Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) is a widely used model for non-infectious uveitis (NIU), a sight-threatening autoimmune ocular disease. Although glucocorticoids remain the first-line therapy, their short half-life and frequent administration increase the risk of systemic and ocular side effects. Here, we report the development of microenvironment-responsive hydrogels with drug-loaded microspheres for sustained dexamethasone acetate release: dexamethasone acetate-loaded microspheres (DAMS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel-encapsulated microspheres (DAMS@Gel). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres were fabricated and subsequently embedded in pH-responsive and injectable hydrogels formed via Schiff base crosslinking. The materials were then thoroughly characterized. In vitro, both DAMS and DAMS@Gel exhibited excellent biocompatibility with retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells, as confirmed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, cell cycle, and cytotoxicity assays. In vivo safety was verified through subconjunctival injection in rabbits. In the rat EAU model, intravitreal administration of DAMS and DAMS@Gel significantly alleviated ocular inflammation, as evidenced by ocular inflammatory symptom observations, fundus imaging, histopathological examination, and decreased glial activation. This study demonstrated that the DAMS and DAMS@Gel drug delivery systems were successfully established and exhibited sustained release properties and stable characteristics. In vitro and in vivo assays indicated that the biological materials had excellent biocompatibility. In addition, both DAMS and DAMS@Gel exerted therapeutic effects on the EAU model rats, and intraocular inflammation was reduced. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the treatment of uveitis with DAMS and DAMS@Gel.

Synthetic biodegradable microspheres hold great promise for complex wound repair. However, their clinical application is hindered by inflammatory responses triggered by acidic degradation byproducts. In this paper, we developed new composite microspheres as dressings to accelerate infected wound healing. Polyethylene glycol/poly(L-lactide)/poly(ε-caprolactone) multiblock copolymers were synthesized and engineered with Cu-doped bioactive glass to form composite microspheres. The Cu-doped bioactive glass not only improved the hydrophilicity of the composite microspheres but also neutralized the acidic degradation products of the copolymers. This helped preserve a physiologically neutral pH in wounds, thereby attenuating inflammatory stimulation and fostering a stabilized microenvironment supportive of efficient wound healing. Simultaneously, the Cu2+ ions within the bioactive glass network were released gradually over 24 h to maintain sustained antibacterial activity and promote wound regeneration. Animal experiments demonstrated that the composite microspheres significantly accelerated the healing of wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus. These composite microspheres represent a feasible solution for infected wound healing.

The tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly its cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-driven fibrotic stroma and immunosuppressive components, forms intertwined physical and immune barriers that impede the efficacy of immunotherapy. To address this challenge, we developed a pH-gated hydrogel platform to modulate CAF-resulted TME barriers and activate potent antitumor immunity. This dynamic network, constructed by Schiff base crosslinking between carboxymethyl chitosan and aldehyde-functionalized hyaluronic acid, was utilized for the co-delivery of pirfenidone (PFD) and manganese-curcumin nanoparticles (MC). In the acidic TME, PFD was released rapidly from hydrogel to modulate CAF phenotype, thereby attenuating the formation of fibrotic stroma. The internalized MC orchestrated three synergistic therapeutic functions: (1) suppressing VEGF-mediated angiogenesis via curcumin, (2) generating reactive oxygen species through Mn²⁺-catalyzed Fenton-like reactions, and (3) promoting dendritic cell maturation by activating the cGAS-STING pathway with Mn²⁺. Upon 808 nm NIR laser irradiation, MC exhibited potent photothermal conversion efficacy, inducing localized hyperthermia that further amplified ROS production, and triggered immunogenic cell death. This coordinated cascade thereby elicited robust antitumor immunity, as evidenced by the upregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6) and enhanced CD8⁺ T cell infiltration. Notably, this strategy achieved marked tumor regression in B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice. Thus, this work established a TME-responsive platform that coordinated barrier modulation with multimodal therapeutic synergy, providing a promising paradigm for solid tumor immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) by targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. Here, we develop a pH-gated hydrogel platform that enables the controlled delivery of pirfenidone and manganese-curcumin nanoparticles (MC), thereby facilitating the regulation of CAF-mediated fibrotic barriers followed by the activation of antitumor immunity. The released MC integrate antiangiogenic activity, ROS amplification, STING pathway activation, and photothermal ablation into a unified therapeutic system. Moreover, the photothermal effect further amplifies ROS generation and STING signaling, resulting in remodeling of the TME. This coordinated cascade elicits robust T-cell activation and cytokine secretion, achieving marked tumor eradication in murine melanoma models. Overall, this study establishes a therapeutic paradigm that integrates stromal barrier modulation with immune activation to achieve more effective tumor treatment.

