇霉素对感染铜绿假单胞菌小鼠的肺组织TLR4表达及相关炎症因子的影响.方法 采用气道接种含铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)的琼脂糖于Balb/c小鼠,感染后第7天起分别予低剂量阿奇霉素和生理盐水治疗,并于感染后第7、10、14天分别进行支气管肺泡灌洗液中炎性因子IL-6和IL-17的ELISA检测以及肺组织TLR4 mRNA表达水平的定量PCR分析,同时进行肺组织细菌培养、肺泡灌洗液白细胞计数和肺组织病理检查.接种无菌琼脂糖的小鼠做空白对照组.结果 阿奇霉素组的小鼠在治疗后肺部感染症状明显改善.感染后第7天,感染PA小鼠肺组织病理损伤程度、细胞因子及TLR4mRNA表达均高于对照组.感染后第10、14天,阿奇霉素组小鼠的IL-6、IL-17及TLR4 mRNA的表达量显著低于同时间点的生理盐水组.第14天时,阿奇霉素组小鼠的IL-17已降至对照组IL-17水平.结论 在PA感染初期,低剂量阿奇霉素的治疗可通过下调TLR4表达发挥抗炎作用.

气道慢性炎症性疾病包括支气管哮喘(哮喘)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、支气管扩张症(支扩)等疾病。这类疾病发病率较高,社会经济负担重,患者的劳动力和生活质量严重下降,成为目前重要的公共卫生问题[1]。在近几年的研究中发现,1,25二羟维生素 D3(1,25(OH)2 D3)对于上述疾病患者的气道上皮 T 细胞、树突状细胞、各种炎症细胞因子等各方面起到复杂的免疫调控作用[2]。临床工作中发现患者血清1,25(OH)2 D3水平与患者的疾病严重程度、发展及预后相关[3]。本研究通过观察不同气道炎症性疾病血清1,25(OH)2 D3水平变化,及与血清 C 反应蛋白(CRP )和肺功能的相关性,了解1,25(OH)2 D3在慢性气道炎症性疾病中的作用,并为临床疾病诊疗提供新的思路。

Aims and background. The aim of this study was to find disease-associated genes and gene functions in lung adenocarcinoma and matched adjacent non-tumor lung tissues with DNA microarray.Methods. We downloaded the gene expression profile GSE32863 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database including 58 lung adenocarcinoma and 58 adjacent non-tumor lung tissue samples. Data were preprocessed and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using packages in the R computing language. The selected DEGs were further analyzed with bioinformatics methods. After the coexpression network of DEGs was constructed by STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins), we analyzed gene functions with DAVID (The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery) and WebGestalt (WEB-based Gene Set Analysis Toolkit).Results. A total of 1429 genes were filtered as DEGs, including 873 downregulated genes and 556 upregulated genes, and the DEGs including CDC45, CCNB2, CDC20, MCM2, PTTG1, MCM4 and FEN1 were most significantly related to cell cycle and DNA replication.Conclusion. The discovery of featured genes which were significantly related to cell cycle and DNA replication has potential for use in the clinic for the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma in the future. However, further experiments will be needed to confirm our result.

目的：分析并评价噻托溴铵与沙美特罗替卡松及二者联合吸入治疗中重度稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床疗效。方法随机将2011年10月至2013年10月期间收治的165例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者分成单药A组与单药B组及联合用药组，各组均为55例，单药A组患者给予沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂；单药B组患者给予噻托溴胺粉吸入剂；联合用药组给予吸入沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂与噻托溴胺粉吸入剂，全部患者均治疗3个月。对比分析三组治疗前及治疗后的临床症状、肺功能以及生活质量。结果本研究中165例患者最终按要求实施治疗者共163例。治疗后各组临床症状、日常生活、社会生活以及精神生活各项指标、FEV1、FEV1/FVC以及FEV1/预计值均显著优于治疗前，差异具有统计学意义（ P均﹤0.05）；联合用药组上述各指标改善程度明显优于单用药A组与单用药B组，差异具有统计学意义（ P均﹤0.05）。结论噻托溴铵与沙美特罗替卡松二者联合吸入对中重度稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病的疗效确切，明显优于单独用药，提倡临床推广应用。

