This study aimed to evaluate the effects of boron on the lipid metabolism, estradiol concentration, uterine morphology and ERα expression in ovariectomized rats. Seventy 3-month-old female SD rats were selected and randomly divided into a sham-operated group and an ovariectomized group. After one week of surgical recovery, sham-operated rats were divided into Sham (distilled water) and Sham+B40 (40 mg/L boron) groups. Ovariectomized rats were allocated to OVX (control), OVX + Est (estrogen), OVX+B20 (20 mg/L boron), OVX+B40 (40 mg/L boron) and OVX+B80 (80 mg/L boron) groups. During the 22-week experiment period, body weight was recorded; serum lipid profiles (TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C) and estradiol (E2) levels were detected; uterine morphology was observed; uterine ERα expression was analyzed via qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the body weight and lipid metabolism levels in the three boron-supplemented groups were generally increased compared to those of the OVX group and the Sham group. The concentration of E2 was increased to a different degree. Uterine area and endometrial thickness increased with 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L boron but decreased at 80 mg/L. Although the expression levels of uterine ERα in the three boron-supplemented groups were different degree increased, the 20 mg/L group was showed the best result. Therefore, that boron demonstrates estrogen-modulatory effects, which can effectively improve the estrogen deficiency symptoms in ovariectomized rats, regulate lipid metabolism disorders, increase E2 concentration, alleviate degree of the uterine atrophy and promote the expression of ERα, especially the low-concentration (20 mg/L) boron has a better effect.

Huoshou black pig (HS) is a well-known indigenous Chinese breed distinguished by superior meat quality compared to Western breeds. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences, we performed Data-Independent Acquisition(DIA) proteomic analysis on the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle from HS and Yorkshire (YY) pigs. We identified 262 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 134 upregulated and 128 downregulated in HS relative to YY. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these DEPs were significantly involved in small molecule metabolism, oxidoreductase activity, and several key signaling pathways such as the mTOR, AMPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways. Protein -protein interaction network analysis highlighted roles in structural proteins, glycolysis, and ribosome biogenesis. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis identified five candidate genes (MGST2, PNPO, CALD1, NCAM1, ACSS1) potentially associated with meat quality traits. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) validated the consistent differential expression of these genes at both the protein and mRNA levels. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating pork quality in indigenous pig breeds.

Bovine mastitis remains a globally prevalent disease, with the limitations of antibiotic-based treatments—such as the rise in antimicrobial resistance and the presence of drug residues—highlighting the urgent need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Inflammation is intricately linked to various cytokines and immunomodulatory proteins, among which cyclophilin A (CypA) serves as a pivotal inflammatory mediator, significantly contributing to the initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses under such conditions. The acquisition of high-purity recombinant protein is a fundamental prerequisite for in vitro functional studies of bovine CypA. This study aimed to construct a eukaryotic expression vector for bovine CypA and verify its expression in CHO-K1 cells. Utilizing the bovine CypA gene sequence available in GenBank, the coding region was artificially synthesized and optimized for codon usage, subsequently being inserted into the pPB[Exp] backbone vector via BsrGI and BstEII double digestion. The resulting polycistronic expression vector contained a CAG promoter driving the CypA transcription, an EF1α promoter driving the EGFP reporter gene, a PGK promoter controlling the puromycin resistance gene, and a C-terminal His-tag. Restriction enzyme digestion and bidirectional Sanger sequencing confirmed that the inserted fragment sequence was completely consistent with the optimized design. Robust EGFP fluorescence was observed 24 h post-transfection and remained stable after puromycin selection. qPCR analysis showed that the Ct value of CypA in the experimental group was 16.20 ± 0.04, while no amplification signal was detected in the control group. Additionally, Western blot analysis identified a CypA-specific band at approximately 18 kDa, confirming the correct expression of the exogenous CypA protein in CHO-K1 cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate the successful construction and validation of a bovine CypA eukaryotic expression vector. The established CHO-K1 expression system exhibited stable and efficient expression, thereby providing a robust foundation for future research on the production and application of recombinant CypA protein.

