Background Female breast cancer incidence and mortality data for the duration of 2008, in China, retrieved from the National Central Cancer Registry, was analyzed. Methods In 2008, there were 56 registries that submitted cancer registration data. Based on the criteria of data quality, a total of 41 registries' data met the requirement and were accepted for analysis. The incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer in females were calculated, including age specific rates, age-standardized rates, proportions, and cumulative rates, stratified by areas (urban/rural). Results The number of cases included from 41 registries was 66138784, with 32798187 of these cases found in women (25898251 in urban areas and 6899936 in rural areas). There were 15625 new cases reported and 3414 deaths of women with breast cancer, resulting in a mortality to incidence ratio of 0.22. The morphological verified rate was 91.96%, and 0.43% of cases were identified by death certificate only. The crude cancer incidence rate in all areas was 47.64/100000, and the Age-Standardized Incidence Rates by Chinese standard population, (ASIRC) and World standard population (ASIRW) were 25.26/100000 and 31.71/100000, respectively. The cumulative incidence rate (074 years old) was 3.44%. Both crude and adjusted incidence rates in urban areas were much higher than those in rural areas. The crude cancer mortality was 10.41/100000, and the Age-Standardized Mortality Rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by World population (ASMRW) were 4.90/100000 and 6.48/100000, respectively. The cumulative mortality rate (074 years old) was 0.071%. Age-adjusted mortality rates in urban areas were also higher than in rural areas. Age specific incidence rates peaked in age group 5054 in all areas (108.27/100000) and in urban areas (119.68/100000). It reached the peak in the 5559 age group for rural women. Age specific mortalities rose with the increase of age for both women in urban and rural areas, with mortality rates of 76.16/100000 and 23.73/100000 in age groups of 85 and above, respectively. Conclusions Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in Chinese women. Preventative measures, such as health education and screening, are needed in the general population, but especially for those in the high-risk group found in urban areas.

[Purpose] To evaluate cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2009.[Methods] On basis of the criteria of data quality from The National Central Cancer Registry(NCCR),data were from 104 registries were evaluated.There were 72 registries' data qualified and accepted for cancer registry annual report in 2009.Incidence and mortality stratefied by areas(urban/rural),sex,age group and cancer site were analyzed.The top 10 common cancers in different groups,proportion and cumulative rate were calculated.Chinese population sensus in 1982 and Segi's population were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates.[Results] All 72 cancer registries covered a total of 85 470 522 population(57 489 009 in urban and 27 981 513 in rural areas).The total new cancer incident cases and cancer deaths were 244 366 and 154 310 respectively.The morphology verified cases accounted for 67.23%,death certifications only cases accounted for 3.14%,and mortality to incidence ratio was 0.63.The crude incidence in Chinese cancer registration areas was 285.91/105(males 317.97/105,females 253.09/105),age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population(ASR China) and by world standard population were 146.87/105 and 191.72/105 with the cumulative incidence rate(0～74 age years old) of 22.08%.The cancer incidence and ASR China were 303.39/105 and 150.31/105 in urban areas,whereas 249.98/105 and 139.68/105 in rural areas respectively.The cancer mortality in Chinese cancer registration areas was 180.54/105(224.20/105 in males and 135.85/105 in females),age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population and by world standard population were 85.06/105 and 115.65/105,and the cumulative incidence rate(0～74 age years old) was 12.94%.The cancer mortality and age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population were 181.86/105 and 80.86/105 in urban areas,whereas 177.83/105 and 94.40/105 in rural areas respectively.The most common cancers were lung cancer,gastric cancer,colorectal cancer,liver cancer,esophageal cancer,pancreatic cancer,encephaloma,lymphoma,female breast cancer and cervical cancer,which accounted for 76.39% of all cancer cases.Lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,esophageal cancer,colorectal cancer,pancreatic cancer,breast cancer,encephaloma,leukemia and lymphoma accounted for 84.27% of all cancer deaths.[Conclusion] As cancer burdens are markedly different between urban and rural areas in China,prevention and control should be implemented based on practical situation.

