SurfaceBrush and Brush2Model are two systems which enable users to create 3D objects intuitively using a hand-held controller in virtual reality (VR). These state-of-the-art methods either start modeling from dense collections of stroke ribbons drawn by professional artists, or from the most basic point skeletons, line skeletons, and polygon skeletons. Thus, it is very challenging for novices and amateurs to design complex models efficiently. We propose 3D-BrushVR, a novel VR modeling tool that uses volume skeleton-based convolution surfaces. It enables the user to draw with arbitrarily shaped brushes and generate 3D manifold objects by fusing the brushed primitives. Unlike existing VR drawing and modeling tools, our approach can directly take some common but complex objects as primitives, and assemble them using implicit surfaces, thus providing a more flexible and powerful modeling ability. To achieve real-time performance, we introduce a new GPU-based method to calculate the volume fields of the resulting convolution surfaces. We also introduce several specially designed time-varying shaders to render the designed model for a better and more appealing modeling experience. We demonstrate the usability and modeling ability of our 3DBrushVR interface by comparing it with the state-of-the-art methods in an observational study. Experimental results further validate the effectiveness and flexibility of our approach.

Objective To study the effect of Fuzheng Jiedu Granula(FJG) on the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) mRNA and urine MCP-1 level in rats exposed to nickel sulfate(NiSO4). Methods Nephrotoxicity was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of NiSO4(2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1) and FJG(5,10,20 mg·kg-1·d-1) was administered by gavage.MCP-1mRNA expression was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR(FQ RT-PCR) assay.The levels of proteinuria and urine MCP-1 were evaluated with biuret colorimetric assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent(ELISA) assay,respectively. Results In NiSO4 group,the expression of MCP-1mRNA in renal cells was enhanced and urine MCP-1 level was increased.Compared with NiSO4 group,the expression of MCP-1 was down-regulated(RSD=4.3%,RSD=6.9% and RSD=7.4%) and the levels of proteinuria and urine MCP-1 in FJG groups were decreased obviously(P0.05,P0.01). Conclusion MCP-1 expression and urine MCP-1 enhancement can be correlated with nickel-induced nephrotoxicity.By down-regulating the expression of MCP-1 and urine MCP-1 level,FJG can inhibit kidney injury induced by nickel.

Objective To study the effects of Fuzheng Jiedu Granula(FJG) on renal cell apoptosis and expression of apoptosis related proteins in rats exposed to nickel(NiSO4).Methods Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of NiSO4(2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1) and FJG(5,10,20 mg·kg-1·d-1) was administered by gavage.Apoptosis was evaluated by terminal dexoynucleotide transferase mediatedd-UTP-biotin nick end labeling(TUNEL).Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2.Results In FJG groups,the apoptosis index(AI) of renal cells was decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),the expression of Bcl-2 was increased and the expression of Bax was decreased significantly(P<0.05 or P<0.01),compared with NiSO4 group.Conclusion FJG can suppress renal cell apoptosis induced by NiSO4 and protect renal from injury by increasing the expression of Bcl-2 and reducing the expression of Bax.

Objectives: To study the inhibitory effect of Fuzheng Jiedu Decoction(FJD) on the micronuclei formation induced by nickel sulfate(NiSO_4) in rat renal cell line(NRK).Methods:Cultured NRK cells were exposed to NiSO_4(400μmol/L) and FJD drug serum.Micronuclei(MN) were scored in 1000 NRK cells and cellar total radical-trapping antioxidative capacity(TRAC)was measured.Results: Compared with NiSO_4 group,the MN frequencies decreased and TRAC increased in groups treated with both FJD and NiSO_4 significantly(P0.05,P0.01).Conclusion: FJD could suppress nickel-induced micronuclei formation in NRK cells which was probably related to its antioxidant property.

Objective To establish a malignant transformation model for human bronchial epithelial cell line(16HBE) with nickel sulfate(NiSO4) and observe the effect of Fuzhengjiedu-containing Serum(FJD) on the transformation of 16HBE cells induced by NiSO4.Methods 16HBE cells were treated repeatedly with NiSO4(400 μmol/L) in vitro.Different doses of FJD were added into the media containing NiSO4,respectively.The identification of malignancy of the transformed cells was carried out by the tests of Con A and the growth on soft agar culture.Results After being treated with NiSO4 for 8 times,cells proliferated rapidly exhibited in extensive random orientation and crossover growth and could be agglutinated by Con A and could grow in soft agar.The transformation frequencies in groups treated with both FJD and NiSO4 were 0.82%,0.47% and 0.19% showing significant decrease(P0.05~0.01) in dose-dependent manner,as compared with that in the group treated with NiSO4 alone(4.13%).Cells co-treated with FJD and NiSO4 could not be agglutinated by Con A and could not grow in soft agar.Conclusions In vitro experiments indicate that FJD shows anti-transforming activity in human bronchial epithelial cell line exposed to NiSO4.

