新冠肺炎疫情的发端、发展与防控都与外部性有关.这提醒经济学,其自身具有独特的学科价值,但这种价值尚未充分体现.外部性理论给出的确权药方对防控疫情适用性不强,即便在产权清晰时,传染性疾病的严重负外部性也可能导致医疗供给不足.野味消费的负外部性不能通过确权而消除,必须对其进行法律规制,而免费救治的正外部性对遏制疫情起到了重要作用.从生产者承担角度划分消费负外部性类型,将"无效确权"引入外部性理论,并将生产视角补充进公共物品理论,进而提出正外部性是决定公共物品进入、保留或退出的主要依据.

面对新冠肺炎疫情,公共物品理论对许多重要问题解释力不足,它不能给出新冠确诊患者免费救治的原因,其矫正公共物品正外部性的思路不适用于疫情防控.仅有消费视角而缺乏生产视角,使该理论在分析公共物品的成因、界定、类型、供给方式和正外部性处理等问题上均存在明显缺陷.新冠肺炎患者的付费医治存在严重的消费负外部性,这导致其市场供给不足,而免费救治具有显著的生产正外部性,这对遏制疫情起到重大作用.本文构建了公共物品分析的"生产—消费"双视角,并对公共物品理论的不足做了多方位考察.

商业利润能否来源于超额利润?从超额利润的界定标准出发,对其类型和本质进行梳理和剖析,发现超额利润有长期存在的现象,并探讨剩余价值和超额利润转化为商业利润的一般规律和均衡条件,推导出商业利润全部来自超额利润的一般均衡公式,系统论述了超额利润与商业利润的关系.主要结论:超额利润不同类型和本质属性都是因为有不同的界定标准;商业利润既可以来自剩余价值或超额利润,也可以由两者组成;剩余价值率和商业资本占比是影响商业利润来源性质的主要因素.

拆旧复垦中的各类问题多产生于"由宅到地"与"由地到宅"共同作用之中.以拆旧复垦为工具实现闲置宅基地顺利退出,就是要实现由宅地一体到宅地分离的转变.基于贫困山区现实环境以及"增减挂钩"的政策逻辑,有必要对拆旧复垦进行聚焦再放大.以宅地转换为视角,通过对拆旧复垦形成脉络的梳理、重点环节的讨论、现实困境的思考,以期探析贫困山区拆旧复垦中应考虑的核心因素.

一般利润率下降规律历来不断受到各种质疑,它们主要分为两个层面:一是理论层面上关于剩余价值率假定以及当剩余价值率上升时该规律是否成立;二是实践层面上通过各种经验数据来实际验证该规律的正确性.遵循价值规律,以资本有机构成不断提高为前提,从总量分析到个量分析,通过数理推导方式可以证明一般利润率下降规律.各种质疑其症结在于混淆了剩余价值与超额利润的关系,用实际利润(剩余价值与超额利润之和)的上升来否定一般利润率下降规律.

工资与利润作为初次分配中两种主要的收入形式,它们的差距是收入分配差距形成与扩大的最主要原因.工资与利润有着不同的决定机制,而形成工资-利润差距的根本原因在于产品市场与劳动力市场的市场竞争效率差异.工资-利润差距具有内生性和惯性,这不仅导致初次分配差距具有某种稳定性,而且倾向于进一步扩大初次分配差距.可以通过经济租金和工资歧视两个途径来缩小初次分配差距,一方面,经济租金形式上是利润,本质上是要素收入,这是劳动者参与利润分享的重要原因,可以考虑制度创新如经济租金税;另一方面,劳动者内部工资差距是导致劳动报酬份额占比偏低的重要原因,消除工资歧视可缓解劳动者的不公正待遇问题并减轻初次分配差距.

学术界关于超额利润的不同类型以及它们之间的关系,仍未形成统一认识.剩余价值、利润与超额利润有不同的界定标准.对超额利润的不同认识,根源在于不同界定标准,应将标准统一为“按商品价值出售”;超额剩余价值和级差地租都只是超额利润,而不是剩余价值,其本质是虚假的社会价值;绝对地租只是剩余价值,而不是超额利润,转化为绝对地租的超额剩余价值,才是真正意义的超额剩余价值.

工资歧视与歧视工资是两个不同概念,但理论上至今未对二者进行清晰界定和区分,应还原工资歧视的经济学本意.目前学术界将不同群体的系统性工资差异普遍解释为歧视原因的观点是错误的,其中应包含无歧视倾向的工资歧视.对二者区分有助于寻求经济机制以减轻工资歧视、缩小收入差距和避免劳动者过度维权.本文用经济租金剖析了二者的经济原因,用Rubinstein模型分析了劳资双方经济租金分配中二者形成的经济机制.主要结论:二者的经济动因都是经济租金;工资歧视是企业利润最大化时自发经济行为和工资策略;歧视工资由歧视行为和经济租金双重引发;不同群体工资差异由工资歧视与歧视工资组成;应将工资出价而不是工资结果作为歧视的判别标准;应将经济租金纳入税基并实行累进税率以缩小工资差距.