[Purpose]To investigate the cancer mortality in China Cancer Registries during 2003 to 2007.[Methods] Data of cancer mortality in 32 China Cancer Registries during 2003~2007 were collected. Cancer mortality by area,age and site were analyzed and compared with that of 184 countries and areas in the world. [Results] The cancer mortality in 32 China Cancer Registries during 2003~2007 was 171.84/105 (210.94/105 in male and 131.79/105 in female),China population standardized mortality was 86.66/105,World population standardized mortality was 116.91/105. The mortality in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas. Both in rural and urban areas,the mortality kept increasing during 2003~2007. The most common cancers in China were lung cancer,liver cancer,stomach cancer,colorectal cancer,esophageal cancer,pancreas cancer and female breast cancer. The top 4 common cancers in the rural areas were stomach cancer,esophageal cancer,liver cancer and lung cancer,which accounted for 77.06% of all cancer. Compared with other countries and areas in the world,cancer mortality in China,as well as its World Standardized Rate,were higher than those of average level in developed and developing countries in the world. [Conclusion] The cancer mortality is increasing, the cancer burden is more and more serious in China. The prevention strategies should be different between rural and urban areas. Lung cancer in urban areas and upper digestive tract cancers in rural areas should be paid more attention.

自2006年开展癌症早诊早治项目以来,已筛查1027 140例高危个体,检出6866例患者,早诊率为77.9％,治疗率为80.4％[1].如何评价这一结果,受到广泛关注.按照循证医学的原则,癌症早诊早治评价有明确的标准和方法[2],绩效评价的终点指标是死亡率下降,而卫生经济学评价,则要求详细计算癌症早诊早治的费用,以及相应的健康收益,分别以成本效果、成本效用和成本效益来表述,并与未干预的相应指标进行比较.我国的肿瘤登记和社会信息收集尚在完善之中,基于精确计算、符合循证医学标准的绩效评价和卫生经济学评价颇为困难,同时,由于观察时间较长,也难于满足目前工作的需要.

[Purpose] To analyze cancer incidence and mortality data collected from Chinese cancer registries to evaluate cancer burden in 2007.[Methods] In 2010,48 cancer registries reported cancer incidence and mortality data of 2007.Among them 38 registries' data met the national criteria.The covered population was 59 809 313 from the 38 cancer registries(44 609 139 in urban areas,and 15 200 174 in rural areas).The total cancer incident cases and cancer deaths were 165 171and 105 916 respectively,with 65.83% of morphological verified,1.95% of cases from death certification only and mortality to incidence ratio of 0.64.The index in this analysis included crude rate,gender,age,region specific rate,age-standardized rate,proportion and cumulative rate of cancer incidence and mortality in order to describe epidemiological characteristics of cancer in China.[Results] The cancer crude incidence was 276.16/100 000(305.22/100 000 in male and 246.46/100 000 in female;284.71//100 000 in urban and 251.07/100 000 in rural);age-standardized incidence by Chinese population(1982) and by world Segi's population were 145.39/100 000 and 189.46/100 000 respectively,and the cumulative incidence(0~74 age years old) was 21.68.The cancer mortality was 177.09/100 000(219.15/100 000 in male and 134.10/100 000 in female;173.55/100 000 in urban and 187.49/100 in rural);Chinese and world age-standardized incidence were 86.06/100 000 and 116.46/100 000 respectively,and the cumulative incidence(0~74 age years old) was 13.06%.Cancers of lung,stomach,colorectum,liver,breast,esophagus,pancreas,bladder,brain and lymphoma were the top ten of most common cancer sites,accounted for 76.12% of all cancer incident cases.Cancers of lung,liver,stomach,esophagus,colorectum,pancreas,leukemia,brain and lymphoma were ranked top ten of cancer mortality,accounted for 82.97% of all cancer deaths.[Conclusions] Cancer is still the main disease threatening people's health in China.Cancers of lung,liver,stomach,colorectum,esophagus,and female breast were the most common cancers.Prevention and control should be enhanced,especially for main cancers.

BACKGROUND:The merging epidemics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) have been raised concerns by many experts but no large scale screening and intervention have been launched yet, especially in low-income areas. The current study aims to understand the prevalence of DM in active PTB patients and evaluate the outcomes of diet and living habit intervention in poverty zones in China.METHODS/DESIGN:A cross-sectional investigation and intervention study will be carried out. At least 7000 active PTB patients will be recruited, together with 7000 nonTB persons from the same community. The project will be divided into two stages. The first stage is to train TB workers on DM screening and regular treatment. Screening and related investigation will be carried out afterwards. The second stage is focussed on intervention. A comprehensive strategy will be utilized to conduct health promotion among the patients, the health providers and the lay public.DISCUSSION:To our knowledge, this is the first and largest study which focuses on the prevalence of DM in PTB in China. We hypothesize that the current prevalence of DM in PTB in China will be understood and the results of our study will provide important evidence for preventing and controlling DM and PTB.