This study aims to investigate the differences in semen quality between the high- and low-sperm motility group in Landes ganders, and to elucidate the regulatory role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis. Based on sperm motility values, the Landes ganders were divided into the high-sperm motility group (HSM, n = 3, 51.76 ± 2.53) and the low-sperm motility group (LSM, n = 3, 39.39 ± 2.52). Semen quality parameters, serum antioxidant indices, testosterone concentrations, and testicular histomorphology were assessed. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted on hypothalamic, pituitary, and testicular tissues to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Sperm concentration and motility were significantly higher in the HSM group compared with the LSM group (p < 0.01). Ganders with low-sperm motility group exhibited increased serum malondialdehyde levels and decreased total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity (p < 0.01), along with reduced testosterone concentrations (p < 0.05). Histological examination revealed that HSM ganders displayed well-developed seminiferous tubules with larger diameters, increased germ cell layers, and abundant mature spermatozoa, whereas LSM ganders showed impaired spermatogenesis and reduced tubular development (p < 0.01). Key genes associated with spermatogenesis (SPATA1, WT1) and steroidogenesis (3β-HSD, CYP11A1, CYP19A1) were significantly upregulated in the HSM group. Transcriptomic profiling identified 1,189, 2,126, and 1,538 DEGs in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testis, respectively. These DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways related to GnRH signaling, steroid hormone biosynthesis, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and Wnt signaling. Differences in sperm motility among Landes ganders are closely associated with antioxidant status, endocrine regulation, testicular development, and coordinated gene expression along the HPT axis. These findings provide mechanistic insights into spermatogenesis and offer a theoretical basis for improving reproductive performance in geese.

BACKGROUND: Berberine (BBR) is known for its strong free radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities and may alleviate oxidative stress-induced damage during semen cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the impact of BBR supplementation in the freezing extender on the cryopreservation quality of boar semen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BBR was incorporated into the freezing extender at concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L. Frozen semen straws were prepared following a standard protocol. Post-thaw, assessments were conducted on sperm viability, motility, motility parameters, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). RESULTS: The 10 μmol/L BBR-treated group exhibited significantly higher sperm viability, motility, and velocity parameters, including straight-line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL), and average path velocity (VAP), compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, acrosome integrity and plasma membrane integrity were significantly enhanced in the 10 μmol/L BBR-treated group relative to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the group treated with 10 μmol/L BBR exhibited a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and ROS levels, while demonstrating the highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and MMP (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The addition of BBR to the freezing extender enhanced the post-thaw quality of boar sperm, with the 10 μmol/L concentration providing the most effective protective benefits among the concentrations evaluated.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) offer multiple probiotic benefits, yet host-specific strains for geese remain understudied. This study evaluated three goose-derived LAB strains, AK-GRW1, AK-GRW2, and AK-GRW3, for their effects on growth and intestinal health in geese. In vitro, AK-GRW1 exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity and acid production capacity, while AK-GRW2 showed the highest gastrointestinal tolerance. Additionally, all three strains remained sensitive to common antibiotics. In vivo, all three strains significantly increased ADG and crude protein digestibility, with AK-GRW1 and AK-GRW3 also significantly reduced F/G. LAB supplementation enhanced intestinal digestive enzyme activities, upregulated amino acid transporter genes, and improved villus morphology and barrier integrity. Microbiota profiling further revealed increased abundance of beneficial anti-inflammatory taxa following LAB supplementation. Collectively, among the three strains tested, AK-GRW1 and AK-GRW2 were identified as the most promising candidate probiotics for geese. These results highlight the potential of host-adapted LAB as effective probiotics for sustainable goose production.

Boron (B) is a trace element that plays an important role in animal nutrition and health; however, its effects on the productive performance of Wanxi white geese remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary boron on reproductive performance, egg quality, and serum biochemical indices in Wanxi white geese during the laying period. A total of 126 one-year-old healthy geese were selected and randomly divided into three groups: 0 mg/kg B (control), 57 mg/kg B, and 114 mg/kg B supplementation in the diet. Each treatment included three replicates, with 14 geese (11 females and 3 males) in each replicate. Compared with the control group, boron supplementation at both 57 mg/kg and 114 mg/kg significantly reduced mating frequency and egg malformation rate, while increasing reproductive hormone levels and promoting follicular development. The 114 mg/kg B group showed significant improvements in egg qualification rate, hatchability, egg yolk ratio, and egg shape index. Additionally, it significantly enhanced yolk color (b* value). However, both boron-supplemented groups exhibited a significant reduction in eggshell thickness during the later laying period. Serum biochemical analysis revealed that 114 mg/kg B significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, suggesting a protective effect on liver function, whereas 57 mg/kg B significantly decreased the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, indicating reduced hepatic protein synthesis capacity. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 114 mg/kg boron enhances the egg qualification rate, hatchability, egg quality, follicular development, and serum biochemical indices in Wanxi white geese, supporting its potential as a beneficial feed additive during the laying period.

