Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), as an efficient extraction method, was used to extract polyphenols from macadamia green peel (MGP). Based on a prediction results of a conductor-like screening model for realistic solvents, 20 DESs were preliminarily selected from 696 DESs for experimental validation, with choline chloride-1,2-butanediol (1,1, molar ratio) exhibiting the highest extraction efficiency. UAE conditions were optimized through response surface methodology experiments, and a total phenolic yield of 91.09 ± 1.15 mg GAE/g DW was obtained. Furthermore, the DES-based MGP phenolic extract was incorporated into chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol films as a plasticizer, resulting in significant changes in physical properties and an increase in antioxidant activity and ultraviolet-blocking properties. Molecular simulations revealed that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions forces the DES-polyphenol interaction. These findings provide a comprehensive strategy for the efficient extraction and functional utilization of MGP polyphenols.

To uncover the relationship between quality and flavor with maturity, the dynamic alterations in physicochemical traits and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated in 'Comte de Paris' pineapple fruit at three maturity stages: YF, MF, and FMF. The results showed that longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, fruit mass, TSS, the TSS/TA ratio, and soluble sugar content increased, whereas TA and organic acid levels decreased as fruit ripened. A total of 103 differential VOCs were identified. The most relevant compound classes were esters, terpenoids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and furans. From YF to FMF, the proportion of alcohols, aldehydes, and terpenoids decreased, whereas the proportion of esters increased. Seven aroma-active compounds were identified as the main aroma contributors to overall aroma profile, which shifted with fruit maturity. This study of changes in fruit attributes and volatile composition during pineapple ripening may aid in selecting the optimal maturity stage to improve consumer satisfaction.

Oil structuring has been considered as a promising design for fat replacement due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids and solid fat-like texture. In this study, rice bran wax (RBW) was used as an oleogelator to construct astaxanthin-loaded macadamia oleogel system, and the crystal morphology, intermolecular force and rheological behavior of the oleogels were evaluated. The results showed that RBW formed a stable oleogel at low concentration (5.0 wt%), which was attributed to the formation of a network of RBW crystals held together by van der Waals interactions. Moreover, the oleogels exhibited excellent thixotropy and thermal reversibility. Meanwhile, stable oleogels enabled the preparation of surfactant-free W/O emulsions with excellent stability (≥21 days). Microstructure and X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the stability of the emulsions was attributed to the crystallization of the RBW. And the emulsions showed temperature responsiveness. Additionally, the presence of RBW reduced the release of fatty acids (49 %-25 %) and the bioaccessibility of astaxanthin (20.3 %-10.9 %) in the emulsion during simulated in vitro digestion. The results can provide guidance for the development of novel solid fats, emulsions without surfactants, and functional foods with regulated lipid digestion and controlled nutrient release profiles.

Fosthiazate granule is a commonly used chemical prevention for root-knot nematodes, which poses the risk of resistance and soil degradation. With the development of soil amendments, combining prevention strategies could reduce the dosage of chemical pesticides and improve soil structure. This study performed single chemical prevention (20% fosthiazate granule at a dosage of 30 kg/hm2, MLT1) and combining prevention (20% fosthiazate granule reduced to 3.0 kg/hm2 (1.5 kg/hm2 at the transplanting and rosette stages, respectively), combining with soil amendments, MLT2) in a tobacco-plant field with a blank treatment (without any prevention) as control (MLCK1). Except for the evaluation of the prevention efficiency, mechanism investigations were also conducted from the perspectives of the root metabolome and rhizosphere microbial communities. Both MLT1 and MLT2 significantly changed the nematode community structure and suppressed the abundance of rootknot nematodes, and MLT2 showed a stronger inhibitory effect. Both prevention strategies improve the resistance of tobacco roots, but MLT2 activated more resistance signaling pathways (such as Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan pathway) and related metabolites (such as Gibberellin A6 and Jasmonic acid), improving the efficiency of prevention. MLT1 significantly suppressed the activities of soil enzymes, and it showed a single functional mechanism, mainly dependent on the enhancement of antagonistic nematodes, bacteria, and fungi. While MLT2 significantly improved the activities of soil enzymes and the prevention mechanisms involving diverse functional microorganisms, promoting the interaction between soil enzymes and microbial communities. MLT2 is more suitable for the long-term prevention of root-knot nematodes with more comprehensive soil improvement and more stable prevention effects, promoting the green and sustainable development of nematode prevention strategies.

