JAK-STAT signaling pathway has a crucial role in host innate immunity against viral infections, including HIV-1. We therefore examined the impact of HIV-1 infection and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Compared to age-matched healthy donors (n = 18), HIV-1-infected subjects (n = 18) prior to cART had significantly lower expression of toll-like receptors (TLR-1/4/6/7/8/9), the IFN regulatory factors (IRF-3/7/9), and the antiviral factors (OAS-1, MxA, A3G, PKR, and Tetherin). Three months' cART partially restores the impaired functions of JAK-STAT-mediated antiviral immunity. We also found most factors had significantly positive correlations (p < 0.05) between each two factors in JAK-STAT pathway in healthy donors (98.25%, 168/171), but such significant positive associations were only found in small part of HIV-1-infected subjects (43.86%, 75/171), and stably increased during the cART (57.31%, 98/171 after 6 months' cART). With regard to the restoration of some HIV-1 restriction factors, HIV-1-infected subjects who had CD4+ T cell counts > 350//μl responded better to cART than those with the counts < 350/μl. These findings indicate that the impairment of JAK-STAT pathway may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 disease.

Meteorological parameters used for examining the relationship with the monthly EV-A71 and CVA16 data. (XLSX 10Â kb)

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease caused by a group of enteroviruses, including Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) and Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). In recent decades, Asian countries have experienced frequent and widespread HFMD outbreaks, with deaths predominantly among children. In several Asian countries, epidemics usually peak in the late spring/early summer, with a second small peak in late autumn/early winter. We investigated the possible underlying association between the seasonality of HFMD epidemics and meteorological variables, which could improve our ability to predict HFMD epidemics.

We report here the whole genomic analyses of two G4P[6] (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E931/2008/G4P[6], RVA/Human-wt/CHN/R1954/2013/G4P[6]), one G3P[6] (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/R946/2006/G3P[6]) and one G4P[8] (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E2484/2011/G4P[8]) group A rotavirus (RVA) strains detected in sporadic cases of diarrhea in humans in the city of Wuhan, China. All the four strains displayed a Wa-like genotype constellation. Strains E931 and R1954 shared a G4-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 constellation, whilst the 11 gene segments of strains R946 and E2484 were assigned to G3-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 and G4-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 genotypes, respectively. Phylogenetically, the VP7 gene of R946, NSP3 gene of E931, and 10 of 11 gene segments of E2484 (except for VP7 gene) belonged to lineages of human RVAs. On the other hand, based on available data, it was difficult to ascertain porcine or human origin of VP3 genes of strains E931 and R946, and NSP2 genes of strains R946 and R1954. The remaining genes of E2484, E931, R946 and R1954 were close to those of porcine RVAs from China, and/or porcine-like human RVAs. Taken together, our observations suggested that strain R1954 might have been derived from porcine RVAs, whilst strains R946 and E931 might be reassortants possessing human RVA-like gene segments on a porcine RVA genetic backbone. Strain E2484 might be derived from reassortment events involving acquisition of a porcine-like VP7 gene by a Wa-like human RVA strain. The present study provided important insights into zoonotic transmission and complex reassortment events involving human and porcine RVAs, reiterating the significance of whole-genomic analysis of RVA strains.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in host innate immunity against HIV-1 infection. We examined the impact of HIV-1 infection on viral restriction miRNAs in plasma of HIV-1-infected subjects. HIV-1-infected subjects had significantly lower plasma levels of HIV-1 restriction miRNAs (miRs-29a, -29b, -125b, -223, -198, and -382) than control subjects. Further in vitro studies showed that HIV-1 infection of macrophages suppressed production of the extracellular miRs-29b, -125b, and -223. These data demonstrate the compelling evidence that HIV-1 infection impairs host innate immunity by inhibiting antiviral miRNAs, which provide a possible mechanism for HIV-1 persistence in the host.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common among injection drug users (IDUs). There is accumulating evidence that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with HCV infection and disease progression. The present study was undertaken to determine the in vivo impact of heroin use on HCV infection and HCV-related circulating miRNA expression. Using the blood specimens from four groups of the study subjects (HCV-infected individuals, heroin users with/without HCV infection, and healthy volunteers), we found that HCV-infected heroin users had significantly higher viral load than HCV-infected non-heroin users (p = 0.0004). Measurement of HCV-related circulating miRNAs in plasma showed that miRs-122, 141, 29a, 29b, and 29c were significantly increased in the heroin users with HCV infection, whereas miR-351, an HCV inhibitory miRNA, was significantly decreased in heroin users as compared to control subjects. Further investigation identified a negative correlation between the plasma levels of miR-29 family members and severity of HCV infection based on aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI). In addition, heroin use and/or HCV infection also dysregulated a panel of plasma miRNAs. Taken together, these data for the first time revealed in vivo evidence that heroin use and/or HCV infection alter circulating miRNAs, which provides a novel mechanism for the impaired innate anti-HCV immunity among IDUs.