目前学术界蔓延着一股否定剩余价值理论的思潮。某些照搬西方经济原理的攻击性言论，具有很大的迷惑性和负面影响。针对“充分竞争条件下不可能有剩余价值”的观点，可从理论—依据—推论三个层面进行剖析。这一论调是早已被马克思批驳的“斯图亚特爵士观点”的翻版，其理论依据不能成立，推论错误。对“不完全竞争条件下的剩余价值与超额利润的来源及关系”的研究发现，将超额利润解释为超额剩余价值，是导致理论与现实之困惑的根源，这一论述需重新探讨。超额利润不是由超额剩余价值转化而来，而是来自消费者剩余，这对现实有更强的解释力。

Hydrogen polysulfide (H2Sn) has attracted increasing attention due to the fact that it is actually the key signaling molecule rather than hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Therefore, developing a sensitive and accurate assay to investigate the biosynthetic pathways of H2Sn is of physiological and pathological significance. In this work, based on the commonly used two-photon fluorophore, 1,8-naphthalimide, a new probe, NRT-HP, has been designed and synthesized that displayed both one- and two-photon ratiometric fluorescence changes toward H2Sn via H2Sn-mediated benzodithiolone formation. NRT-HP exhibits excellent pH stability, high selectivity and low detection limit (0.1 μM) in aqueous media. Furthermore, two-photon fluorescence microscopy experiments have demonstrated that NRT-HP could be used for the H2Sn detection in live cells as well as tissue slices.

虚假的社会价值与级差地租的关系,是尚有争议的重要理论问题.基于超额利润两个界定标准的数理推导表明,理论界长期以来将级差地租界定为剩余价值是对级差地租本质属性的错误认识.级差地租本质上是虚假的社会价值转化的超额利润.进一步的分析表明,必须将超额利润的界定统一为“按商品价值出售”才是科学、合理的,而绝对地租的本质是剩余价值而不是超额利润.

Land transfer was investigated under the background of new urbanization of nine village in Hexi area of Gansu province, which tried to find out the land transfer problems in hexi area, and the government need to develop a system to ensure the farmer’ s survive life.The government should to found specialized paid helping organizations, improve the existing pension sys-tem in rural areas, establish and improve cultural and recreational facilities and rural labor employment service system, then effec-tively address emerging“Three Rural” issues, maximize achieve land transfer target, facilitate the construction of new urbaniza-tion in Hexi area.

The surplus value theory has always been questioned and criticism.From the concepts such as e-conomic rent (including the vague labor rent concept),monopoly rent,producer surplus and economic sur-plus,in fact,they are surplus value in essence or cannot be put aside from the surplus value completely. The core idea of the theory of surplus value about “the capitalists exploit the surplus value of wage labour”by Marx is the irrefutable truth.

The existing economic standard of optimum population is lack of overall framework.The article,based on the reviews of the existing economic standard , re-examines the relationship of population and economic development to forward a new definition of economic optimum population. A new interpretation framework must be based on the premise of both optimum allocation of human resources and the maximization of population welfare , therefore it should have two progressive standards: economic efficiency from market competition efficiency to full employment efficiency and economic benefits from modest income growth to fair distribution system.

Based on various areas of Gansu Province corn production panel data in nearly 20 years, this paper choose the perspective of rainfed agricultural technology revolution that whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows in the dry land.On the basis of the analysis of the spatial and temporal scales of corn production,the gray system model of corn production was established depend on the data about corn production and its related historical data of Gansu Province.Besides,it expounding on corn production drive mechanism by di-viding into 2 periods.The results showed that the large area of marketing the technology in Gansu Province is the root cause of the rising corn yield dramatically since 2003 , plastic-film corn area covered as index reflecting the technology has become the primary factor which influence the production of corn.Meanwhile, it has had a profound impact on the change of spatial pattern of corn production in Gansu Province.

A salicylimine probe L with a simple structure has been researched more in-depth on fluorescence sensor properties based on two-photon (TP) absorption. L displays excellent selective turn-on fluorescence response for Al3+ in hexamethylenetetramine-buffered (HMTA) aqueous solution (0.3M, pH=5.8) under one-photon (OP) excitation. With the help of OP fluorescence, TP fluorescence titration, UV-spectra titration and Job's plot, the stoichiometric ratio of L with Al3+ was determined to be 1:1. The coordination sites and the coordination mechanism of L with Al3+ were analyzed in detail through 1H NMR data. Not only with a detection limit of 5.2×10−9M in vitro, but also the probe has been successfully used in the live cells and tissues for the imaging of Al3+ with TP fluorescence microscopy due to the enlarged TP cross section, providing a novel testing method for measuring Al3+ in solution or cell tissue with low autofluorescence and cytotoxicity.

随着全球化、组织化、信息化的发展,政府垄断公共事务的管理模式正在发生深刻的变革。公共危机管理的复杂性必然要求政府、市场和社会的合作共治。作为社会力量的重要组织形式—草根NGO的专业性和灵活性弥补了政府在公共危机管理中的不足。然而,草根NGO现阶段的参与只是一种体制外的参与,存在制度、公信力、资金、人力及自身能力等约束性因素。本文针对这些问题,基于草根NGO处于发展的初级阶段这一现实,提出了建立合作型关系来优化草根NGO参与公共危机管理的路径。

Forme Dir Deinen Cluster: Zwei supramolekulare Cluster aus Lanthanoidhelicaten wurden synthetisiert. Die Clusterstruktur hängt von der Wahl des Anions ab: tetraedrisches ClO4− ergibt größere ringförmige Helicate, während trigonal-planares NO3− zu einem kompakten viersträngigen Helicat führt (siehe Bild).

从英国绿化带控制政策角度入手,介绍了该政策的内涵、功能和作用,其次简要讨论了绿化带政策在中国的适用城市类型,最后以中小型城市酒泉市肃州区为例,通过分析酒泉市肃州区的土地利用现状及特点,阐述了该政策对肃州区发展的影响及启示。

小产权房清理过程中的难点包括小产权房范围的模糊性和小产权房利益相关主体(村集体和农民、购房者、开发商及政府)自身利益矛盾的复杂性。文章在剖析小产权房清理的现实难点的基础上,从土地集约利用的角度提出了小产权清理思路。