Background Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) is an advanced chromatographic technique that considerably enhances peak capacity and separation ability through combining two distinct separation mechanisms. Currently, a micellar mobile phase provides a dynamic chemical environment for chromatographic separation. This dynamic characteristic may result in a separation mechanism different from that of the traditional static mobile phase, thereby enabling more optimal separation conditions. Herein, an innovative and efficient LC × LC method was presented that combined micellar and reversed-phase liquid chromatography for the determination of bioactive compounds in herbal tea. Results A concentration of 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate was identified as optimal for the micellar mobile phase. Under optimal LC × LC conditions, Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 3.5 μm, Agilent) and Poroshell 120 SB-C18 (3.0 mm × 50 mm, 2.7 μm, Agilent) columns were used for first-dimension (1D) and second-dimension (2D) separations, respectively. Flow rates of 0.1 mL/min (1D) and 2.4 mL/min (2D) yielded improved resolution and peak shape of the analytes. In addition, the shifted gradient elution mode was adopted to enhance the chromatographic resolution. At the 1D stage, the developed method reduced organic solvent consumption by 9.71 mL per injection compared to traditional reversed-phase liquid chromatography, while peak capacity increased from 10 to 20. The resolution was also significantly improved; for example, catechin and procyanidin A2 increased from 0.86 to 3.18 and 1.34 to 7.23, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA), with first three principal components explaining 60.53 % of the variance; partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), 73.3 % model accuracy; and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed significant differences between Rosa chinensis varieties from different regions. Significance The use of micellar mobile phase systems reduces the need for conventional organic solvents while increasing the peak capacity and separation efficiency for compounds. This method indicates that LC × LC, in conjunction with PCA, PLS-DA, and HCA, is effective for the classification and quality control of Rosa chinensis. This provides an effective solution for future separation technologies for natural complex matrices.

Achieving concurrent aesthetic volume contouring and physiological healing remains a major hurdle in soft tissue reconstruction. While conventional hydrogels hold potential for soft tissue reconstruction, their clinical application is limited by insufficient mechanical durability for aesthetic volume contouring and a lack of bioactive signals for physiological healing. We engineered a structurally reinforced hydrogel (SFCC) where zinc crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan microspheres bind to a thermal induced silk fibroin network, driving the formation of a coarsened fibrillar architecture. The microsphere reinforced fibrillar architecture facilitates the sustained release of zinc ions and endows the SFCC hydrogel with a significantly elevated storage modulus, superior antioxidant capacity, and robust angiogenic properties. In a rabbit intradermal implantation model, SFCC successfully activated dermal hair follicle regeneration, upregulated the expression of CD31 and Ki67, promoted collagen fiber deposition and enhanced cellular proliferation. Notably, SFCC decreased the Col I/Col III ratio by approximately 1.56-fold compared to the silk fibroin hydrogel. In a rat chronic burn model, SFCC accelerated healing by promoting macrophage polarization from the M1 to the M2 and stimulating fibronectin expression to orchestrate dermal epidermal junction reconstruction. The engineered SFCC hydrogel shows immense promise in integrated skin reconstruction, offering considerable potential to advance soft tissue repair therapies.

