Records of the environmental occurrence of organothiophosphate esters (OTPEs), which are used as flame retardants and food and industrial additives, are unavailable. In this study, we discovered three OTPEs, namely O,O,O-tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphorothioate (AO168═S), O-butyl O-(butyl-methylphenyl) O-(di-butylphenyl) phosphorothioate (BBMDBPt)/O,O-bis(dibutylphenyl) O-methyl phosphorothioate (BDBPMPt), and O-butyl O-ethyl O-hydrogen phosphorothioate (BEHPt), in the surface water of the Yangtze River Basin by applying a characteristic phosphorothioate fragment-directed high-resolution mass spectrometry method. Among the 17 water samples tested, the detection frequencies of AO168═S and BEHPt were 100% and that of BBMDBPt/BDBPMPt was 29%. The mean concentration of AO168═S was 56.9 ng/L (30.5-148 ng/L), and semi-quantitative analysis revealed that the mean concentrations of BEHPt and BBMDBPt/BDBPMPt were 17.2 ng/L (5.5-65.4 ng/L) and 0.8 ng/L (<the limit of quantification, LOQ, to 6.3 ng/L), respectively. Twelve organophosphate esters were also detected, of which the highest mean concentration was found for tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168═O, 366 ng/L), followed by triphenyl phosphate (84.3 ng/L), triethyl phosphate (19.3 ng/L), and tributyl phosphate (15.7 ng/L). The Spearman's correlation coefficient between AO168═S and AO168═O was 0.547 (p < 0.05), suggesting that AO168═S commonly transforms into AO168═O or that these chemicals have a similar source and behavior in the environment. Future studies are warranted to assess the potential toxicity, environmental behavior, and health risks posed by OTPEs.

尽管朱子与陆九渊在心性论上的分歧通常被归结为"性即理"与"心即理"之别,但实际上朱子的哲学文本中亦不乏"心与理一"这样揭示心、理之一致性的思想表达.这种表达与阐释天理之"所当然而不容已"之义紧密相关,与朱子一贯主张的"性即理"说并不矛盾,其实质含义是性理作为"所当然"规定了心灵不容自已的本质倾向性,心灵的全部活动与状态都是对此本质倾向性的实现,理想的"本心""明德"状态与实际的"心有善恶"状态尽可皆溯源于理.就此而言,朱子之心性论也可谓是建立了一种有别于陆氏心学、从"当然"之性理出发贯通心体的"纵贯系统"与"圆密宏大之心学".

Hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP), an unregistered chemical, has been used as a substitute for triphenyl phosphate in flame retardants and plasticizers. Here, we identified its metabolite, pentaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (PPCTP) in the liver of Japanese medaka exposed to HPCTP. When sexually mature female medaka were exposed to HPCTP at 37.0, 90.4, and 465.4 ng/L for 35 days, the HPCTP concentration (642.1-2531.9 ng/g lipid weight [lw]) in the embryos considerably exceeded that (34.7-298.1 ng/g lw) in the maternal muscle, indicating remarkable maternal transfer. During 0-9 days postfertilization, the HPCTP concentration in the embryos decreased continuously, while the PPCTP concentration increased. HPCTP and PPCTP antagonized the retinoic X receptor with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 34.8 and 21.2 μM, respectively, and PPCTP also antagonized the retinoic acid receptor with IC50 of 2.79 μM. Such antagonistic activities may contribute to eye deformity (4.7% at 465.4 ng/L), body malformation (2.1% at 90.4 ng/L and 6.8% at 465.4 ng/L), and early developmental mortality (11.6-21.7% in all exposure groups) of the embryos. HPCTP was detected in a main tributary of the Yangtze River Basin. Thus, HPCTP poses a risk to wild fish populations, given the developmental toxicities associated with this chemical and its metabolite.

朱子在《太极解义》中分别以太极之"用所以行""体所以立"释"阳动""阴静",使得"体用"观念构成了朱子《太极图》宇宙观建构的重要线索."体用"与"阴阳"的关联可追溯至以形质为"体"、功用为"用"的"形质论"传统,而朱子进一步借助张咏"公事有阴阳"之论,将与"阴""阳"相应的"体""用"之意涵普遍性把握为"已定"之确定性与"未定"之可能性.通过这一普遍内涵,朱子在《太极图》诠释中统合了"阴阳体用"与"理气体用"两种范畴下的"体用"观念,由此将"阳动""阴静"分别阐释为太极作为形上"所当然"之理内在禀具的确定性之"体"("必然")与可能性之"用"("能然")两方面要素在形下气化层面相继不已的实现环节,推进了古代哲学关于阴阳统一性问题的思考.