Objective To study the protective effect of FJD on malignant transformation of human bronchus epithelial cells(16HBE) induced by nickel sulfide(NiS).To study molecular mechanism of nickel carcinogenesis and cancer prevention of FJD.Methods 16HBE cells were treated repeatedly in vitro by different concentrations of NiS,the malignancy identification of the transformation of 16HBE cells was carried out by the tests of ConA and the growth on soft agar culture.The contents of Ni2+and free radicals in 16HBE cells were measured.FJD-containing serum was added.The impact on NiS was observed.Results NiS could induce the malignant transformation of 16HBE cells.The growth velocity of transformed cells was accelerated.The transformed colonies exhibited in extensive random orientation,grew in overlapping order and lost contact inhibition.The frequency of transformation showed a dose-response relation at the experimental concentrations.The transformed cells could be agglutinated by low concentration of ConA and could grow in soft agar.The contents of Ni2+and free radicals in NiS exposed cells increased significantly.Medium and high dosages of FJD-containing serum could play roles in anti-oxidation and diminishing free radicals either in intracellular and in extracellular routes.Conclusions NiS could strongly induce the malignant transformation of 16HBE cells and might be carcinogenic to human.FJD-containing serum might have protective effect on malignant transformation of 16HBE cells induced by NiS.

Objective To study the antagonizing effect of fuzhengjiedu-containing serum on cell toxicity induced by nickel sulfide(NiS)exposure and its mechanism.Methods The bronchus epithelium cells(16HBE)were cultured in vitro.The effects of fuzhengjiedu-containing serum on lipid peroxidation products of NiS exposed cells including MDA content,activity of SOD,GSH-Px,and reactive oxygen species(ROS)were observed.Results NiS could increase the of MDA and ROS activity,the difference was significant compared with the control group(P0.01).meanwhile,NiS could decrease the expression of SOD and GSH-Px,the difference was significant compared with the control group(P0.01).During the incubation of NiS exposed 16HBE in vitro,the addition of medium and high dosages of fuzhengjiedu-containing serum could increase GSH-Px and activity of SOD showing dose-dependent relationship.The fuzhengjiedu-containing serum at medium and high dosages could distinctively inhibit the MDA content produced and ROS activity(P0.05).Conclusion NiS might increase lipid peroxidation of the cells.Fuzhengjiedu-containing serum might antagonize the NiS induced cell toxicity which might associate with its anti-oxidation function.

目的 研究从事镍电解工人体内镍负荷与自由基代谢变化的关系.方法 以100名镍电解作业人员为接触组,以80名无镍接触的健康者作为对照组,分别测定两组人员血清中镍含量作为体内负荷;同时测定两组人员中血清中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平,并将上述各项指标进行相关分析.结果 与对照组比较,镍作业组血清中MDA含量[(14.98±2.03)μmol/L]明显升高;SOD活力[(90.33±18.76)U/L]、GSH活力[(101.48±19.76)U/L]明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 镍具有增加体内脂质过氧化产物、降低机体抗氧化能力的作用.

Objective To investigate the influence of medical serum with effects of nourishing healthy qi and detoxication on the expression of phosphorylated 38 mitogen-activated protein kinases(P38MAPK) in human nicked-dyed bronchial epithelial(16HBE) cells,and explain the carcinogenic mechanism of nickel compound at the molecular level.Methods The expression of P38MAPK was observed by using Western blotting method after 16HBE cells were dealt with respectively the normal saline water,nickel sulfide(NiS) solution and different concentrations of solution combined NiS and medical serum with effects of nourishing healthy qi and detoxication(in high,medium and low doses).Afterwards the protein was extracted,given electrophoresis,transmembrane,locking,hybridization,development and elution.Results NiS solution activated significantly the expression of P38MAPK in 16HBE cells,and the higher the concentration of NiS sontution was,the larger the expression value of P38MAPK was,which showed a relationship of dose-effect.The medical serum inhibited significantly the expression of P38MAPK,especially in high and medium doses.The solution combined NiS and medical serum inhibited the expression of P38MAPK compared with NiS solution(P0.01).Conclusion NiS can activate significantly the expression of P38MAPK in 16HBE cells,which may be the carcinogenic mechanism of nickel at the molecular level.The medical serum with effects of nourishing healthy qi and detoxicating can inhibit significantly the expression of P38MAPK in 16HBE cells,which is important to the prevention and treatment of cancer induced by nickel compound.