This study developed an iron-substituted bioglass (BG) nanozyme that directly and efficiently catalyses the degradation of ethanol and acetaldehyde, achieving alcohol detoxification and the alleviation of intestinal injury. Specifically, the etching and substitution method increased the catalytic active sites while reducing ethanol metabolism byproducts.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is characterized by a compromised hair follicle microenvironment, where fibrosis driven extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening and poor intrafollicular delivery synergistically obstruct stem cell regeneration. Here, we present a structurally engineered recombinant human type XVII collagen (rhCol XVII) developed to restore this niche through combined mechanomodulation and enhanced transfollicular delivery. By constraining its molecular weight to ~20 kDa while preserving critical amphiphilic helical domains, rhCol XVII achieves targeted penetration and accumulation within follicular structures. Once localized, rhCol XVII directly opposes dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced fibrotic remodeling by suppressing aberrant type I and III collagen deposition. This intervention reduces local ECM stiffness, relieving mechanical constraints on the hair follicle. Consequently, the alleviated mechanical stress triggers distinct changes in intracellular Ca²⁺ dynamics and cytoskeletal organization, driving Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. Evaluated in a C57BL/6 mouse model of AGA, rhCol XVII accelerates hair regeneration and increases shaft diameter without detectable toxicity. This study establishes that reversing fibrosis-associated mechanical stiffening rehabilitates follicular regenerative capacity, positioning structure-guided biomaterials as a potent therapeutic strategy for AGA

A micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) approach for determining phenolic compounds in Perillae Folium, using natural tea saponin (TS) as a surfactant has been developed in this work. Optimal extraction parameters including the surfactant type, TS concentration, background solution (BGS) system, borax concentration, and buffer pH were systematically optimized. The optimal BGS comprised 0.8

Conventional cancer vaccines are constrained by tumor antigen heterogeneity and inadequate dendritic cells (DCs) activation. Herein, we proposed a morphology-guided physical immunoconduction strategy employing needle-like shaped nano-hydroxyapatite (N-nHA) as a multifunctional platform that orchestrated a coordinated lysis-capture-delivery-presentation-activation cascade. The N-nHA morphology selectively induces tumor lytic cell death, liberating a highly heterogeneous library of endogenous tumor antigens (>4622 species), including clinically relevant targets like melanoma-associated antigen-E1 (MAGE-E1) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Exposed (100) crystal facets of N-nHA, enriched with Ca2 + coordination sites, faciliated in situ capture and stabilization of these disordered components, forming immunogenic antigen-DAMP complexes and enabling standardized, high-fidelity antigen processing. N-nHA’s elongated morphology enhanced lymph node trafficking (4.5-fold enrichment), establishing a sustained-release antigen reservoir that ensured spatiotemporal antigen-DCs colocalization within lymphoid tissues. Furthermore, N-nHA exhibited intrinsic adjuvant properties, potently augmenting DCs uptake, antigen processing, cross-presentation, and maturation. This drove robust T-cell responses and increased CD8⁺ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte infiltration. In the B16F0 murine melanoma model, this platform achieved a 98.5% tumor growth inhibition rate. Hence, this work established the physical immunoconductor leveraging intrinsic material properties, including morphology and crystallographic facets, to reprogram endogenous antigen presentation, laying a new foundation for broadly applicable, exogenous-free personalized cancer vaccines.

Periodontitis management necessitates concurrent modulation of microbial infection, oxidative stress, and alveolar bone loss, yet existing monotherapies fail to address these intertwined pathologies. Herein, we construct quasi-two-dimensional calcium silicide (CaSi2) nanosheets as a carrier-free, light-triggered hydrolytic therapeutic platform for multimodal treatment. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations reveal an ultra-narrow HOMO-LUMO gap of around 0.05 eV with 98.0% electronic transition probability, conferring exceptional photosensitivity. Moreover, excited-state charge distribution simulations identify Si atoms as photochemical active centers, where photoexcited electrons drive proton reduction to H2, achieving concerted light-gated hydrolysis kinetics. The generated hydrogen specifically scavenges reactive oxygen species and attenuates inflammation via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation coupled with NF-κB signaling suppression, while the synergistic photothermal-ion effect eradicates >99% of oral biofilms. Concurrently, the hydrogen-regulated microenvironment and sustained Ca2+ release collaboratively restore acid-etched enamel integrity through promoted mineral deposition. In a murine periodontitis model, this intrinsic gas-ion dual-action strategy reverses alveolar bone resorption, restoring bone volume fraction to near-healthy levels. This work establishes a paradigm of dimensionality-engineered, light-responsive Zintl-phase nanomedicine that transcends conventional photothermal or passive ion-release systems.