BACKGROUND: Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the highest level of evidence, they are also subject to bias, due to a lack of adequately reported randomization, and therefore the reporting should be as explicit as possible for readers to determine the significance of the contents. We evaluated the methodological quality of RCTs in respiratory research in high ranking clinical journals, published in 2010. METHODS: We assessed the methodological quality, including generation of the allocation sequence, allocation concealment, double-blinding, sample-size calculation, intention-to-treat analysis, flow diagrams, number of medical centers involved, diseases, funding sources, types of interventions, trial registration, number of times the papers have been cited, journal impact factor, journal type, and journal endorsement of the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) rules, in RCTs published in 12 top ranking clinical respiratory journals and 5 top ranking general medical journals. RESULTS: We included 176 trials, of which 93 (53%) reported adequate generation of the allocation sequence, 66 (38%) reported adequate allocation concealment, 79 (45%) were double-blind, 123 (70%) reported adequate sample-size calculation, 88 (50%) reported intention-to-treat analysis, and 122 (69%) included a flow diagram. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that journal impact factor ≥ 5 was the only variable that significantly influenced adequate allocation sequence generation. Trial registration and journal impact factor ≥ 5 significantly influenced adequate allocation concealment. Medical interventions, trial registration, and journal endorsement of the CONSORT statement influenced adequate double-blinding. Publication in one of the general medical journal influenced adequate sample-size calculation. CONCLUSIONS: The methodological quality of RCTs in respiratory research needs improvement. Stricter enforcement of the CONSORT statement should enhance the quality of RCTs.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of tumor markers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis( IPF). Methods The clinical data of 57 patients with IPF and 605 patients with other benign lung diseases were retrospectively analyzed. Results The levels of CA19-9,CA15-3,CA72-4,CEA and CYFRA21-1 in serum were significantly higher in patients with IPF than those with benign lung diseases. The level of CYFRA21-1 was negatively correlated with the levels of DLCO and PaO2( r1=- 0. 608,P1= 0. 013 and r2=- 0. 487,P2= 0. 000 respectively),and it was positively correlated with P( A-a) O2( r =0. 433,P =0. 002). The level of CA125 was negatively correlated with the level of PaO2( r =-0. 374,P =0. 042),and the level of CA19-9 was negatively correlated with DLCO( r=- 0. 518,P = 0. 016). Logistic regression analysis showed CYFRA21-1 was an independent predictor for mortality in IPF patients.Conclusion Many tumor markers are elevated in serum of IPF patients. Among these markers,CYFRA21-1,CA19-9,and CA125 seems to be useful markers to indicate the severity of the diseases. CYFRA21-1 is also useful in the prediction of prognosis in IPF patients.

目的:评价血清CA125在肺结核与社区获得性肺炎(CAP)中的鉴别诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2004年1月至2012年8月上海市第六人民医院肺结核及CAP患者的临床资料。结果:不论何种病因,胸腔积液患者血清CA125均高于无胸腔积液者(P<0.05)。不论是否合并胸腔积液,肺结核患者血清CA125均高于CAP患者(P<0.05)。结核性胸膜炎伴肺实质浸润与不伴肺实质浸润者比,CA125水平无差异。结核瘤患者CA125显著低于其他肺结核患者(P<0.05),与CAP患者相似。血CA125诊断肺结核不伴胸腔积液的最佳临界点为30.25U/mL,其敏感性、特异性及诊断准确性分别为65.9%、84.6%及77.9%。血CA125诊断肺结核伴胸腔积液的最佳临界点为50.25U/mL,其敏感性、特异性及诊断准确性分别为81.8%、90.9%及85.5%。结论:血清CA125可用于肺结核与CAP的鉴别诊断。

INTRODUCTION:The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been reported to be a promising approach in the treatment of acute lung injury. However, the poor efficacy of transplanted MSCs is one of the serious handicaps in the progress of MSC-based therapy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the pretreatment of human embryonic MSCs (hMSCs) with an antioxidant, namely N-acetylcysteine (NAC), can improve the efficacy of hMSC transplantation in lung injury.METHODS:In vitro, the antioxidant capacity of NAC-pretreated hMSCs was assessed using intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione assays and cell adhesion and spreading assays. In vivo, the therapeutic potential of NAC-pretreated hMSCs was assessed in a bleomycin-induced model of lung injury in nude mice.RESULTS:The pretreatment of hMSCs with NAC improved antioxidant capacity to defend against redox imbalances through the elimination of cellular ROS, increasing cellular glutathione levels, and the enhancement of cell adhesion and spreading when exposed to oxidative stresses in vitro. In addition, the administration of NAC-pretreated hMSCs to nude mice with bleomycin-induced lung injury decreased the pathological grade of lung inflammation and fibrosis, hydroxyproline content and numbers of neutrophils and inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and apoptotic cells, while enhancing the retention and proliferation of hMSCs in injured lung tissue and improving the survival rate of mice compared with results from untreated hMSCs.CONCLUSIONS:The pretreatment of hMSCs with NAC could be a promising therapeutic approach to improving cell transplantation and, therefore, the treatment of lung injury.