Tropical rainforest soils, or latosols, are distinguished by their low pH and low fertility. In orchards, co-cultivating grass has become popular as a way to improve soil quality and boost fruit production. Nevertheless, insufficient information is currently available about the response of soil microbial communities in tropical rainforest orchards to grass co-cultivation. Therefore, the present research investigates the effect of grass cultivation on the soil properties and microbial diversity of guava ( Psidium guajava L. cv Pearl) latosol orchards. Two varieties of the tropical legume grass Stylosanthes guianensis , i.e., Reyan No. 2 and Ubon, were studied, besides the control (CK), which is without any grass, and the natural grasses treatment (N). The study contained four treatments, i.e., S. guianensis cv. Reyan No. 2, S. guianensis cv. Ubon, CK, and N. Soil samples from the top layer (0–20 cm) and subsoil layer (20–40 cm) were collected to follow the changes in soil microbial biodiversity based on 16 S rDNA analysis. A total of 17,231 kinds of OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) were obtained, including 17,165 kinds of bacteria and 66 kinds of Archaea . S. guianensis cv. The Ubon variety, natural grasses, and CK treatments significantly increased the soil microbial richness and evenness in the topsoil layer compared to Reyan No. 2 variety. The β-diversity of soil microbial community was significantly reduced in the natural grasses and Ubon variety treatments at the topsoil layer compared to CK treatment. In the subsoil layer, natural grasses, Reyan No. 2, and Ubon treatments significantly increased the soil microbial community based on β-diversity. The presence of natural grasses caused 49% and 42% increases in the SOC in the top and subsoil layers, respectively, as well as remarkable increases in the available and total soil nitrogen. The grass intercropping enhanced the levels of soil carbon and nitrogen and altered the nature of the soil’s microbial community. The diversity of soil microorganisms in the subsoil layer is significantly altered by the shallow root systems of tropical legume and natural grasses, which have most of their roots concentrated in the top soil layer. Overall, growing grass in tropical orchards benefits the latosolic soil microorganisms, which has enhanced the theoretical underpinnings for using grass to improve the soil quality in latosols orchards.

Accurately detecting the anthocyanin content in eggplant peel is essential for effective eggplant breeding. The present study aims to present a method that combines hyperspectral imaging with advanced computational analysis to rapidly, non-destructively, and precisely measure anthocyanin content in eggplant fruit. For this purpose, hyperspectral images of the fruits of 20 varieties with diverse colors were collected, and the content of the anthocyanin were detected using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. In order to minimize background noise in the hyperspectral images, five preprocessing algorithms were utilized on average reflectance spectra: standard normalized variate (SNV), autoscales (AUT), normalization (NOR), Savitzky–Golay convolutional smoothing (SG), and mean centering (MC). Additionally, the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) method was employed to reduce the dimensionality of the high-dimensional hyperspectral data. In order to predict the cyanidin, petunidin, delphinidin, and total anthocyanin content of eggplant fruit, two models were constructed: partial least squares regression (PLSR) and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM). The HPLC results showed that eggplant peel primarily contains three types of anthocyanins. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the average reflectance rates between 400–750 nm wavelength ranges for different colors of eggplant peel. The prediction model results indicated that the model based on NOR CARS LS-SVM achieved the best performance, with a squared coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.98, RMSEP and RMSEC less than 0.03 for cyanidin, petunidin, delphinidin, and total anthocyanin predication. These results suggest that hyperspectral imaging is a rapid and non-destructive technique for assessing the anthocyanin content of eggplant peel. This approach holds promise for facilitating the more effective eggplant breeding.

‘Josapine’ is a famous pineapple cultivar as a kind of table fruit with a strong special aromatic fragrance like rose or jasmine, In this paper, ripen fruits were harvested monthly from January to June, and volatile compounds were measured by HS-SPME-GC-MS method to reveal the mysterious aroma compounds. Results showed that 112 volatile compounds totally were found in 5 harvest time. Esters and terpenes are the dominant volatiles among Josapine. February fruits contained the most abundant esters with 80.85% of total volatiles and May fruits contained the richest terpenes with 57.17%. In April and May harvested period, (Z)- β-ocimene was extremely significantly higher than that of other three periods. In March fruit. fruits smelt much more floral than in February and March probably attribute to the abundant (Z)-β-ocimene.