[Purpose] To investigate the mortality distribution characteristics and epidemiological trend of cancer in Tibet Autonomous Region,2004～2005.[Methods] All death records of cancer from 1 city and 4 counties in Tibet were extracted from the 3rd National Death Retrospective Sampling Survey database,covering a total of 388 626 person years (188 269 person years for male,200 357 person years for female).Crude rate,the constitute proportion to all cancer deaths,age-specific proportion,age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese population of 1982 and by world standard population and rank of cancer-specific mortality were calculated at different gender and area groups,those were also compared with the results from the 1st National Death Retrospective Survey in 1973～1975.[Results] There were 250 deaths caused by cancer with crude death rate of 64.33 per 100 000,age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese population of 50.94 per 100 000 and 63.70 per 100 000 by world standard population in Tibet in 2004～2005.Mortality rates were higher in male than those in female.The total crude death rates were 77.55 per 100 000 in male and 51.91 per 100 000 in female.Stomach,liver,lung,esophageal and colorectal cancers were among the most common types of cancer in male,and the top seven cancers accounted for 94.52%.Stomach,liver,esophageal,cervical and breast cancers were among the most common types of cancer in female,and the top eight cancers accounted for 93.27%.There were some variations between urban and rural areas.The top three leading causes of deaths from cancer in urban areas were stomach,liver and lung cancers,and in rural areas were stomach,liver and esophageal cancers.In both urban and rural areas,the crude death rates of stomach,esophageal and colorectal cancers declined,and the rates of liver and lung cancers increased compared with the first survey in 1970s.[Conclusion] The mortality of cancers is lower in Tibet than that in the whole country and western region in 2004～2005.Stomach and liver cancers remain the most common causes of cancer deaths in Tibet.

[Purpose] To analyze the cancer incidence and mortality of covering areas of cancer registries in China.[Methods] The cancer registry data in 2006 from all 49 cancer registry centers were reviewed,34 centers' data were included in this analysis finally.Cancer registry areas including urban and rural areas,incidence/mortality rates,age-specific incidence/mortality rates,age-standardized incidence/mortality rates,proportions,cumulative incidence/mortality rates were described respectively.[Results] Thirty-four registry centers covered 59 567 322 population(urban 46 558 108,and rural 13 009 214).The overall cancer incident cases and deaths were 163 013 and 104 662(death-to-incidence ratio 0.64) respectively with 65.59% cases pathologically proven and only 1.66% death of certification.The cancer incidence of National Cancer Registry areas in China was 273.66/105(males 303.84/105,females 243.01/105),age-standardized incidence rates of Chinese standard population and of world standard population were 146.52/105 and 190.54/105 respectively,and the cumulative incidence rate(0~74 years old) was 21.99%.The cancer incidence,age-standardized incidence rates of Chinese standard population and of world standard population were separately 280.17/105,144.65/105 and 187.59/105 in urban areas,and 250.35/105,156.70/105 and 205.20/105 in rural areas respectively.The cancer mortality of National Cancer Registry areas was 175.70/105(males 217.48/105,females 133.27/105),age-standardized mortality of Chinese standard population and of world standard population were 87.20/105 and 117.67/105 respectively,and the cumulative incidence rate(0~74 years old) was 13.28%.The cancer mortality,age-standardized mortality of Chinese standard population and of world standard population were separately 171.97/105,80.69/105 and 109.40/105 in urban areas,and 189.07/105,114.95/105 and 152.96/105 in rural areas respectively.Incidence of lung cancer,gastric cancer,colon and rectum cancer,liver cancer,esophageal cancer,pancreas cancer,encephaloma,lymphoma,female breast cancer and cervical cancer,accounted for over 75% of all cancer incidence in both urban and rural areas.Mortality of lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,esophageal cancer,colon and rectum cancer,pancreas cancer,breast cancer,encephaloma,leukemia and lymphoma accounted for over 80% of all cancer deaths.[Conclusions] Lung cancer,gastric cancer,colon and rectum cancer,liver cancer and esophageal cancer were the major cancers to threaten health in China,national cancer prevention and control program in the future should be stressed on these cancers.