As tricresyl phosphate (TCrP) is commonly found in global water sources, its potential reproductive toxicity to fish is of increasing concern. Japanese medaka larvae were exposed to TCrP at 657.9, 1,511, and 4042 ng/L for 100 days. We identified significant fertilization inhibition (6.9%-12.8%) in all exposure groups. Intersex was significantly induced at 4042 ng/L, with an incidence of 22.0%. TCrP exposure also caused dilation of the efferent duct in the testes with maximum duct widths of 83.3, 93.2, and 149.7 mu m in the 657.9, 1,511, and 4042 ng/L exposure groups, respectively. These widths were all significantly larger than that observed in the control group (37.7 mu m) and likely contributed substantially to fertilization inhibition. The TCrP metabolites 4-OH-MDTP and 3-OH-MDTP, were detected at high concentrations in the liver and elicited 5.8-fold and 5.3-fold greater androgen receptor antagonistic activity than that elicited by TCrP (39.8 mu M), which may explain the intersex observed in low exposure groups. 4-OH-MDTP and 3-OH-MDTP elicited anti-estrogenic activities by blocking the estrogen receptor, and the concentrations at which its responses were equal to the IC20 of tamoxifen were 16.1 mu M and 18.9 mu M, respectively, as detected using the yeast two-hybrid assay. Such anti-estrogenic activities were likely the main driver of dilation of the efferent duct. Observed adverse outcomes after exposure to TCrP all occurred under environmentally relevant concentrations, suggesting considerable ecological risk to wild fish.

应然与实然之区分构成了困扰现代西方伦理思想的重要问题,赫斯特豪斯提出的"实质性进路"被认为是指向了解决问题的正确方向.先秦以降的中国古代儒家哲学亦可谓存在沟通实然与应然的"实质性进路",但其在宋代以前通常采用以实然天道秩序类推人世价值秩序的方式,忽略了价值应然性区别于天道法则的独有特质,应然与实然之间仍存在张力.北宋道学的奠基人张载与二程则独辟蹊径,分别通过其"气本论"与"理本论"的哲学建构昭示出契合于价值应然性特质的客观天道模式,从而以更完备的理论形态建立了事实与价值、实然与应然的关联.这一独创性的"实质性进路",对于解答现代伦理学"如何从实然推出应然"的问题亦具有启发意义.

周教颐《太极图》与邵雍《先天图》两类易学图式在朱子易学中具有核心地位,二者构成了交互诠释的紧密关联.朱子一方面以源自《先天图》的"加一倍法"诠释《太极图》的整体象数结构,本于先天数理而赋予《太极图》以本于普遍天理的通贯性原理架构;另一方面以源自《太极图》第二圈阴阳互含结构的"交易"之法诠释《先天圆图》之成图,将阴阳对待互根之理注入其中,使《圆图》成为天理本体所蕴阴阳动静"错综无穷"之神妙特质的象数表征.由此,朱子得以融通濂溪、康节两家之易,将其共同纳入统一的理本论易学体系建构中.

张载深刻思考差异与统一之关系而提出的"两一"架构,是其"气论"哲学的核心线索.这一思想架构将旧有宇宙论的"一生两"逻辑转变为"有两则有一",从而在形而上学层面解决了本原之"一"产生差异之"两"缺乏逻辑必然性的问题,将"一"理解为以差异性为前提的统一性;同时,在价值论层面通过"两一"之"一"的非现成化明确揭示了其作为差异对立因素之间的统合一致而具有的价值奠基意义.另外,通过将差异性之合一把握为气化活动的本质倾向性,张载又立足于"两一"架构论证了于气化世界的生生变化何以必然是一个无尽不息的过程,展现出中国古代哲学所特有的哲学品质与论证品格.

Global fishery resources have been declining for decades, leading some fisheries to collapse. Although the decline is partly due to man-made chemical contamination, causal chemicals have been identified in only a few cases. We conducted consecutive 3-year investigations of embryonic mortality in Taihu Lake, China, including heavily contaminated northern areas, including Zhushan (ZS), Meiliang (ML), and Gonghu (GH), and the less polluted southeastern Suzhou (SZ). In 2016, 65.8% of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) embryos collected from ZS died before hatching, a substantially higher mortality rate than those observed in ML (21.7%), GH (15.2%), and SZ (2.2%). In 2017, the embryonic mortality rates were 38.8% in ZS, 1.3% in ML, 6.9% in GH, and 3.5% in SZ, and these rates strongly correlated with the concentrations of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP): 104.2, 1.8, 4.6, and 4.1 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in embryos from ZS, ML, GH, and SZ, respectively. In 2018, embryonic mortality decreased to 4.0% in ZS and 1.2% in GH, consistent with decreases in embryonic TDCIPP concentrations to 17.1 and 1.5 ng/g lw, respectively. Moreover, the TDCIPP concentrations in dead embryos (70.5-216.8 ng/g lw) were much higher than those in live embryos (1.2-10.5 ng/g lw). Embryonic mortality was also observed in well-controlled laboratory experiments in which wild crucian carp were exposed to TDCIPP at concentrations similar to those measured in embryos collected from Taihu Lake, thus confirming TDCIPP as a causal factor in mass crucian carp embryo mortality in Taihu Lake. TDCIPP thus poses a threat to the sustainability of fisheries worldwide, given the high worldwide production volume of this chemical and its embryonic lethal toxicity.