Although segmented and unsegmented RNA viruses are commonplace, the evolutionary links between these two very different forms of genome organization are unclear. We report the discovery and characterization of a tick-borne virus--Jingmen tick virus (JMTV)--that reveals an unexpected connection between segmented and unsegmented RNA viruses. The JMTV genome comprises four segments, two of which are related to the nonstructural protein genes of the genus Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae), whereas the remaining segments are unique to this virus, have no known homologs, and contain a number of features indicative of structural protein genes. Remarkably, homology searching revealed that sequences related to JMTV were present in the cDNA library from Toxocara canis (dog roundworm; Nematoda), and that shared strong sequence and structural resemblances. Epidemiological studies showed that JMTV is distributed in tick populations across China, especially Rhipicephalus and Haemaphysalis spp., and experiences frequent host-switching and genomic reassortment. To our knowledge, JMTV is the first example of a segmented RNA virus with a genome derived in part from unsegmented viral ancestors.

BACKGROUND:Rotaviruses are a major etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. Since the latter of the 1990s, G3 human rotaviruses referred to as "new variant G3" have emerged and spread in China, being a dominant genotype until 2010, although their genomic evolution has not yet been well investigated. METHODS:The complete genomes of 33 G3P[8] human rotavirus strains detected in Wuhan, China, from 2000 through 2013 were analyzed. Phylogenetic trees of concatenated sequences of all the RNA segments and individual genes were constructed together with published rotavirus sequences. RESULTS:Genotypes of 11 gene segments of all the 33 strains were assigned to G3-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1, belonging to Wa genogroup. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated full genome sequences indicated that all the modern G3P[8] strains were assigned to Cluster 2 containing only one clade of G3P[8] strains in the US detected in the 1970s, which was distinct from Cluster 1 comprising most of old G3P[8] strains. While main lineages of all the 11 gene segments persisted during the study period, different lineages appeared occasionally in RNA segments encoding VP1, VP4, VP6, and NSP1-NSP5, exhibiting various allele constellations. In contrast, only a single lineage was detected for VP7, VP2, and VP3 genes. Remarkable lineage shift was observed for NSP1 gene; lineage A1-2 emerged in 2007 and became dominant in 2008-2009 epidemic season, while lineage A1-1 persisted throughout the study period. CONCLUSION:Chinese G3P[8] rotavirus strains have evolved since 2000 by intra-genogroup reassortment with co-circulating strains, accumulating more reassorted genes over the years. This is the first large-scale whole genome-based study to assess the long-term evolution of common human rotaviruses (G3P[8]) in an Asian country.

目的 构建同步测定肉制品中柠檬黄、新红、苋菜红、胭脂红、日落黄、诱惑红、红色2G、亮蓝、酸性红、赤藓红、酸性橙Ⅱ等11种合成色素的高效液相色谱法(HPLC),对市售肉制品中色素进行监测.方法 采用固相萃取技术,用乙醇氨水水溶液提取样品中色素并经WAX小柱(150 mg,30μm)净化,采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-PDA)检测.结果 HPLC法测定11种色素在1.00～20.0 μg/ml范围内有较好的线性关系,r均＞0.999,方法检出限为0.02 ～0.06 mg/kg,样品加标平均回收率为81.1％ ～ 100.8％,RSD为1.3％～4.9％(n=6).用本方法监测259份市售肉制品,不同色素的检出率为0％ ～ 22.0％.结论 方法具有较高的选择性和灵敏度,回收率和重现性良好,适用于肉制品中11种色素分析,具有推广应用价值.