Crude protein (CP) in diets is essential for maintaining animal health and production performance. However, the protein requirements of Wanxi white geese during the laying period are not well understood. In this study, 120 one-year-old Wanxi white geese were selected and divided into three groups based on similar body weights, namely 14% CP, 15% CP, and 16% CP, with each group consisting of 40 animals. The feed was administered for 120 days. Compared with the 14% CP group, the 15% CP group showed a significant increase in the number of courtships and matings, a reduction in nesting frequency, an enhancement in the egg fertility, and an improvement in the nutritional components, and specific gravity of eggs. Additionally, the 16% CP group promoted the secretion of serum E2, LH, P4, and GnRH while inhibiting the secretion of LEP, compared with the 14% CP group. Taken together, it can be seen that a diet containing 15% CP can enhance the reproductive performance, egg fertility, and egg quality of Wanxi white geese. This study is the first to analyze the effects of different dietary CP levels on the reproductive performance and egg specific gravity of Wanxi white geese during the laying period, providing a theoretical basis for formulating feeding standards for this breed.

A transcriptome sequencing analysis on ovarian tissues of Wanxi white geese (WWG) at different laying periods (pre-laying, laying, and eased) explored the effects of lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA on the follicular development and egg production performance of WWG. The purpose was to explore the molecular mechanism in ovarian tissue at different laying periods on the regulation of the laying performance of WWG. The results revealed 8353 differentially expressed genes, 258 differentially expressed miRNAs, and 3254 differentially expressed lncRNAs. GO and KEGG functional enrichment annotation analysis of the differentially expressed lncRNAs target genes showed that they were significantly enriched biological processes and signaling pathways related to follicular development and egg production. The pathways include germ cell development, steroid hormone synthesis, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, and Wnt signaling pathway (P < 0.05). The ceRNA interaction network showed that MSTRG.20844.2-miR-2970-x-SLC7A11, MSTRG.11176.1-miR-425-x-LEF1, MSTRG.6230.1/MSTRG.11176.1-miR-1-z-CPEB1, MSTRG.5594.1-miR-133-y-ZAR1, MSTRG.17059.2-miR-22-y-CDH6, MSTRG. 23558.2-miR-137-y-TGFBR2, and XR_001213273.2-miR-301-y-RUNX3 may regulate follicular development and the egg production performance of WWG. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed a targeting relationship between the MSTRG.20844.2-miR-2970-x-SLC7A11 axis. This study systematically expounded the post-transcriptional molecular mechanism of ovarian development and the laying performance of Wanxi white geese using lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA, revealing the complex interaction between lncRNA and genes controlling follicular development and laying performance. Therefore, this study provided a reference for molecular breeding and genetic improvement of geese in the later stage.

The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is an important neuroendocrine regulatory center involved in egg-laying process in poultry. However, its mechanism of regulating broodiness behavior and laying performance in geese remains unclear. This study explored the molecular mechanism by which the HPG axis regulates brooding behavior in Wanxi white geese (WWG). The hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovarian tissues of Wanxi white geese were collected at laying and brooding periods for transcriptome sequencing analysis. A total of 240 (BH vs. LH), 319 (BP vs. LP), and 445 (BO vs. LO) differentially expressed genes, and 56 (BH vs. LH), 82 (BP vs. LP), and 48 (BO vs. LO) differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were significantly enriched in hormone level regulation, cell communication, calcium signaling pathway, GnRH signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and other processes. Six DEGs and four DEMs were randomly selected for real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). The results showed that the transcriptome sequencing data were accurate and reliable. In addition, 22 potential hub miRNAs were screened. Dual luciferase reporter assays confirmed the targeting relationship between miR-144-y and DIO3. The results showed that the miRNAs mainly regulated the laying performance and brooding behavior of WWG by mediating the expression of target genes. In this study, we systematically elucidated the mechanisms by which the HPG axis regulates the broodiness behavior and laying performance of WWG at the post-transcriptional level. Several miRNAs and mRNAs associated with the reproductive performance of WWG were identified, providing a crucial reference for the subsequent use of gene editing technologies to breed new varieties and advance the development of WWG breeding industry.