2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) has been detected in wild fish with high concentrations, which may pose a risk in the embryo development considering its potential maternal transfer. In this study, EHDPP was demonstrated to elicit antagonistic activity to medaka retinoic acid receptor (mRAR) and retinoic X receptor (mRXR) with 50% inhibitory concentration of 18 and 36 μM, respectively. After adult female medaka were exposed to EHDPP at 156, 405, and 1161 ng/L for 35 days, the embryonic EHDPP concentrations (364-4824 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) were higher than those in the maternal tissues (15.0-4166 ng/g lw), showing notable maternal transfer. The embryonic concentration of EHDPP decreased limitedly during 1-2 day post-fertilization (dpf, the main developmental window of eye) but then decreased sharply after 2 dpf. The transcript abundance of cyp26a1 was inhibited and subsequent increasing embryonic all-trans RA level was observed in embryos, showing RAR/RXR antagonistic activity. These results may specifically contribute to the increased eye deformity incidences in all exposure groups (up to 8.0%; 51/637) relative to the control (1.0%, 7/733). The response behavior of the larvae to light stimulation was impaired in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating a vision disorder. Because such developmental toxicities were observed at the environmental level, EHDPP may pose a threat to the survival of wild larvae and therefore a population risk for wild fish.

《周易》独有的《易》象符号系统的创立,一定程度上源自古人对于生命现象的根源性领会与理解.《易》象系统蕴含的“象”之思维方式,及其与奇偶筮数关联的基础阴阳爻画,均可溯源于古代的生命世界观,或曰“生生哲学”.阴阳爻画三叠排布为“小成”之八卦、八卦两两相重为六位之六十四卦的传世《周易》《易》象符号形态,可谓是基于“关联性思维”对于古代生生世界图景的最佳符号化表征方式,这也是汉代以后出现的种种拟《易》之作如《太玄》《潜虚》等始终无法超越原始《易》象符号系统的原因.

Although high concentrations of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) have been detected in wild fish, its reproductive toxicity in fish remains unclear. In this study, we for the first time observed that EHDPP elicited androgen receptor (AR) antagonistic activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 37.5 μM. 2-Ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl diphenyl phosphate was proved to be the dominant metabolite of EHDPP in Japanese medaka and elicited 3.1-fold stronger AR antagonistic activity than that of EHDPP. Medaka larvae (0-day post hatching) were exposed to EHDPP for 100 days, and intersex was observed in males from all exposure groups with significantly increased incidence (13.5-48.6%). 17β-E2 was promoted at 104 ng/L, and androgens were suppressed at 434 ng/L, which account for the intersex incidence in the high-exposure groups but do not explain the significant incidence of intersex in the 29.9 ng/L exposure group. The AR antagonistic activity of EHDPP and its metabolites must therefore play a key role in intersex incidence. EHDPP also significantly (p < 0.05) repressed reproductive behaviors of males in the 434 ng/L group and decreased fertility in high-exposure groups compared with the control. All the adverse outcomes were observed under environmentally relevant concentrations, implying that EHDPP poses an ecological risk for wild fish populations.

Fishery resources are highly threatened by man-made chemicals that cause early life-stage mortality in fish, and could consequently block population recruitment. In a wide-scale and long-term investigation in Taihu Lake, we found that the temporal and spatial variation in embryonic mortality of crucian carp were consistent with the embryonic TDCIPP concentrations. We also confirmed in a well-controlled laboratory study that environmental concentrations of TDCIPP could cause embryonic mortality in crucian carp. Thus, TDCIPP was a major causal agent for mass embryonic mortality of crucian carp in Taihu Lake. These findings highlight the deleterious effect of this high-production-volume industrial chemical on global fishery and suggest ecosystem conservation should account for supervision of ubiquitous chemicals.

明代理学大家王阳明创立的《南赣乡约》在中国古代乡约发展史上占有重要地位.着眼于乡约与理学的思想渊源对《南赣乡约》加以分析,可以看到其一方面继承了宋代理学的乡治思想传统,另一方面又以阳明心学为思想基础,结合明代南赣地区的社会现实而有所调整、改造,相较于宋代乡约呈现出道德教化简易化、乡约形式官方化、乡约与保甲制度并行的新特点,深刻影响了明代乡约的发展.《南赣乡约》可谓提供了一种制度与道德协调共举、官治与民治相互促进的乡治思路,对现代中国的乡村治理具有启示意义.