Objective To provide guidance for health-policy making by investigating health service needs and utilization for elderly aged 60 and over in WuHan.Methods With stratified group randomly sampling,2 171 Wuhan residents,aged over 60 years and living in Wuhan for at least 1 year,were interviewed person to person by trained public health surveyors.Results Prevalence of chronic diseases in elderly aged 60 and over reached as high as 65.00%.The top three leading chronic diseases were hypertension,diabetes and coronary heart disease;24.60% of which were ill without consulting doctor in the past month,and 30% of which never had a physical examination.As for health knowledge,they need knowledge of common diseases most,and for health service,they need regular physical examination most.Conclusions Health service needs of the elderly are increasing,but the utilization of health services is not optimistic.Public health services should be provided with appropriate modes,which are:acceptable for the seniors,the services should based on the needs of the elderly,and can be adjusted according to their demand.

The purpose of this study was to assess the association of receptivity to pro-smoking media and cigarette smoking among adolescents in China and updating data on smoking prevalence and typology. Data were collected from a random sample (n=553) of vocational high school students in Wuhan, China, with a response rate of 99%. Media receptivity was assessed using the Adolescent Tobacco Media Receptivity Scale (ATMRS, score range of 1-4). Smoking typology including habitual smokers and chippers, and smoking prevalence in one day, two days, one week, one month, two months, six months and one year were assessed. Reported smoking was verified using exhaled carbon monoxide. It was found that the initiation rates of smoking were 71.3% for boys and 27.4% for girls with 45% of the boys and 6.3% of the girls smoking in the past 30 days. Of the smokers, 40.7% were self-stoppers and 29.6% were chippers. The mean ATMRS score was 2.45 (SD=0.83) with boys scoring higher than girls. ATMRS scores were significantly associated with initiation and after-initiation smoking assessed at various durations. Findings of this study imply that Chinese youth are highly receptive to pro-tobacco media. Social marketing against tobacco advertising should be adopted as an important strategy for tobacco control in China. In addition, the period of 30-day appears to be an optimal choice to assess cigarette smoking as conventionally used in past research.

Objective Establish an analytical method of Red 2G in meat product by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Methods Red 2G in meat product was extracted by ethylate-ammonia solution and purified by polyamide,then analyzed with HPLC-PDA.Results The standard curve showed good linearity in the range of 1.00-20.00 μg/ml;the LOD was 0.1 mg/kg;the average recovery was between 79.9%-84.4%.The RSD was 2.20%-6.45 %(n=6).Conclusion This method is suitable for analysis of Red 2G in meat product with high selectivity and sensitivity.

The group A rotavirus (RVA) G3P[9] is a rare VP7–VP4 genotype combination, detected occasionally in humans and cats. Other than the prototype G3P[9] strain, RVA/Human- tc/JPN/AU-l/1982/G3P3[9], the whole genomes of only two human G3P[9] RVA strains and two feline G3P[9] RVA strains have been analyzed so far, revealing complex evolutionary patterns, distinct from that of AU-1. We report here the whole genomic analyses of two human G3P[9] RVA strains, RVA/Human-tc/CHN/L621/2006/G3P[9] and RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E2451/2011/G3P[9], detected in patients with diarrhea in China. Strains L621 and E2451 possessed a H6 NSP5 genotype on an AU-1-like genotype constellation, not reported previously. However, not all the genes of L621 and E2451 were closely related to those of AU-1, or to each other, revealing different evolutionary patterns among the AU-1-like RVAs. The VP7, VP4, VP6 and NSP4 genes of E2451 and L621 were found to cluster together with human G3P[9] RVA strains believed to be of possible feline/canine origin, and feline or raccoon dog RVA strains. The VP1, VP3, NSP2 and NSP5 genes of E2451 and L621 formed distinct clusters in genotypes typically found in feline/canine RVA strains or RVA strains from other host species which are believed to be of feline/canine RVA origin. The VP2 genes of E2451 and L621, and NSP3 gene of L621 clustered among RVA strains from different host species which are believed to have a complete or partial feline/canine RVA origin. The NSP1 genes of E2451 and L621, and NSP3 gene of E2451 clustered with AU-1 and several other strains possessing a complete or partial feline RVA strain BA222-05-like genotype constellation. Taken together, these observations suggest that nearly all the eleven gene segments of G3P[9] RVA strains L621 and E2451 might have originated from feline/canine RVAs, and that reassortments may have occurred among these feline/canine RVA strains, before being transmitted to humans.