Melanoma exhibits high postoperative recurrence rates due to residual tumor cells and impaired wound microenvironment prone to infection and healing dysfunction. Conventional therapeutic dressings face limitations, including complex formulations, cumbersome synthesis, and side effects, hindering clinical translation. In this study, we developed a drug-free, dual-functional dressing by integrating nHA into a chitosan-alginate (CA) matrix via dynamic hydrogen bonding and polyelectrolyte complexation. The composite hydrogel’s hierarchical architecture, stabilized by interfacial interactions between nHA surface ions and polymer chains, conferred shear-thinning injectability and self-healing properties. Crucially, metabolic disparities between tumor and normal cells drive nHA’s selective bioactivity. The nHA/CA Gel exhibited cytocompatibility with fibroblasts, promoting their migration and proliferation, likely through enhanced growth factor secretion. In contrast, it selectively inhibited the proliferation and invasion of B16 melanoma cells, potentially mediated by Ca2+ overload-induced cytotoxicity. In vivo, the nHA/CA Gel promoted full-thickness wound healing in SD rats by upregulating regenerative factors (bFGF, EGF, PDGF) and resolving inflammation. In melanoma-resected BALB/c mice, it achieved concurrent therapeutic outcomes − accelerated wound closure and reduced recurrence − via N-cadherin downregulation and apoptotic priming of residual tumor cells. This platform addresses melanoma post-resection challenges through spatially controlled biointeractions, offering a clinically translatable strategy for melanoma wound management.

Carbon nanocages (CNCs) are used as an adsorbent material in the dispersive microsolid-phase extraction (DMSPE) of flavonoid compounds in functional food before capillary electrophoresis-diode detector analysis. This method combined single-factor and response surface methods to optimize crucial parameters influencing the extraction and preconcentration efficiency. Key parameters such as adsorbent type and amount, vortex time, elution solvent type, and sample solution pH were systematically optimized to establish optimal enrichment conditions. Analytical parameters associated with the proposed method [broad linear ranges (0.1-5 mu g/mL), low limits of detection (0.002-0.006 mu g/mL) and limits of quantification (0.006-0.021 mu g/mL), and significant coefficient of determination values (0.999)] were validated under the optimal conditions. The developed method displayed good precision (relative standard deviation% < 4.78 %) and excellent accuracy (104.9 > %recovery >81.8). Under optimized conditions, the enrichment of six flavonoids was enhanced, with enrichment factors ranging from 12 to 149. Moreover, the greenness and blueness of the proposed method were assessed and compared with reported approaches using the analytical greenness metric, green analytical procedure index and blue applicability grade index. Results revealed excellent greenness and practicality. CNC-assisted DMSPE was successfully applied to the preconcentration and determination of multiflavonoids in royal jelly samples. This method exhibits the potential of the enrichment of phenolic compounds in other complex matrix samples.

The treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains highly challenging, primarily due to its dynamic and multifaceted pathologies, which create a hostile microenvironment at the lesion site characterized by a ROS-inflammation-glial scar feedback loop and severely impaired neural regeneration. Herein, a dynamic protein-polysaccharide hydrogel is designed, constructed by a visible light-induced thiol-disulfide exchange reaction as a general strategy, and integrated with a spatiotemporal controlled delivery of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) loaded in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). Thiolated gelatin and thiolated hyaluronan were chosen to formulate the hydrogel that mimics brain ECM providing structure support with cell adhesion, infiltration, and tunable degradability, but also presents anti-swelling and pro-coagulant capacities. Importantly, the thiol-disulfide chemistry endowed the hydrogel efficient ROS scavenging and ROS-responsive on-demand release of ChABC, while MSNs loading achieved a sustained release of IGF-1. In vitro studies, the hydrogel is shown to reduce cellular ROS, regulate anti-inflammation polarization of macrophages via the MAPK signaling pathway, and promote neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation, migration, differentiation and endothelial angiogenesis. Moreover, in an ICH mouse model, the hydrogel is demonstrated not only to enable efficient tissue ROS scavenging, anti-inflammation polarization of microglial/macrophages, and dynamical self-adaptive reduction of glial scar, achieving microenvironment remodeling, but also to regulate behaviors of endogenous NSCs and enhance angiogenesis, providing neural regeneration. Consequently, these effects enhanced neurons and myelin repair, ultimately contributing to synergistic recovery of neurological function. Overall, this dynamic hydrogel represents a promising strategy for simultanously remodeling the lesion site’s microenvironment and promoting neural regeneration, thereby improving the treatment efficacy of ICH.