程颐“天理”观念的内涵可以在易学哲学的视域下加以解读.在易学诠释中,程颐引入“所以”概念表述天理,揭示出其所蕴含的事物活动之法则与事物生成之根据两重意涵.此两重意涵的统一,意味着天理必须被把握为“所当然”之理,其作为对于事物活动之“所当然而不容已”的本质趋向的规定,构成了易道“生生”变化的普遍基础.程颐易学文本中出现的实然、必然含义的“理”,或者规定应然之理在现实中的具体实现方式,或者追究现实之恶偏离应然之善的原因,均被应然性所主导,展现出程颐易学与理学“以应然统摄实然”的贯通性思想路径.

Since triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) elicits both antiestrogenic activities via blocking the estrogen receptor (ER) and estrogenic activity by elevating 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) synthesis, its adverse effect on female reproduction is uncertain. In this study, we exposed Japanese medaka to TPhP at 131, 363, and 1773 ng/L for 100 days following hatching. TPhP significantly induced ovary retardation in all exposure groups (incidence: from 11.9 to 37.8%) and reduced egg production by 38.9 and 50.9% in the 363 and 1773 ng/L exposure groups, respectively. Vitellogenin (vtg) transcription was significantly downregulated by 35.4-57.4% after TPhP exposure, explaining the ovary retardation. Considering that 17β-E2 was only significantly decreased in the 1773 ng/L exposure group, ER antagonism could be the dominant contributor to the inhibition of vtg transcription and female reproductive toxicity of TPhP. As 4-hydroxyphenyl diphenyl phosphate, a metabolite of TPhP, was detected in livers with similar concentration [68.4-1237 ng/g lipid weight (lw)] to that of TPhP (485-1594 ng/g lw) and elicited medaka ER antagonistic activity (50% inhibitory concentration = 78.1 μM), TPhP and its metabolite should both contribute to the reproductive inhibition. We demonstrate that TPhP at environmentally relevant concentrations is toxic to female reproduction, which poses an ecological risk to wild fish at the population level.

《潜虚》是司马光独创的宏大易学宇宙观体系,其《名图》兼具天道气运与人事之名的象征义,在整个《潜虚》体系中处于沟通天人的核心地位.司马光在创制《名图》时,做了三方面巧妙的象数设计:其一,将《齐名》符号××置于图周图的中央;其二,象征四时之中每一时节气运的符号皆按始于五行生数相配、中于生成数调和、终于五行成数相配的原则排布;其三,将五十五组符号依右数之序必为木、金、土、水、火,冲和之土必居正中的方式分为十一门类,以此确定象征人事的五十五名.通过如是的精妙安排,《名图》在其象数结构之中彰显出“中和”这一重要的儒家价值观念,体现了“推天道以名人事”的易学宗旨.

While triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) has been frequently detected in surface water and wildlife, its adverse effects on the gonadal development and reproductive behaviors of fish remain unclear. In this study, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to TPhP at concentrations of 134.1, 299.1, and 1429.5 ng/L from hatching [0 days posthatching (dph)] to sexual maturity (100 dph). TPhP induced gonadal intersex in male medaka in all exposure groups, and a significant increase was observed in the 1429.5 ng/L exposure group, with an incidence of 26.2% (11 of 42; p < 0.01). TPhP exposure also caused abnormal chasing behavior, with a lowest observable effective concentration (LOEC) of 299.1 ng/L, and reduced the desire of males for females in the 1429.5 ng/L group, demonstrating toxicity for fish reproductive behaviors. The anti-androgenic activity of TPhP via both androgen suppression and AR blocking was proposed to be the major mechanism of the observed effects. On the basis of dose-dependent inhibition of successful mating, fertilization, and hatching of eggs, environmentally relevant concentrations of Tphp pose a risk to fish reproduction.

邵雍在其先天易学哲学中广泛运用了“体用”观念.在邵雍这里,“体用”既可以在性质范畴下对应事物的阴阳属性,也可以在关系范畴下描述事物互为体用的关系.由“体用”引申出的“体性”概念展现出了阴阳世界的复杂多样,以及易学阴阳模式的强大解释力.而“体用”与先天学之数算结合产生的“体四用三,存一不用”思想,作为先天学世界图景的基本架构,蕴含着邵雍对于生生不息之自然运化背后的必然性根据的深刻思考.

以动静言阴阳,将动静作为阴阳所由产生的根据,是周敦颐的一大理论创见.但是,如果将周敦颐的“动静”观念常识性地理解为物理运动与静止,将导致诸多解释上的困难.联系《太极图说》所提供的文本内证,我们可以看到,“动”、“静”分别对应着“辟”与“混”,其含义应解释为生机的彰显与收敛,动静实际上是太极创生万物过程的两个有序推移的阶段,这样方与周敦颐《太极图说》描绘出的生生不穷的世界图景相契合.