The aim of the presented study was to identify the features of the quantitative formation of axoplasmic organelles with a primary analysis of the components of the axonal cytoskeleton (microtubules and neurofilaments) of myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers in the dental pulp during the eruption of permanent teeth in humans. Material and methods. The neurovascular bundle of dental pulp was studied in children aged 5, 10 and 14 years. On ultramicrographs of pulp sections at a magnification of ×40000, the diameters of myelin and non-myelin conductors were measured; per 1 µm2 of axoplasm of nerve conductors, the density of axoplasmic organelles, the number of microtubules and neurofilaments were calculated. The reliability of differences between groups was assessed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), the significance of average values was assessed using the Tukey test, correlation analysis was carried out using the Pearson criterion. Results. The process of eruption of permanent teeth was accompanied by a gradual increase in the number of organelles per unit cross-sectional area of the nerve, regardless of its characteristics (myelinated or nonmyelinated fiber type). The highest density of organelles was observed in large-diameter fibers of both myelinated and non-myelinated conductors throughout the indicated segment of ontogenetic development. The presence of myelin in the nerve sheath correlates positively with microtubule saturation in fibers of large (r=0.267, p=0.001) and small (r=0.314, p=0.000) diameters, and negatively in fibers with medium diameter (r=-0.246, p=0.002). The proportion of neurofilaments represented among the axoplasmic organelles of the neuroplasm as a whole was especially high in myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers of small diameter, averaging up to 70%. The presence of the myelin sheath and fiber diameter are not associated with neurofilament density with the exception of medium-diameter fibers (r=0.195, p=0.001). Conclusion. The process of eruption of permanent teeth is accompanied by an increase in the number of organelles, cytoskeletal elements in the axoplasm of nerve fibers innervating the dental pulp, providing the morphological substrate of neuroplasticity, which must be taken into account, for example, in the process of dental implantation and dental prosthetics.

The aim of the study was to reveal associations between the number of functioning microvessels and formation of adrenergic control (nerve endings containing catecholamine) of the dental pulp in children and adolescents of Udmurtia during the period of permanent teeth eruption. Material and methods. The study included neurovascular bundle of the pulp of teeth extracted for medical reasons at the age of 5 to 14 years. At the light-optical level, the number of functioning capillaries was counted; an electron microscopic technique was used to qualitative assess the microvascular bed. Identification of catecholamines and counting the number of adrenergic nerve endings were performed histochemically using glyoxylic acid. Results. The process of permanent teeth eruption is accompanied by an intensively increased number of functioning capillaries and an increased density of adrenergic nerve endings. The number of functioning microvessels increases significantly (by 3.36 times) during childhood (from 5 to 9 years); the number of capillaries stabilizes in adolescence. The increased number of nerve endings by the end of the childhood period (9 years) is 45.2 ± 12.4 % compared with the age of 5 years. Notably, adrenergic nerve endings modify qualitatively: a pronounced variety of mediatorcontaining forms is replaced by their isomorphic phenotype. With age, predominant distribution of nerve endings along the vessels of the microvasculature tends to increase. Conclusion. Active formation of the microvascular bed during the eruption of permanent teeth is accompanied by an age-dependent increase in the density of localization and qualitative restructuring of adrenergic nerve endings, which provides full catecholaminergic control from the sympathetic nervous system.

The aim of the study was to analyze the microvasculation of the liver in administration of tautomeric forms of orotic acid for a methionine-induced liver pathology to assess the efficacy of the modified drugs and the potentialof their clinical use.Material and methods. The study included 30 white outbred rats, that were simulated methionine induced hyperhomocysteinemia by the administration of methionine, dosage 0.15 g/100 g of the body we ight, via food during 4 weeks. Animals with hyperhomocysteinemia were divided into 4 groups: animals of group 1 received orotic acid (OA) in the initial form (oxo-tautomer), animals of group 2 received hydroxy–tautomer OA after mechanomodification for 1 hour, animals of group 3 received dihydroxy-tautomer OA after mechanomodification for 6 hours. Histological preparations of the liver were used to evaluate the area of hepatocytes; diameters and areas of the central vein, the interlobular vein and artery, the bile duct, and the Visotto coefficient were calculated.Results. Morphometric data of the hepatic microvascular bloodstream with simulated hyperhomocysteinemia evidenced a general increase in the diameter and area of blood vessels, changes affected the system of blood inflow and outflow at the organ level. Administration of OA had a normalizing effect on the liver bloodflow, but the effects were different: the most pronounced effect was detected in administration of the hydroxy-form of the preparation, this can be explained by a modificationin the dispersion of the preparation (without changing the crystal lattice), an increase in the rate of dissolution in water and aqueous solutions, an increasein the number of functionally active groups in the heterocycle of the hydroxy-form of OA. Thus, the hydroxy-tautomer of orotic acid had the greatest efficacy relating to vasodilation of microvessels of the liver bloodstream in hyperhomocysteinemia; the fact suggesting feasibility of its further study in the clinical environment.