A simple and efficient pillararene and micelle-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion microextraction (MSPDM) was established for the extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba leaves, with Diethoxypillar[6]arene as the adsorbent and Triton X-114 as the eluent. Key experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the target compounds, including adsorbent dosage, grinding time, and Triton X-114 concentration, were optimized by single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology. The optimal final extraction conditions were as follows: adsorbent dosage of 26.3 mg, grinding time of 78.6 s, and Triton X-114 concentration of 1.51%. The established method exhibited satisfactory linearity with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.999, limits of detection of 14-33 ng/mL, and recoveries of 96.42%-108.67%, 96.68%-108.73% and 91.19%-106.09% at spiked concentration levels of 0.2 μg/mL,5 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, the developed MSPDM method demonstrates excellent potential for the green and efficient extraction of bioactive compounds from complex plant matrices.

A novel, green, and efficient micellar extraction and in situ cloud point enrichment technique based on poloxamer was developed to simultaneously extract and concentrate terpenoids from Curcumae Rhizoma. The parameters that affect the extraction efficiency of target analytes were thoroughly explored and optimized via single-factor and multifactor experiments. The maximum extraction yield of terpenoids was attained with 321.672 mg of poloxamer 188, 1.908 g of salt, an extraction time of 32.240 min, a pH of 7, and a heating time of 10 min. The new method exhibited correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9990 and demonstrated good linearity within the range of 0.5-100.0 μg/mL. It achieved a satisfactory recovery rate within the range of 86.768-101.334%, had a low limit of detection of 0.0020-0.0488 μg/mL, and showed acceptable reproducibility, with a value of <1.592%. The results demonstrated that the proposed method was successfully employed for the extraction of terpenoids from medicinal plant.

A simple, rapid, and efficient multistep plunger injection-assisted micellar to solvent stacking method was developed for the determination of cationic analytes from medicinal plants. In this method, a three-step sequential injection protocol was used, where sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sample, and methanol (MeOH) solutions were introduced in succession to achieve an effective enrichment. The background solution contained 30 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate and 30 mM citric acid. To achieve optimal enrichment efficiency, we systematically optimized several key parameters: surfactant type, SDS concentration, sodium dihydrogen phosphate concentration in the sample matrix, MeOH concentration, SDS injection time, MeOH injection time, and sample injection time. The optimal stacking conditions were as follows: injection of 10 mM SDS for 30 s, injection of the sample solution for 60 s, and injection of 40% MeOH for 10 s. This method exhibited an excellent linear relationship, as evidenced by the correlation coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.994 to 0.999. The intra-day and inter-day precision of this method was less than 3.701%, and the recovery rates of the analytes ranged from 92.70% to 107.79%, indicating satisfactory accuracy and reliability. Compared with conventional injection techniques, the sensitivity enrichment factors of the four analytes ranged from 42 to 44. The proposed method was validated for its applicability in detecting four alkaloids (fumarine, allocryptopine, tetrahydropalmatine, and corydaline) in Rhizoma corydalis samples.

The clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy is fundamentally constrained by the synergistic evasion mechanisms of antigen concealment and effector immune cell suppression. To overcome these barriers, we proposed a therapeutic paradigm that sequentially dismantles the tumor's "immune camouflage" and relieves "metabolic coercion," thereby enabling systematic remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment. A cascade-acting nano-Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) engine was fabricated via phosphatidylcholine-driven self-assembly, enabling tumor-targeted delivery and pH-responsive drug release within the tumor microenvironment. The system initially disrupted the tumor's immune evasion barrier by inducing cellular senescence and enhancing MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation. It subsequently reprogrammed tumor metabolism through targeted degradation of the BRD4/c-Myc axis, which alleviated nutrient competition and reversed the metabolic suppression of tumor-infiltrating T cells. This sequential intervention potently enhanced dendritic cell activation and antigen-presenting capacity, promoted the infiltration and reactivation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and synergistically induced PD-L1 degradation. Collectively, these coordinated effects established a durable antitumor immune response that potently suppressed both primary tumor growth and distant metastasis in a triple-negative breast cancer model. Overall, this work established a cascaded immune remodeling paradigm, conceptualized as unmasking and unblocking, offering a broadly applicable therapeutic strategy to overcome immunosuppression in solid tumors.