Wampee (Clausena lansium) is an important evergreen fruit tree native to southern China that has a long history of use for medicinal purposes. Here, a chromosome-level genome of C. lansium was constructed with a genome size of 282.9 Mb and scaffold N50 of 30.75 Mb. The assembled genome contains 48.70% repetitive elements and 24,381 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomic analysis showed that C. lansium diverged from Aurantioideae 15.91-24.95 million years ago. Additionally, some expansive and specific gene families related to methyltransferase activity and S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase activity were also identified. Further analysis indicated that N-methyltransferase (NMT) is mainly involved in alkaloid biosynthesis and O-methyltransferase (OMT) participates in the regulation of coumarin accumulation in wampee. This suggested that wampee's richness in alkaloids and coumarins might be due to the gene expansions of NMT and OMT. The tandem repeat event was one of the major reasons for the NMT expansion. Hence, the reference genome of C . lansium will facilitate the identification of some useful medicinal compounds from wampee resources and reveal their biosynthetic pathways.

Previously, our team has successfully developed ultra-fine whole macadamia butter (WMB, D-[4,D-3]< 20 mu m) using a novel high energy media mill (HEMM), which showed poor storage stability. In this study, we aimed to enhance the stability of WMB by incorporating four low molecular weight gelators-monoglyceride stearate (MG), beeswax (BW), rice bran wax (RBW), gamma-oryzanol and beta-sitosterol mixture (SO)-based on the oleogelation mechanism. The effects of different oleogelation mechanisms on its microstructure, texture, storage stability, rheological behavior, spreadability and 3D printability were investigated. The results revealed distinct minimum gelation concentration for different gelators, with all gelators significantly improving the storage stability and hardness of WMB. At a gelator of 3.0%, the centrifugal oil yield for MG, BW, SO and RBW-based WMB decreased by 82.6%, 56.6%, 42.7% and 83.4%, respectively, which was closely related to the small particle size and more uniform distribution of protein particles within the system. Moreover, all samples exhibited a pseudoplastic fluid behavior. Additionally, the appropriate addition of gelators improved the spreadability and 3D printability of WMB. The results provide new insights for the development and application of high oil-based products.

Oleogels can be formed using different types of oleogelator, which lead to different end properties. In this study, four kinds of oleogelators, rice bran wax (RBW), monoglyceride stearate (MG), beeswax (BW), and a mixture of β-sitosterol and γ-oryzanol (SO) were used to prepare astaxanthin-loaded macadamia oil-based oleogels. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic shear rheometry were then used to evaluate the effects of the different oleogelators and astaxanthin on the physicochemical properties of the oleogels. The results showed that van der Waals forces played a key role in the formation of all the oleogels, while hydrogen bonding was also important for the SO- and MG-based oleogels. Moreover, astaxanthin addition did not change the crystal morphology and intramolecular interaction forces of the oleogels, but it did increase their oxidative stability and decrease their thermal stability, hardness, and oil-binding properties. In addition, the digestive behavior of the oleogels was evaluated using a three-stage in vitro gastrointestinal model. All the oleogelators significantly affected the lipolysis of the macadamia oil and the bioaccessibility of the astaxanthin, with the degree of lipolysis being positively correlated to the bioaccessibility. MG-based oleogels were the most effective at increasing the bioaccessibility of the astaxanthin.