The aim of  the  study  was  to  analyze  the  microvasculation  of  the  liver  in  administration  of  tautomeric forms of orotic acid for a methionine-induced liver pathology to assess the efficacy of the modified drugs and the potentialof their clinical use. Material and  methods. The  study  included  30  white  outbred  rats,  that  were  simulated  methionine induced hyperhomocysteinemia by the administration of methionine, dosage 0.15 g/100 g of the body we ight, via food  during  4  weeks.  Animals  with  hyperhomocysteinemia  were  divided  into  4  groups:  animals  of  group  1  received orotic acid (OA) in the initial form (oxo-tautomer), animals of group 2 received hydroxy–tautomer OA after mechanomodification for 1 hour, animals of group 3 received dihydroxy-tautomer OA after mechanomodification for 6 hours. Histological preparations of the liver were used to evaluate the area of hepatocytes; diameters and areas of the central vein, the interlobular vein and artery, the bile duct, and the Visotto coefficient were calculated. Results. Morphometric  data  of  the  hepatic  microvascular  bloodstream  with  simulated  hyperhomocysteinemia evidenced a general increase in the diameter and area of blood vessels, changes affected the system of blood inflow and outflow at the organ level. Administration of OA had a normalizing effect on the liver bloodflow, but the effects were different: the most pronounced effect was detected in administration of the hydroxy-form of the preparation, this can be explained by a modificationin the dispersion of the preparation (without changing the crystal lattice), an increase in the rate of dissolution in water and aqueous solutions, an increasein the number of functionally active groups in the heterocycle of the hydroxy-form of OA. Thus, the hydroxy-tautomer of orotic acid had the greatest efficacy relating to vasodilation of microvessels of the liver bloodstream in hyperhomocysteinemia; the fact suggesting feasibility of its further study in the clinical environment.

The aim is to study macro- and microscopic structure, as well as the cellular composition of the glands of the sphincter zones of large intestine of adults of different age groups.Material and methods. On autopsy material obtained from 30 people, without signs of pathology of the digestive tract of three age groups: 20–29 years, 50–59 years, 90–99 years, the structure of the glandular apparatus of the sphincter zones was studied. The areas of the Gerlach flap, Girsch sphincters, Payr–Strauss, Bally, O'bern–Pirogov–Moutier were considered. Quantitative morphometry was performed on histological preparations stained with methylene blue, followed by fixation in a saturated solution of ammonium molybdenum (picric acid), hematoxylin-eosin, picrofuchsin according to Van Gieson. Methods of parametric statistics based on the Statistica 6.0 program were used for statistical data processing.Results. The analysis of the number, size and cellular composition of the glands of the sphincter zones of the large intestine revealed an increase in both the number of glands and their size in all age groups compared to the proximally adjacent areas of the intestine, on average by 1.3–1.5 times. In a similar range, individual indicators of the number of epithelial cells in the glands of the sphincter zones of the colon increased. At the same time, the cellular composition of the glands of the sphincter zones and adjacent areas of the intestinal wall was similar to neighboring areas, with predominant goblet-shaped epithelial cells (52.9–54.2% of cells on the longitudinal section of the gland) and the presence of absorption cells (29.9–31.2%), undifferentiated – 11.9–13.2% and argyrophilic endocrinocytes – 1.4–5.3%.Conclusion. Against the background of narrowing of the lumen of the large intestine in the area of the sphincters and changes in the nature of the mucous membrane, there is an increase in the size and density of the localization of glands in all age groups. This confirms the thesis about the formation of a protective barrier that provides a local adaptive potential of this area of the intestinal wall, against the background of increased mechanical effects of intestinal masses.

The objective of the research was to determine odontological (odontometric and odontoscopic) and morpho-aesthetic variations of the upper central and lateral incisors in 14-year-old children residing in Udmurt Republic. 200 adolescent respondents (100 boys and 100 girls) were included in the study. We accessed morphological aspects of the permanent upper right and left central incisors (URCI and ULCI) in 14-year-old children born and permanently residing in conditionally ecologically favorable districts of the Udmurt Republic. Odontological variations of the permanent tooth crown shapes in early adolescent children (14-year-old) are shown; morphological, ethnic, age and gender, aesthetic features are determined. The determined odontoscopic and odontometric features of the permanent tooth crown shapes matter of scientific and practical terms and can be used to clarify ethnicity and possibly gender. The identified patterns can change and multiply the information-statistical interpretation of the ethnic and morpho-aesthetic features of the permanent teeth, and hence have an important impact when restoring damaged teeth crowns, which affect the permanent dentition smile harmony in 14-year-old adolescents born and permanently residing in the Udmurt Republic.