Bee pollen is rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, exhibiting properties such as antioxidant effects, immune enhancement, and promotion of growth and development. However, there are limited studies on the use of bee pollen in goose breeding. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rape bee pollen (RBP) and camellia bee pollen (CBP) on production performance, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant and immune indices, and gut microbiota in Wanxi white goose. In this study, 180 30-day-old Wanxi white goose with similar body weight were randomly divided into three groups with three replicates containing 20 goose each replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, RBP group received the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg RBP, and CBP group received the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg CBP. The experiment lasted for 60 days, with sampling conducted at 60 and 90 days of age. The results revealed that RBP could significantly increase the full eviscerated rate of Wanxi white goose. Additionally, RBP and CBP significantly improved the structure of small intestine tissue, enhanced antioxidant capacity and digestive enzyme activity, and regulated the cecal microbial community structure of Wanxi white goose, with RBP demonstrating superior effects compared to CBP. Taken together, RBP and CBP significantly improved serum biochemical indices, intestinal function and the composition of intestinal flora in Wanxi white goose, with RBP demonstrating superior effects compared to CBP.

Despite several factors influencing reproduction in geese, but the precise molecular mechanisms of egg cessation are not fully understood. In the present study, the hematopoietic parameters and serum hormone levels in Wanxi white geese were analyzed. RNA-Seq was utilized to identify the differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) and lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs) in the ovarian tissues associated with nesting in geese during the late-laying and nesting periods. Triglyceride (TG) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were higher in late-laying geese, while white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEU), hemoglobin (HGB), and hematocrit (HCT) levels were significantly lower in late-laying geese. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen (E2), and progesterone (P4) increased significantly during the late-laying period, whereas prolactin (PRL) level was lower in the late-laying period than the nesting period. During the late-laying period, geese had a clear follicular hierarchy, with ovaries exhibiting mature and primary follicles. In the nesting period, the ovaries were degenerated and had many primary follicles without follicular development. Analysis of mRNA-lncRNA expression revealed 1,257 DEGs between the nesting and the late-laying stages, of which 841 were up-regulated and 416 were down-regulated DEGs. A total of 340 DE lncRNAs were identified between the nesting and the late-laying periods, with 113 being up-regulated and 227 down-regulated lncRNAs. DEGs, including TMEM, DRD3, IGFBP7, MAPK13, GnRHR2, HECTD3, KCNU1, OPRD1, and VCAM1, along with DE lncRNAs, including XR_001203613.1, XR_001206155.1, XR_001207759.1, XR_001213571.1 and XR_001214368.1 participate in reproduction in geese. Correlation analysis indicated that the cis-regulation of XR_001213096.1-ITPR3, XR_001203613.1-GALNT15, XR_001206155.1-COL6A3, XR_001207759.1-ANKS1B, and XR_001214368.1-VPS45 participate in the molecular mechanisms underlying nesting in geese. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the DEGs and DE lncRNAs associated with focal adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, were responsible for the differences in the ovaries between the nesting and late-laying periods. This study offers valuable information on the roles of genes and lncRNAs, and the mechanisms underlying variations in reproductive performance between the late-laying and nesting periods.

Ultrasonic treatment significantly improves the emulsifying properties of chicken egg yolk. This advancement not only provides a novel approach for enhancing the physical stability of yolk-based cryodiluents, but also holds promising implications for optimizing the cryopreservation efficacy of boar semen. This study evaluated the effects of conventional egg yolk (CON) and ultrasonicated egg yolk (UT-CEY) on boar semen cryopreservation. Semen samples were cryopreserved using standard straw freezing methods, with post-thaw sperm quality parameters assessed. Results demonstrated that UT-CEY significantly reduced yolk particle size (p < 0.01), improved emulsion stability (p < 0.01), and decreased creaming index (p < 0.05). Additionally, UT-CEY enhanced total motility, progressive motility, straight-line velocity (VSL), and plasma membrane integrity (p < 0.01), along with acrosome integrity (p < 0.05) compared to CON. Furthermore, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were elevated in UT-CEY (p < 0.01), while reactive oxygen species (ROS) fluorescence intensity showed no significant difference (p >0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed upregulated Bcl-2, CAT (p < 0.01), and SOD2 (p < 0.05) in UT-CEY. In conclusion, ultrasonicated egg yolk diluent improves boar semen cryopreservation efficiency and post-thaw sperm quality.