Amomum villosum (Zingiberaceae) grows as a perennial herb in Yunnan and Guangdong provinces in China. Xishuangbanna in Yunnan Province is the main production area, accounting for 60-70% of the total yield. The amomum fruit, a type of cardamom, is used as a spice in Asian cuisines and as herbal medicine to treat stomach ache and dysentery in humans. From 2004 to 2008, a leaf lesion was observed in 70% of the cultivated fields in Xishuangbanna. The incidence rate ranged from 10-46%, resulting in approximately 50% yield loss of fruit production. The lesions were round and primarily yellowish, gradually enlarging with a gray-white centre and dark brown margins (Fig. 1). Adjacent spots often coalesced, covering the entire leaf (Fig. 2). Microscopic observations showed geniculate, brownish conidiophores, approximately 260 times 3-5 μm with obpyriform, protuberant, 2-septate conidia, 22.5-37.5 times 7.5-10 μm in size. A DNA sequence analysis of the ITS region of a collected isolate (GenBank Accession No. GQ340561) revealed 98% identity with homologous sequences of Pyricularia costina Sarbajna (AY265327 and AY265328) (Bussaban et al., 2005). Based upon morphological characteristics and sequence analysis the causal agent was identified as Pyricularia costina. Pathogenicity tests were done using one-year-old potted A. villosum seedlings. Leaves were inoculated with plugs of mycelia taken from the margin of an actively growing colony on potato dextrose agar. The inoculated leaves were sealed with plastic bags to maintain high relative humidity and placed outside under shade trees, temperature ranging from 23.3 to 32.5°C (average 26.3°C) and an average daily rainfall of 3 mm. After 10 days, all mycelium-inoculated plants developed symptoms whereas control plants remained healthy. The same fungus was re-isolated from the inoculated leaf lesions. Pyricularia costina has been recorded as a leaf spot pathogen on other Zingiberaceae host plants, such as Costus speciosus in West Bengal, India (Sarbajna, 1990). Additionally, P. costina was isolated as an endophyte from leaves of Amomum siamense and Alpinia malaccensis in Thailand (Bussaban et al. 2003). This is the first report of P. costina causing a leaf lesion on A. villosum in China. This research was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program (2006BAI09B03) and Yunnan province Jinghong Science and Technology Project (2008-14).

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the distribution characteristics and trend of ovary cancer mortality based on results of the Third National Retrospective Sampling Survey of Death Causes.METHODS:Data of National Retrospective Sampling Survey for the years of 2004 - 2005 from 158 counties/cities/districts was used for the settings. A total of 69,690,241 person-year for female between 2004 and 2005 including 23,598,822 person-year in urban and 46,091,419 person-year in rural were respectively included in the study. Furthermore, the areas of east, middle, and west were divided into the subsets. And also the areas of urban and rural areas were divided into the subsets. The crude death rate and age-specific death rate and the age-standardized death rate by Chinese population of 1982 (CASR) and by world population of 1960 (WASR) were calculated. The historical comparison with the sampling survey of 1990 - 1992 (second time) was conducted, and the global comparison with some selected countries was performed.RESULTS:The crude death rate for ovary cancer was 1.45/100 000 (1008/69 690 241) between 2004 and 2005, which was ranked the 12th and accounted for 1.45% (1008/69 667) of all sites of cancers. The CASR was 0.97/100 000 and the WASR was 1.26/100 000. The crude death rate of ovary cancer were 2.67/100 000 (630/23 598 822) and 0.82/100 000 (378/46 091 419) in urban and rural areas respectively, with the CASR of 1.62/100 000 and 0.59/100 000 in urban and rural areas respectively. Compared with the data from the second time (0.06/100 000 for crude death rate, 0.53/100 000 for CASR and 0.75% for proportion), the crude death rate increased by 141.07% and the CASR increased by 83.02%. The proportion of mortality was increased by 92.92%, which ranked from the 17th to the 12th. In the urban areas, the CASR of ovary cancer increased by 31.71% (1.23/100 000 vs 1.62/100 000), while by 118.52% in rural areas (0.27/100 000 vs 0.59/100 000) with an increasing trend more remarkable in rural than in urban.CONCLUSION:Ovary cancer is not the leading site of cancer death-cause in China, its morality is higher in urban than in rural. It is necessary to pay more attention to ovary cancer in China.

磁县作为国家食管癌早诊早治示范基地之一,如何起到示范作用,我们适时提出了"两个转变"的构想,从三方面开发政府领导层,重点把握五个体系,建立可持续发展的新路子.

[Purpose] To investigate the evaluating indicators forearly detection and treatment of cancerprogram in China. [Methods] The data came from early detection and treatment of cancers including cervix,esophagus/cardiac,colon-recta,stomach,liver and nasopharynx supported by the central government special financial transfer payment program in 2006～2009. The evaluating indicators for early detection and treatment of cancerprogram are defined. The rates of screening detection,early di-agnosis and treatment are classified as indicators of the performance. The early detection cost index (EDCI) serves as the comprehensive indicator. [Results] Among the six cancers of cervix,esophagus/cardiac,colon-recta,liver,nasopharynx and stomach,the screening detection rates (on the diagnosis base)were 5.6%,2.4%,3.9%,1.3%,5.5%and 1.5%respectively. The early diagnosis rates were 93.5%,82.3%,91.9%,58.2%,60.0%and 80.0%respectively;and treatment rates were 90.9%,68.4%,100%,69.1%,80.0%and 85.0%respectively. Finally,the EDCI were 0.22,0.42,0.48,0.80,2.45 and 1.68 respectively. [Conclusions] The early detection and early treatment of cervical,colorectal and esophageal/cardiac cancers demonstrate a good cost benefit. It should be generalized to broad population implementation.