In this study, macadamia oil-based oleogels were prepared with four low molecular weight oleogelators: beeswax (BW), monoglyceride stearate (MG), rice bran wax (RBW), and a mixture of γ-oryzanol and β-sitosterol (SO). The physicochemical properties of these oleogels were evaluated by polarized light microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, texture and rheological analysis. Results indicated that the van der Waals force and hydrogen bond interaction existed mainly in MG- and SO-based oleogels, while only van der Waals force interaction observed in RBW- and BW-based oleogels. SO-based oleogels presented superior hardness, oil binding ability and oxidative stability, attributed to the formation of strong polymer network structure. Additionally, all four oleogels demonstrated stable crystal structures and solid-state shear-thinning fluid behavior, with SO-based oleogels displaying higher viscosity. Meanwhile, the feasibility of oleogel as a substitute for cocoa butter (CB) was explored, found that all of oleogels proved effective substitutes for CB in chocolate preparation. The rheological parameters of the oleogel-based chocolates, except for 50%BW oleogel, fell within the range of Casson plastic viscosity and yield stress for chocolate, and exhibited excellent heat tolerance. The results provide a novel strategy for utilization of macadamia oil and the development of heat-resistant chocolate.

Hyperlipidemia, characterized by an abnormal lipid metabolism, is related to multiple cardiovascular diseases that pose challenges to global public health. Macadamia oil (MO), rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (around 80%), is regarded as a functional oil used to regulate lipid accumulation. Nonetheless, the lipid-lowering mechanism of MO is still unknown. Therefore, the lipid-lowering effects of MO in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic mice were evaluated in this study. The results revealed that MO could effectively reduce body weight and the organ index and improve serum lipid levels by reducing total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Additionally, MO supplementation could improve abnormal liver function caused by hyperlipemia, characterized by decreased liver enzyme levels, including alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Meanwhile, MO also exhibited an inhibitory effect on oxidative stress and lipid accumulation caused by an HFD. Moreover, findings from qRT-PCR and Western blotting analyses suggest that MO supplementation markedly prevented hyperlipidemia by inhibiting the expression of AMPK pathway-related genes, SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC, and PPAR-γ, as well as upregulating the levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and γ-GCS. These results indicate that MO attenuates lipid accumulation in vivo via AMPK/Nrf2 pathway activation, suggesting that MO could serve as a dietary supplementation or medication for treating hyperlipidemia.

Amomum villosum Lour. (A. villosum), known as Sharen in China, is widely used for culinary and medicinal purposes due to containing a diverse set of bioactive compounds. In this study, the optimum ethanol extraction process was optimized and the composition and biological activities (antioxidant and antitumor) of five different fractions (dichloromethane, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and H2O) extracted from the ethanol extract of A. villosum were investigated. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were extraction temperature 80°C, extraction time 120 min, ethanol concentration 40% and solid–liquid ratio 1:25 g/mL. Moreover, 35 bioactive compounds were successfully identified by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS from five factions for the first time, including 12 phenolic acids and derivatives, 2 organic acids, 12 flavonoids and derivatives, 2 oxylipins and 7 proanthocyanidins. Among them, ethyl acetate fraction (Fr-EtOAc) exhibited the highest content of total phenolic (374.01 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (93.11 mg RE/g DW), where vanillic acid, catechin, epicatechin and protocatechuic acid were the predominant phenolic compounds that accounting for 81.65% of the quantified bioactive compounds. In addition, Fr-EtOAc demonstrated excellent total antioxidant activity (IC50 of DPPH and ABTS assays were 0.23, 0.08 mg/mL, respectively, and FRAP assay was 322.91 mg VCE/100 g DW) and antitumor activity (1,000 μg/mL, 79.04% inhibition rate). The results could provide guidance for the industrial production and application of A. villosum.

Anthocyanin is the main color-forming substance of mango peel, and bagging is an important technical measure to regulate the formation of fruit apparent color. In this paper, using 'Renong1' and 'Ono' as materials, combined with computer image recognition and liquid chromatography technology, the differences and accumulation characteristics of anthocyanins in the peel before and after bagging were compared. Using computer image recognition technology, the skin color of different mango varieties before and after bagging can be quickly screened and identified. Ten indicators such as second-order moment and third-order moment are used for feature extraction, and then the principal component analysis of the indicators is carried out through MATLAB, and the results are obtained. The results showed that five major anthocyanins could be identified in the peels of two different mango cultivars before and after bagging. For the two mango varieties, the accumulation patterns of anthocyanins after bagging were exactly opposite. Bagging of the light-dependent variety ‘Renong1’ inhibited the accumulation of anthocyanins in the peel, while ‘Ono’ accumulated anthocyanins after bagging, showing pigmentation independent of light. This indicates that the bagging technique can be used to breed new red mango varieties with more easily colored skins. This study provides a theoretical basis for the cultivation of new mango varieties, color metabolism and regulation research, and has important application value. At the same time, combined with computer image recognition technology, it provides a fast and efficient detection method for the preliminary screening of plant anthocyanin components.