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in malignant melanoma presents a major therapeutic challenge, often leading to treatment failure of conventional monotherapies. This critical limitation underscores the urgent need for innovative biocompatible and robust adjuvants capable of locally reactivating anti-tumor immunity while overcoming tumor heterogeneity and minimizing systemic toxicity. Here we develop a manganese-activatable nano-hydroxyapatite platform (nHA-Mn) that functions as a self-adjuvanting STING activator for synergistic melanoma therapy. By employing a surface complexation strategy that preserves nHA's inherent crystalline structure and biocompatibility, we successfully constructed a nanoplatform with pH-responsive ion-release characteristics, enabling targeted delivery of both Ca2+ and Mn2+ specifically within acidic tumor microenvironments. This sophisticated design enables Mn2+ to synergistically enhance the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis through nHA and the potentiation of robust anti-tumor immunity via an ICD response. Furthermore, nHA-Mn can enhance anti-tumor immunity through activation of the STING pathway. The coordinated immunomodulatory response significantly enhances tumor immunogenicity through MHC molecule upregulation, promotes dendritic cell maturation, and facilitates substantial infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells accompanied by elevated IFN-γ production. Importantly, nHA-Mn demonstrates potent tumor growth suppression and induces immune memory T cell formation while maintaining excellent biosafety profiles in vivo. Hence, this study establishes a broadly applicable therapeutic platform that uniquely integrates direct tumor cytotoxicity with self-adjuvanting immune activation, highlighting the promising potential of rational metal ion engineering in advancing next-generation cancer immunotherapy.

This study for the first time applies a deep eutectic solvent-in-deep eutectic solvent microemulsion system as the separation medium in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography to effectively separate an detect multiple components in Cassia seeds. The optimal experimental conditions obtained via single-factor experiments and response surface methodology are as follows: The concentration of menthol-n-octanol was 0.30%, the concentration of choline chloride-ethylene glycol is 0.60%, and the pH value is 8.49. The microemulsion contains 2% SDS and 10 mM borax. The proposed method demonstrates an excellent linear relationship, with all correlation coefficients (R2) above 0.999. The calculated detection limits and quantification limits are 0.5940-1.8987 μg/mL and 1.9802-6.3291 μg/mL, respectively. The recovery results are good, ranging from 90.68% to 107.07%. The proposed method enables the effective detection of anthraquinones and phenolic acids in food matrix, demonstrating its superior environmental friendliness and practical applicability.

The pathological process of androgenic alopecia (AGA) is closely associated with oxidative stress in the perifollicular microenvironment. Existing antioxidant small-molecule drugs are often constrained by low permeability, necessitating the urgent development of active therapeutic agents that can effectively penetrate the skin barrier and precisely deliver antioxidants to hair follicles. This study reported a taurine-based active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquid (CTIL) synthesized via a one-step method, which not only acted as a delivery carrier but also served as a therapeutic material capable of modulating the perifollicular microenvironment by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). An in vitro study demonstrated that the hydrogen-bond network structure of CTIL facilitated its penetration through the stratum corneum barrier, thus improving the targeted accumulation of taurine within deep hair follicle structures. More importantly, in the AGA animal model, CTIL effectively eliminated excessive ROS in the perifollicular microenvironment, alleviated tissue oxidative damage and inflammatory infiltration, thereby inhibiting the miniaturization process of hair follicles and promoting hair regrowth. This study provided an innovative strategy integrating delivery and treatment for AGA therapy and revealed the potential of bioactive ionic liquids in regulating the microenvironment of skin diseases.