目的:探讨分析我国胰腺癌死亡率与糖尿病发病率的关系,为胰腺癌的病因研究提供流行病学依据.方法:对2004年～2005年全国第三次死因调查和2002年全国营养调查的数据进行整理.提取两次调查重合的34个调查点的胰腺癌死亡率和糖尿病患病率,分析两者的相关性.结果:胰腺癌死亡率与糖尿病的患病水平存在明显的相关性,糖尿病患病率越高,当地胰腺癌的死亡率越高,糖尿病患病率每升高1%,胰腺癌死亡率升高19%,年龄调整后升高3%.结论:糖尿病可能增加胰腺癌的死亡率,其机制需进一步研究.

Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is a class of nonlinear filtering methods based on unscented transform within the Kalman filter framework. It is in light of the intuition that to approximate a probability distribution by a set of deterministic samples is easier than to approximate an arbitrary nonlinear transform. The key factors of UKF—the scalar, the state variable dimensions and the noises involved in nonlinear system, besides the probability distribution, should be synthetically analyzed. The mean square error is adopted to evaluate the effect of these factors on the performance of UKF. The simulation results show that the factors above mentioned more or less affect the performance of UKF, in which the state noise plays the most important role.

The unmanned combat aerial vehicle(UCAV) is a intelligent weapon. Based on artificial brain theory, its autonomous control system was divided into three layers which are perception fusion layer, cognition and decision layer, and behavior control layer. In perception fusion layer, information was transmitted from multi-sensors system to relative system and was fused ultimately. In cognition and decision layer, a cognitive model was designed based on three-phase memory mechanisms which were ultra short-time memory and long-time memory. In behavior control layer, planning function was added that increased behavior intelligence. The flight control was simulated using dynamic inversion method. And the result showed the design of execution sub-system was reasonable through tracking the mobile trajectory.

OBJECTIVE:Chinese cancer registration data provide information on the national cancer burden but how representative they are of the real situation is uncertain. Mortality data from cancer registration and the third national death survey were therefore compared to determine the accuracy of estimates in China.METHODS:The data were from the Cancer Registration Annual Report, 2004, China and the third National Death Survey, 2004-205. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate site-specific cancer mortality rate ratios between the two.RESULTS:The estimated cancer mortality for all sites from national cancer registration was representative for China, especially in urban areas, but mortality was over-estimated for rural areas, with large differences in some cancer site-specific mortalities.CONCLUSION:Although cancer registration data are representative at the country level and for urban areas, they may not reflect real cancer burden in rural areas, particularly with some cancer types. Setting up new cancer registries in non-high risk areas in rural areas should be enhanced in further cancer surveillance plans.

Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) using augmented state for the nonlinear dynamic systems in the presence of additive process and measurement noises is addressed. There are two alternative versions of UKF in which the system state may be augmented or not be augmented by the process and measurement noises. It was reported that the augmented UKF has better performance for dynamic systems than the nonaugmented UKF. However, the research results apply only to the dynamic system with weak noises, not to mention how the performance of these two UKFs compared in the presence of strong noises. Under the condition of n+k=const, the basic difference in one filtering recursion between them is that the covariance of state vector in augmented UKF incorporates the process noises. This difference generally makes the gain in augmented UKF bigger than the counterpart in nonaugmented UKF. We cast augmented KF and nonaugmented UKF into a discrete-time dynamic system equation. Then we find that the nonaugmented UKF yields better performance than the augmented UKF in the case of strong noises, which contradicts with the results obtained in the presence of weak noises.

文章报告了全国肿瘤登记中心收集的全国45个肿瘤登记处上报的2005年发病登记资料。通过对上报数据质量的综合审核,选取其中34个登记处的数据进行合并分析,以反映2005年我国肿瘤登记覆盖地区癌症的发病与死亡水平。

文章报告了2004～2005年全国第三次死因回顾抽样调查全国样本点胆囊及胆道其它部位肿瘤死亡情况.并与第二次死因调查及世界其他国家和地区进行比较,以反映胆囊癌在我国居民中的死亡水平.