he aim of study was to identify a response of the thymus CD68+ cells population to the introduction of tautomeric forms of magnesium orotate under magnesium deficiency.Material and methods. Magnesium-deficient status in rats was simulated by furosemide loading (30 mg/kg 14 days); then the animals were injected magnesium orotate in the initial oxo-form (Magnerot©, Vervag, Germany) and hydroxy-form obtained by mechanical activation, dosage 50 mg/kg, for 14 days., The density of thymocytes and macrophages was calculated in the subcapsular zone, cortex and brain matter (stained with hematoxylin and eosin) in the thymus, macrophages were studied immunohistochemically using monoclonal CD68 antibodies (Clone PG-M1).Results. The oxo-form of the drug was shown to lead to an increase in the number of CD68+ cells in the cortex of thymus (1.7 compared with the control) and medulla of thymus (2.3 times), an increase in the intensity of immunofluorescence (22.5%), the appearance of the thymus lobule of large CD68+cells in the cortex and the medulla part with a clearly traced intracellular localization of granules. The introduction of mechanically activated hydroxyl-form was accompanied by an increase in the number of CD68+ macrophages in the cortical area (1.5 times), and cortico-medullary partition (in 1.4 times), but did not affect the cerebral area of the thymus. The overall intensity of fluorescent staining reduced to 27.87±2.2 relative units (RU).Conclusion. The tautomeric forms of magnesium orotate have a diverse effect on the macrophage population of the thymus: the introduction of the oxo-form is accompanied by a significant activating effect on the CD68+macrophages in contrast to the hydroxyl form having a moderate modulating effect.

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of bacteriophage microbiota infection on the expression of alpha-synuclein (A-syn) in rat small intestinal wall cells.Material and methods. The work was performed on Wistar rats, which once a day rectally injected a cocktail of bacteriophages against pathogenic bacteria or sterile saline (control). Various parts of the small intestine were frozen on dry ice, and cryostat sections were prepared to immunohistochemically investigation the localization of A-syn in the cells of the intestinal wall after 10 days of experiment.Results. A significant quantitative increase of immunopositive to A-syn lymphocytes and an increase in the expression of this protein in the neurons of the intermuscular and submucous nerve plexuses were detected.Conclusion. Bacteriophage infection of the microbiota has a pronounced effect on the expression of alpha synuclein in lymphocytes and neurons localized in the wall of the small intestine.

The purpose of the study is a quantitative analysis of myelin nanotubular apparatus of the conductors included in the neurovascular bundle of the tooth pulp in children born and living in places with high ecological and technogenic load. The object of the study was the neurovascular bundle of the tooth (№ 540), removed for medical reasons, in children aged 5 to 14 years (the period of eruption of permanent teeth), living in conditionally favorable areas of Udmurtia and in places with high ecological and technogenic load. Areas with high ecological and technogenic load were considered to be places near the machine-building plant, poultry farms, large motor transport enterprises and highways, etc. (Izhevsk); location of the largest oil depot in the Republic, asphalt and chemical plants of the Kama region of the Republic (Kambarka); the territory of woodworking, furniture factories, woodworking factory “Red Star” (Mozhga); forestry industry (Uva). The influence of living conditions on the composition and ultrastructural provision of the myelin nerve fibers of the tooth pulp is shown: the number of microtubules (regardless of the fiber diameter) and neurophilaments (for conductors of large and small diameters) in the conditions of ecological and technogenic load is reduced. It is noted that differences in living conditions (places with ecological and technogenic load) do not affect the ultrastructural provision of myelin conductors at the time of eruption of permanent teeth (5 years), but quantitative changes progress over time, starting from the period of second childhood (8-12 years) reaching maximum values by the age of 14. The age of 11 years is a critical period with regard to the definition of the neurotubular apparatus of myelin nerves in children living in places with unfavorable ecological and technogenic load.

Objectives. To study the intensity of the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in glial cells in the substantia nigra of the brain in rats of different ages in health and in neuroinflammation. Materials and methods. Experiments were performed on 36 male Wistar rats – 18 young animals with body weight 250–300 g and 18 old animals with body weight 380–420 g. Immunohistochemical studies detected the study markers on cryostat sections in astro- and microgliocytes in the substantia nigra eight weeks after unilateral stereotaxic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into this area. Results. Significantly greater numbers of GFAP- and CD11β-positive cells (astro- and microgliocytes respectively) were seen in the substantia nigra of the brains of older rats. Age-dependent differences were seen in LPS-induced BDNF and iNOS production eight weeks after administration of endotoxin. Administration of LPS intensified the production of BDNF in astrocytes in young but not old animals, while the microgliocytes of old rats showed significant intensification of iNOS expression. Conclusions. The balance of trophic and harmful factors synthesized by glial cells in the substantia nigra of the midbrain in response to endotoxin stimulation depended on age. The glial reaction to endotoxin in young animals was protective in nature, while in old animals it increased the risk of oxidative neuron injury.

The paper presents literature review and clinical case of patient with fibromyxoid sarcoma of maxilla illustrating diagnostic difficulties and efficacy of multidisciplinary treatment approach.

The article presents the experience of using elements of distance learning in the teaching of cytology and histology to students-bachelors of the 1st course classic university. This experience is implemented in the Moodlе environment. In addition to thematic content («electronic textbook») role of such distance learning elements as a Glossary, system of test tasks and situational tasks is show. The classification of distance components of the course of cytology and histology was given. The analysis of the educational material relevance was held. The multi-level scheme for the integration of distance learning with the classical educational technologies was proposed.

Orthopedic treatment was performed in 53 patients with postoperative defects in the orbital area during 1969–2012. The developed practical guidelines could improve the cosmetic aspects of ectoprostheses, their fixation, and quality of life in the patients.