In the clinical ethics conference, individual cases are examined as problems to be addressed in a clinical setting. Various types of conflict over care policy are found in each case among the persons concerned–patients, their family members, and care providers–caused by differences of concept or practice of care, basic values, etc. Since these conflicts mostly arise in the form of communication problems, this article classifies some patterns of conversation model, analyzes the structure of the relationship among those concerned, and considers major points. By focusing on the mechanism of individual communication problems, a basic concept of the coping process is proposed.
In this paper I examine the issues related to the robot with mind. To create a robot with mind aims to recreate neuro function by engineering. The robot with mind is expected not only to process external information by the built-in program and behave accordingly, but also to gain the consciousness activity responding multiple conditions and flexible and interactive communication skills coping with unknown situation. That prospect is based on the development of artificial intelligence in which self-organizing and self-emergent functions have been available in recent years. To date, controllable aspects in robotics have been restricted to data making and programming of cognitive abilities, while consciousness activities and communication skills have been regarded as uncontrollable aspects due to their contingency and uncertainty. However, some researchers of robotics claim that every activity of the mind can be recreated by engineering and is therefore controllable. Based on the development of the cognitive abilities of children and the findings of neuroscience, researchers have attempted to produce the latest artificial intelligence with autonomous learning systems. I conclude that controllability is inconsistent with autonomy in the genuine sense and autonomous robots recreated by engineering cannot be autonomous partners of humans.
Chapitre 3. Cerveau, esprit, corps et société : système autonome en robotiqueDans cet article j’examine les questions soulevées par le robot intelligent. La création d’un robot intelligent vise a recréer la fonction neurologique par l’ingénierie. On s’attend à ce que le robot intelligent soit capable non seulement de traiter des informations externes grâce au programme intégré et de se comporter en conséquence, mais aussi d’acquérir l’activité consciente en réponse à de multiples conditions et des capacités de communication souples et interactives en faisant face à des situations inconnues. Cette perspective est basée sur le développement de l’intelligence artificielle où les fonctions auto-organisatrices et auto-émergentes sont disponibles ces dernières années. Jusqu’à présent, les aspects contrôlables en robotique ont été limités à la production de données et à la programmation de capacités cognitives, alors que les activités conscientes et les compétences en communication ont été considérées comme des aspects incontrôlables du fait de leur éventualité et de leur incertitude. Cependant, certains chercheurs en robotique prétendent que chaque activité mentale peut être recréée par l’ingénierie et est donc contrôlable. Sur la base du développement des capacités cognitives des enfants et des découvertes de la neuroscience, les chercheurs ont tenté de produire la toute dernière intelligence artificielle avec des systèmes d’apprentissage autonomes. J’en conclus que la contrôlabilité est incompatible avec l’autonomie au sens authentique et que les robots autonomes recréés par l’ingénierie ne peuvent être des partenaires autonomes des humains.
The 8th Conference “Advanced Technologies and Bioethics” was taking place on 7th–8th September, 2011 at Moscow University for the Humanities. It was organized by the International Society for Clinical Bioethics, Russian Committee on Bioethics under the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO, UNESCO Moscow Office and the Institute of Fundamental and Applied Studies at MosUH. The conference became one of the significant events of the international activity for the scientific community of bioethicists from Russia and foreign countries. Representatives of world bioethics outstanding scientists, experts and researchers, including Boris Yudin (Russia), Awaya Tsuyoshi (Japan), Gordana Pelcic (Croatia) and others — took part in the conference. In this section we