Egg yolk, commonly employed as a cryoprotectant in semen cryopreservation, contains large particle matter that can diminish semen quality post thaw and complicate its quality assessment. For this reason, we designed a centrifugal treatment of chicken egg yolk to evaluate its effect on the cryopreservation of porcine semen. The control group (CG) was prepared with a dilution of chicken egg yolk by conventional mixing treatment, and the experimental group (EG) used a dilution of centrifugally treated chicken egg yolk for the ultra-low-temperature cryopreservation of porcine semen. The freezing process was carried out by conventional freezing methods. The spermatozoa were subsequently assessed for various parameters, including motility, acrosome integrity rate, plasma membrane integrity rate, antioxidant indexes, apoptosis rate, and the expression of apoptosis-related genes. The results showed that, post freeze-thawing, the motility, viability, VSL, and VCL of the spermatozoa in the EG were significantly higher than those observed in the CG (p < 0.05). Additionally, the acrosome integrity and plasma membrane integrity of the spermatozoa in the EG were significantly enhanced compared to the CG (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the EG exhibited significantly lower MDA content and sperm apoptosis rate (p < 0.05), while demonstrating significantly higher T-AOC and CAT levels (p < 0.05) relative to the CG. In comparison to the CG, the EG exhibited a significant reduction in the gene expression of TNF-a and Bax in the spermatozoa (p < 0.05), whereas the expression levels of CAT and Bcl-2 were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the dilution solution formulated through the centrifugal processing of chicken egg yolk demonstrated efficacy in enhancing the quality of porcine spermatozoa following cryopreservation and subsequent thawing.

Ovarian development significantly influences the laying performance of geese. In this study, the transcriptome analysis was conducted on the ovarian tissues of Wanxi White Geese during the pre-laying (KL), laying (CL), and ceased-laying period (XL). Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) analysis and miRNA-mRNA regulatory network construction were performed to identify the key genes and miRNAs regulating laying traits. Comparative analysis of KL vs. CL, CL vs. XL, and XL vs. KL groups resulted in the identification of 337, 136, and 525 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and 258, 1131, and 909 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs), respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis (p < 0.05) revealed that the main enrichment pathways of DEGs and DEMs at different breeding periods were Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, GnRH signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway, all associated with ovarian development. According to the three groups of common pathways, four DEGs were screened out, including INHBB, BMP5, PRL, and CGA, along with five DEMs, including let-7-x, miR-124-y, miR-1-y, and miR-10926-z, all of them may affect ovarian development. A miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was constructed through integrated analysis of DEGs and DEMs, revealing nine miRNAs highly associated with ovarian development: miR-101-y, let-7-x, miR-1-x, miR-17-y, miR-103-z, miR-204-x, miR-101-x, miR-301-y, and miR-151-x. The dual-luciferase reporter gene verified the target relationship between WIF1 and miR-204-x, suggesting that these miRNAs may influence ovarian development in Wanxi White Goose by regulating the expression levels of their target genes within ovarian tissue. This study provides a theoretical foundation for analyzing the mechanisms of ovarian development across different breeding periods and accelerating the cultivation of new breeds through post-transcriptional regulation levels.