Objective To study influence of nickel purite on expression of NFKB gene.Methods We added into low,middle,high doses of nickel purite in human bronchus epithelial cell(16HBE),we measured the expression of NF-KB gene by the way of RT-PCR.Results The expression of NF-KB gene in higher nickel purite groups increased significantly than that in NS group(P0.01).Lower nickel purite Group could not increased the expression of NF-KB(P0.05).Conclusion The excessive expression of NF-KB gene could be one of molecular mechanism of nickel purite carcinogenesis.

AIM: To construct the expression vector of Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin(vvc) genes,and to study its efficient expression in the E.coli.METHODS: The vvc genes from Vibrio vulnificus genome were obtained by PCR,cloned and then sequenced.PET-32a(+)vvc prokaryotic expression vector was constructed and then transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3).After induction by 1.0 mmol/L IPTG,its expression was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western-Blot.RESULTS: The nucleotide sequences of the cloned vvc gene matched with the NCBI Genebank report.SDS-PAGE analysis suggested that the VVC protein was efficiently expressed,the molecular mass of fusion protein was 71×103,accounting for about 32% of total protein in VVC.The Western-Blot results suggested that the prokaryotic expression of VVC fusion protein particularly combined with its anti-serum.CONCLUSION: vvc genes are efficiently expressed and identified in E.coli,which lays foundation for the further study on biological function of VVC protein.

以前研究中我们得知,腹腔注射硫酸镍(NiSO4)致雌性小鼠卵巢损伤作用与NiSO4调控细胞周期诱导细胞凋亡有关[1].本研究用免疫组化法测定NiSO4.

Objective To study the effects of Fuzhengjiedu decoction(FJD) on the genotoxicity induced by nickel sulfate(NiSO4).Methods By using 16HBE cell in vitro with 3H-TdR incorporation assay techniques,the effects of FJD on nickel induced unscheduled DNA synthesis(UDS) were observed.Results The UDS induced by NiSO4(100～200?μmol/L) in 16HBE cells increased significantly compared with negative control(P0.05,P0.01).FJD could not induce UDS.In cells co-treated with various doses of FJD and NiSO4(200?μmol/L) the UDS levels were lower than that of induced by NiSO4(CPM=998.63±81.36)(P0.05,P0.01).FJD could inhibit the UDS induced by NiSO4 in dose-dependent manner(r=0.837,P0.05).Conclusion FJD were not mutagenic and could have inhibitory effects on the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of nickel.

Objective:To observe the effects of fuzhen yiliu granule on the P53 and BCL-2genes protein expression related to apoptosis in tumor cells of H22 solid tumor mice.Methods:48mice were divided into 4 groups:model group,control group,low and high dose groups,all mice were inoculated H22 tumor strain to build models,4 groups were respectively given NS,tianxian capsule,low and high dose fuzhen yiliu granule for 18 days.P53 and BCL-2 genes protein expression were determined by flow cytometry technique.Results:The P53 genes protein expression was lower and the BCL-2 expression was higher obviously in model group,the P53 expression was elevated and BCL-2 expression was lowered in fuzhen yiliu granule groups,there was significant difference between fuzhen yiliu granule groups and model group(P<0.01).Conclusion:Fuzhen yiliu granule can promote the P53 expression and inhibit the BCL-2 expression in tumor cells,which maybe one of the mechanism that fuzhen yiliu granule can effect on tumor.

BACKGROUND AIM:To study the inhibitory effect of Fuzheng Jiedu Decoction(FJD) on the micronuclei formation induced by nickel sulfate (NiSO4) in human bronchial epithelial cell line(16HBE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cultured 16HBE cells were exposed to NiSO4(400 μmol/L) in vitro. Different doses of FJD drug serum were added into the media containing NiSO4.Micronuclei(MN) were scored in 1 000 16HBE cells.Cellular ions of Ni2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+ and free radicals were all measured with laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM). RESULTS: After exposure of 16HBE cells to NiSO4(400 μmol/L),MN frequencies, Ni2+ and free radicals increased and Mg2+,Zn2+ decreased,compared with that of negative control(P0.01). Compared with NiSO4 exposure group(10.8%), the MN frequencies in groups treated with both FJD and NiSO4 decreased significantly (P0.05,P0.01).In cells co-treated with FJD and NiSO4, Ni2+ and free radicals decreased and Mg2+,Zn2+ increased (P0.05,P0.01). CONCLUSION: By restoring the alteration of some metal ions and scavenging free radicals,FJD could suppress micronuclei formation in 16HBE cells induced by nickel.