China is one of the world's main producers of macadamia. The macadamia green peel (MGP), byproducts of industrial processing, are commonly discarded for use as fertilizer. In this study, the ultrasound-assisted extraction and purification process of phenolic compounds from MGP were optimized, and the identification and analysis of antioxidant activities of purified extracts were performed. Results indicated that the optimal extraction conditions were sonication power 140 W, solid-liquid ratio 1:45 g/mL, and extraction temperature 43 degrees C, and the total phenolic content (TPC) was 18.23 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW). Among four purified fractions (PF1, PF2, PF3 and PF4) obtained by ADS17 resin, sixty phenolic compounds were identified and twenty-one phenolic compounds were quantified for the first time, of which PF2 showed the highest TPC (246.18 mg GAE/g DW), mainly including 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxyben-zoic acid and gallocatechin. In addition, PF2 demonstrated excellent total antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays were 2.16, 2.59, 1.96 mM Trolox equivalent/g DW, respectively) and cellular antioxidant activity (0.97 mM quercetin equivalent/g DW). The antioxidant activities showed significant positive correlated with the content of catechin and procyanidin B1. The results provide guidance for the industrial production and application of MGP.

Soil respiration is an important index to reflect soil quality and nutritional properties. However, these characteristics of latosol orchards of guava (Psidium guajava L. Pearl) in the south subtropics are not fully understood. In the present research, the effects of Stylo grass [Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.] on soil respiration in guava orchards of latosol were studied. There were four treatments, namely, clean tillage, natural grass growth, Stylo grass 'Ubon' and 'Reyan No. 2'. Soil respiration was monitored from December 2018 to November 2019 by using a soil CO2 flux system (LI-8100A, LI-COR, Lincoln, NE). Results showed that Reyan No. 2 had the best promoting effect on soil respiration in orchards, followed by Ubon and natural grass growth. The relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature of 5-cm soil layer followed highly significant power function pattern for Stylo grass treatments (p < .01). The temperature sensitivity (Q(10)) of Reyan No. 2 was highest (1.75), followed by Ubon (1.46). Soil water, instead of temperature, was found to be the main factor of soil respiration in the grass orchard of latosol. This study proposes the main limiting factors of soil respiration in latosol orchards and recommends Reyan No. 2 as a grass variety for soil improvement. The finding has also enriched the theory and practice of soil improvement in latosol orchards. The higher Q(10) (1.75) of Reyan No. 2 as obtained in this research may also have a certain effect on the soil carbon cycle of grass orchard of latosol.

In order to study the effect of bagging on the aroma quality of mangoes, experiments were performed on “Tainong No.1” mangoes with 2 types of bags, namely white single-layer bags (WB) and yellow/black double-layer bag (BB). With non-bagging fruits as the control group, the aroma compounds in the mangoes in different postharvest stages were analyzed via solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The results indicated that 19 aroma compounds were detected in testing fruits, which were mainly terpenoids. We observed that the effect of bagging on the synthesis of aroma compounds in the mangoes differed among different postharvest stages. Compared with the control group, bagging inhibited the aroma synthesis in the fruits in the early postharvest stages, but facilitated it in the later stages. Additionally, the white single-layer fruit bags had a better effect on the aroma synthesis in postharvest mangoes; hence, it is advisable to use white single-layer fruit bags for mango production.

The quality of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil is affected by various drying methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of drying methods on the composition of the essential oil. Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil samples subjected to different drying methods were extracted using the methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) method and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 26 volatile compounds, comprising 8 moneterpenes, 6 sesquiterpenes, 4 moneterpenes derivatives, 5 sesquiterpene derivatives, and 3 other derivatives, were identified. We found that the drying methods affected not only the composition of volatile compounds but also the content of different volatiles. The sun-dried essential oil showed the highest amount of volatile compounds, 1895.85 ng/g. Moneterpene derivatives were a major component in M. alternifolia essential oil, especially terpinen-4-ol and 1, 8-cineole.