为探究不同日龄皖西白鹅血液指标、免疫器官组织形态和抗氧化指标的变化,本实验随机选择 30 日龄健康皖西白鹅饲养,分别在 60、90 日龄和 105 日龄翅下静脉采血,60、90 日龄时处死并取胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊和肝脏用于指标测定.结果显示:在血常规指标中,白细胞数、红细胞数随日龄增加而升高,其中 90日龄皖西白鹅的红细胞分布宽度标准差指标较 60、105 日龄显著升高.与 60 日龄相比,90、105 日龄皖西白鹅的血液生化指标水平显著升高.无机磷、间接胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、天门冬氨酸基转移酶、血清乳酸脱氢酶、总蛋白、甘油三酯水平随日龄增加而降低,钙和球蛋白水平则随日龄增加而显著升高.与60 日龄皖西白鹅相比,90 日龄皖西白鹅法氏囊小结平均个数、法氏囊小结平均面积显著下降,脾脏重量显著增加,脾小结平均面积显著降低.抗氧化指标中,60 日龄皖西白鹅法氏囊GSH显著高于 90 日龄.在 60～105日龄阶段,通过血液生理生化指标变化情况说明 90 日龄皖西白鹅生长发育已趋于成熟;90 日龄时中枢免疫器官胸腺仍继续发育,而法氏囊结构上呈现退化趋势,外周免疫器官脾脏从 60 日龄至 90 日龄持续发育,60日龄时肝脏在结构上成熟.综上,90 日龄时皖西白鹅免疫器官发育基本成熟,血液生理生化水平趋于稳定.

量子密钥分发(QKD)在信道中容易丢失信息载体,因此有限的通信距离和密钥生成速率是其应用的主要瓶颈.一般而言,密钥速率受信道传输速率的限制,而相位匹配量子密钥分发(PM-QKD)协议的提出克服了线性密钥速率的约束,即安全密钥速率与传输速率的平方根成正比.虽然PM-QKD协议可以保证探测器的安全性,但光源方面仍存在一些缺陷.在PM-QKD协议中,一般假设光源为理想相干态,而这与实际的QKD系统不完全相符,从而造成一些安全问题.本研究讨论了光子数分布未知条件下的PM-QKD协议,证明了光子数分布未知条件下的安全性分析仍然是合理的,也表明基于光源检测的PM-QKD协议产生的密钥率与理想光源下的密钥率基本一致.

The quantum random number generator can generate unpredictable true random numbers, which can solve the random number security problem. On the basis of F-M system, combined with the implementation scheme of quantum random number generator based on photon arrival time, a quantum key distribution system based on quantum random number generator is designed. Compared with F-M system, this system has higher random number security, which can further improve the security of measurement and control information in smart grid.

A number of goose breeds are raised commercially in China. However, the data on the slaughter performance of the goose breeds and the nutritional value of their meats lack a thorough comparative analysis. In this systematic review, the slaughter performance of the goose breeds and nutritional value of their meats were comparatively analyzed to provide an overview of the characteristics of the goose breeds raised commercially in China. Fifteen goose breeds were selected from 27 research articles published up to January 2022 on the slaughter performance of the goose breeds raised commercially in China and their nutrient composition after literature searching, literature screening, variety selection, and data collation. The slaughter indexes of the goose breeds and the basic nutrient composition, amino acid composition, and fatty acid composition of the meats of the goose breeds were standardized using min-max normalization and compared. The results suggest that the slaughter indexes and nutritional indicators of the meats of Yangzhou white goose, Xupu goose, Landaise geese, and Sichuan white goose are more balanced than those of the meats of the other goose breeds. The results of this review can lay the foundation for optimizing the breeding methods of the commercially raised goose breeds and processing methods of the meats of the geese. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The proper supplementation of boron, an essential trace element, can enhance animal immune function. We utilized the method of TMT peptide labeling in conjunction with LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomics for the purpose of examining the effects of boric acid on a rat model and analyzing proteins from the duodenum. In total, 5594 proteins were obtained from the 0, 10, and 320 mg/L boron treatment groups. Two hundred eighty-four proteins that exhibit differential expression were detected. Among the comparison, groups of 0 vs. 10 mg/L, 0 vs. 320 mg/L, and 10 vs. 320 mg/L of boron, 110, 32, and 179 proteins, respectively, demonstrated differential expression. The results revealed that these differential expression proteins (DEPs) mainly clustered into two profiles. GO annotations suggested that most of the DEPs played a role in the immune system process, in which 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-like, myxovirus resistance 1, myxovirus resistance 2, dynein cytoplasmic 1 intermediate chain 1, and coiled-coil domain containing 88B showed differential expression. The DEPs had demonstrated an augmentation in the signaling pathways, which primarily include phagosome, antigen processing, and presentation, as well as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Our study found that immune responses in the duodenum were enhanced by lower doses of boron and that this effect is likely mediated by changes in protein expression patterns in related signaling pathways. It offers an in-depth understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that lead to immune modulation in rats subjected to dietary boron treatment.