Objective To explore the mitochondria and microsome of testis cells caused by nickel sulfate in rate.Methods Thirty-two male Wistar rats with sexual maturation were divided into four groups randomly,and three groups of rats were administrated intraperitoneally with nickel sulfate daily at doses 1.25,2.50,5.00 mg/kg respectively for 30 days,but the control group was administrated with saline in same volume according to the rats'weight.The mitochondria and microsome of testis cells were prepared by centrifugation technique to detect the levels of lipid peroxidation(LPO),total antioxide capacity(T-AOC),reactive oxygen species(ROS) in spectrophotometry.Results The organ coefficient of testis exposed to NiSO4 had no change compared wth the control group(P0.05).The LPO and ROS contents in testis of exposure groups were higher than that of control group(P0.05),but the T-AOC levels of the exposure groups were decreased compared with the control group(P0.01).Conclusion The rat's testis damage is related to the enhancement of oxidative stress of mitochondria and microsome caused by nickel sulfate.

镍(Ni)是人体必需的微量元素,也是环境污染物之一,过量的Ni摄入可造成机体多系统,多器官损伤.研究发现,Ni可透过血睾屏障,对雄性动物的生殖功能造成不良影响[1].

Objective To study the effect of drug contained rabbit serum,prepared by gastric perfusion with fuzheng Jiedu Decoction(FJD),on the free radicals and expression of 8-oxo-dGTPase in cells exposed to nickel sulfate(NiSO_4).Methods After treatment of cultured 16HBE cells with NiSO_4 or NiSO_4 adding FJD drug serum,the variation of the free radicals and 8-oxo-dGTPase expression were detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) and real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR,respectively.Results The levels of free radicals and the expression of 8-oxo-dGTPase in cells exposed to NiSO_4(800μmol/L) were all higher than that of groups co-treated with NiSO_4 and FJD(P0.01～0.05,RSD2%).Conclusion The 8-oxo-dGTPase could serve as a useful marker of oxidative stress induced by NiSO_4.By scavenging free radicals and down-regulateing the expression of 8-oxo-dGTPase,FJD could have inhibitory effect on oxidative damage induced by nickel.

Objective To explore the effects and the type on the apoptosis of rat spermatogenic cells and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax induced by nickel sulfate(NiSO_4).Method 32 male wistar rats,adult and healthy,were divided into 4 groups randomly including normal saline,NiSO_4 1.25,2.50,5.00 mg/kg.The 4 groups rats were exposed to NiSO_4 by intraperitoneal injection at dose of 1.25,2.50,5.00 mg/kg for 30 days.After exposure,the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling(TUNEL) technique were used to detect the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells.The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in rat spermatogenic cells were measured by immunohistochemical method and the estradiol levels of serum were measured by estradiol radioimmunoassay assay.Results The number of apoptotic cells in NiSO_4 exposure groups were significantly higher than that of control group(P0.05),and the apoptotic cells were mostly spermagonia and spermatocytes at the early stage and later stage of spermatogenesis.Compared with the control group,Bcl-2 expression was significantly decreased while Bax expression was increased in NiSO_4 exposure groups(P0.05).Meanwhile,the estradiol levels of serum were lower than that of control group(P0.05).Conclusion NiSO_4 could induce apoptosis of the spermatogonium and spermatocyte in rats through the downloads expression of Bcl-2,the upwards expression of Bax and the decreased levels of serum estradiol.

Objective To explore the effects on the c-Fos and protein 70(HSP70)mRNA expression of testicular spermatogenic cells induced by nickel sulfate(NiSO_4).Methods The male Wistar rats with sexual maturation were divided into four groups randomly,and three groups of rats were administrated intraperitoneally with NiSO_4 at doses of 1.25,2.50,5.00 mg/kg respectively for 30 d.The expression of c-Fos and heat shock HSP70 mRNA of seminiferous epithelium cells were detected through in situ hybridization techniques.Results The c-Fos mRNA expression of spermatogonia significantly decreased at the Ⅰ～Ⅵ,Ⅻ～ⅩⅢ and ⅩⅣ stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle and the HSP70 mRNA expression of spermatocyte significantly increased at the Ⅰ～Ⅵ,Ⅻ～ⅩⅢ stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle than that of control group in NiSO_4 2.50,5.00 mg/kg groups(P0.05).Conclusion The abnormal changes of testicular spermatogenesis induced by NiSO_4 may be partly related to the downwards expression of c-Fos in spermatogonia and the upward expression of HSP70 in spermatocyte.