Objective To investigate the anti-tumor effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides( LBP) on the human prostate carcinoma DU-145 cells and its mechanism. Method After treating the cells with different concentrations of LBP,the morphological change of DU-145 cells was observed under microscope; the MTT assay was used to examine the inhibition effect of LBP on DU-145 cells,TUNEL was used to examine the apoptosis of DU-145 cells; and flow-cytometry was used to analyze the Cell cycle and apoptosis of the DU-145 cells. Result Different concentrations of LBP could inhibit the proliferation of DU-145 cells,and showed the feature of time / dose dependent,the growth of cells was blocked at G0 / G1 stage. With the increase of the LBP concentration,apoptosis of DU-145 cells increased. Compared with the control,there was a significant difference and the chart of FCM showed an obvious apoptosis peak. Conclusion LBP could inhibit the proliferation of DU-145 cells in vitro and had obvious anti-tumor effect,the mechanism might be related with the block of the growth of DU-145 cells,and its influence on inducing apoptosis.

Objective To investigate the illegal use of red 2G in sausage product and provide scientific basis for hazard analysis.Methods Stratified sampling was used to collect 156 sausage samples from supermarket,country fair and boutique in Wuhan urban area.The content of red 2G was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),Chromatographic column for Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)column by using methyl alcohol and ammonium acetate(0.02 mol/L)as mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at 35 ℃.The detector at 530 nm with a injection volume of 10 μl.Results Red 2G were detected in 23 sausage products and the contamination ratio was 14.74%.In positive samples,it ranged from 0.20 to 5.21 mg/kg.Conclusion The illegal use of red 2G in sausage was serious and we should bring it into the routine food safety monitoring project.

In this paper, one newly recorded genus, Amblyomma, and four newly recorded species, A. testudinarium, Haemaphysalis phasiana, H. hystricis, and Ixodes sinensis, are summarized. The genus and species belong to Ixodidae and are distributed in Hubei province, China. Their specimens are preserved in the Insect Collections, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

记述分布于湖北的蜱总科1新纪录科:软蜱科(Argasidae)及4新纪录种:蝙蝠锐缘蜱A.vespertilionis(Latreille,1802)、长蝠硬蜱Ixodes vespertilionis Koch、拟蓖硬蜱I.nuttallianusSchulze和草原硬蜱I.crenulatus Koch.

PurposeThis study aims to examine whether, in the opinion of patients selected in 13 hospitals of Hubei province, China, hospitals are smoke free. Patients were also asked whether their physicians had inquired about their smoking status.Design/methodology/approachPatients were recruited through an intercept method (i.e. stopped by the interviewer while in the hospital); data were collected through interviews, with a response rate of 96.1 percent.FindingsAmong the intercepted patients, 48.3 percent reported having seen people smoking in hospitals; 22.3 percent had seen a doctor and/or nurse smoking; 23.8 percent had smelled tobacco in hospitals; 68.4 percent reported having seen “no‐smoking” signs in hospital settings; 42.6 percent reported having been asked about smoking status in their latest visit to a doctor and 23.8 percent reported receiving tobacco cessation counseling. Compared to hospitals in large cities, patients from medium/small city hospitals reported significantly higher levels of cigarette smoking among physicians, and poorer implementation of regulations for a smoking‐free hospital, and less smoking cessation counseling by physicians.Originality/valueFindings of this study point to the need for greater efforts to be made in promoting a smoke free environment in hospitals, as well as encouraging physicians to provide more smoking cessation counseling to smoking patients, particularly physicians in small and medium hospitals.

Purpose - The paper seeks to report data on cigarette smoking, anti- smoking practices, physicians' receipt of anti-smoking training, and the association between receipt of the training and anti-smoking practice among physicians in Wuhan, China.Design/methodology/approach - Participants were selected through the stratified random sampling method. The questionnaires were completed by the sampled physicians and the response rate of the survey was 98.1 percent.Findings - Among the total sample, 11 percent were current smokers. Significantly more male physicians than female physicians were current smokers (31.6 vs 0.9 percent, p, 0.001). In total, 41 percent of physicians always or often asked patients about smoking habits, and 61 percent of them often advised patients to quit. Receiving anti-tobacco training significantly increased the likelihood for physicians to ask patients about smoking (odd ratio = 2.55, p, 0.001) and to advise patients against smoking (odd ratio = 4.05, p < 0.001) with and without controlling gender, age, education, type of hospital and medical services specialty.Practical implications - More effort should be devoted to training for physicians with focus on anti-smoking practice and smoking cessation counseling in addition to assist physicians themselves to quit smoking.Originality/value - The findings of this study update the data regarding cigarette smoking among physicians in Wuhan, China, and their practice of anti- tobacco counseling. It indicates that it is very important to provide the training regarding anti- smoking counseling among physicians.