publish some theses of the participants' presentations: ◊ A. Tsuyoshi (Japan) Do We Humankind Need Androids? ◊ B. G. Yudin (Russia) Otlozhennye uroki (issledovaniia v Gvatemale, 1946–1948 gg.) ◊ G. Pelcic (Croatia) Children and Healthcare Decision Making ◊ I. V. Siluianova (Russia) Bioeticheskii nigilizm i biomeditsinskie tekhnologii ◊ M. Shimoda (Japan) Philosophical Implication of Advanced Medical Engineering ◊ T. V. Mishatkina, I. P. Merkulova, T. V. Glinkina (Belorussiia) Novye obrazovatel'nye tekhnologii v prepodavanii bioetiki ◊ S. Morimoto (Japan) An Ethics Education Model for Healthcare Providers ◊ S. Vuletic (Croatia) Physician Today — Ethical Aspects of Working in Healthcare System Today ◊ M. E. Guryleva (Russia) Umiraiushchii bol'noi ◊ M. Tatsuya (Japan) Re-thinking the First Euthanasia Case in Japan, 1950 ◊ A. Gjuran-Coha (Croatia) Different Ways of Communication — Sign Language ◊ N. Morishita (Japan) “Transformation of Family” and Medical Ethics — Host Mother Birth as a Test Case ◊ A. Volaric Mrsic (Croatia) A Physician Faced with a Choice: Costs or Benefit? Ethical Aspects ◊ T. Kuramochi (Japan) An Approach to Bioethics of Victims; a Portrait of a SAMURAI in Fukusima ◊ E. R. Valdes Meza (Chile, USA) The Problem of Principlism ◊ V. V. Vlasov, L. E. Ziganshina (Russia) Konflikt interesov pri priniatii reshenii v zdravookhranenii i puti ego preodoleniia ◊ P. D. Tishchenko (Russia) Biotekhnologii: problema sotsial'no raspredelennogo proizvodstva znanii, ekspertizy i otvetstvennosti ◊ L. Tomasevic, A. Jelicic (Croatia) Concept of Person in Modern Bioethical Debate ◊ V. I. Moiseev (Russia) Transdistsiplinarnye tekhnologii i bioetika ◊ E. G. Grebenshchikova (Russia) Transdistsiplinarnye izmereniia biotekhnologicheskikh innovatsii ◊ K. Kai (Japan) Legal and Ethical Issues of Neuroscience ◊ F. T. Nezhmetdinova (Russia) Konvergentsiia NBIK-tekhnologii v zerkale bioetiki ◊ S. Karacic (Croatia), E. Shataeva (Russia) Bioethical Problems of Improvement of Rehabilitation Industry / Bioeticheskie problemy razvitiia reabilitatsionnoi industrii ◊ R. R. Belialetdinov (Russia) Problema nepredskazuemosti riskov v etike novykh tekhnologii ◊ O. Popova (Russia) Ethical Aspects of the Impact on the Human Body in Relation to Medical Technology Development: the Cultural Context ◊ T. A. Sidorova (Russia) Moral'nyi konflikt v bioeticheskom kazuse ◊ M. A. Tetiushkin (Russia) Nevroticheskie rasstroistva kak komponent «chelovecheskogo faktora» v chrezvychainykh situatsiiakh ◊ I. L. Maksimov (Russia) Rossiiskii vrach: etiko-pravovye aspekty deiatel'nosti ◊ A. V. Kashin (Russia) Sovremennyi vrach — formirovanie eticheskikh aspektov raboty v sovremennoi sisteme zdravookhraneniia ◊ A. D. Trubetskov (Russia) Eticheskie problemy meditsiny truda v usloviiakh innovatsionnoi deiatel'nosti ◊E. Kh. Barinov, P. O. Romodanovskii (Russia) Izuchenie prichin vrachebnykh oshibok i otnoshenie k nim vrachei ◊F. G. Mailenova (Russia) Eticheskie aspekty raboty po izmeneniiu ubezhdenii v modeli NLP
【目的と方法】大阪大学医学部附属病院高度救命救急センターでは,2003年より救急医療の現場で生じる倫理的問題に対し,臨床倫理検討を行ってきた。今回,臨床倫理的視点から終末期医療の現状と課題を示すことを目的に後方視的検討を行った。【結果】日本救急医学会の「救急医療における終末期医療に関する提言」で示された「終末期の定義」に該当したのは15症例あり,臨床的脳死状態または癌の終末期状態と診断されていた7症例では終末期の判断に異論はなかったが,重症心不全や呼吸不全では臓器の不可逆性や数日以内の死亡予測に関して意見の相違があり,終末期と判断して積極的な治療を控えることに医療者の強い抵抗感が生まれる症例がみられた。終末期について,患者自身の意向を知ることができたのは2例のみであり,他の13症例では患者家族と医師・看護師・臨床心理士などが協力して患者の意向を把握するように努めた。離脱困難なPCPS(percutaneous cardiopulmonary support),ECMO(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)治療については,社会的公平性の観点からも検討を行い,心移植や補助人工心臓の適応にならない5症例においては,治療を継続することの妥当性が論点となった。終末期と判断した症例ではend-of-life careは救命救急センター内で行われ,ICUのベッドをend-of-life careに使用することに関して,医療者間で意見の相違がみられた。【結語】救命救急センターにおける終末期医療には,早急に解決することが困難な倫理的問題が数多く存在する。症例ごとに多職種を交えて医学的視点,患者の視点,社会的視点から検討を行い,終末期医療の課題を医療者と患者家族が具体的に認識・共有することにより,施設の状況や患者の意向を重視した柔軟な対応が可能になると考える。
生体肝移植のドナーとしての意思決定に対して家族間で軋轢が生じ,臨床倫理問題について検討が必要であった症例を経験したので報告する。症例は40代,女性。薬剤性肝障害で意識障害が進行するため当院へ転院となった。来院時,肝性脳症III度,PT 19%,総ビリルビン濃度26.6mg/dlであった。集中治療を行ったが患者の意識状態が悪化したため,家族に最後の治療手段として生体肝移植の選択肢を提示した。ドナー候補は離婚した父親だけであった。父親は移植ドナーを希望したが,内縁の妻は手術に反対であった。手術までの過程で家族関係は急激に悪化したが,最終的には医学倫理委員会でドナーの同意権の妥当性を確認した上で,父親の意思を尊重して手術が行われた。患者は,肝不全,敗血症を合併して数カ月後に死亡した。意識障害を伴う難治性の急性肝不全症例では,最後の治療手段として生体肝移植を患者家族に提示した時点で,ドナー候補は,「自由な意思決定」が望まれるが,「時間的制約」の中で心理的圧力を受ける。ドナー候補の意思決定のいかんに関わらず,ドナー候補・家族に対する心理的な支援体制が必要である。
This paper aims to consider the public policy and regulation system of genetic medicine in Japan from the viewpoint of the ethical and social implications of genetic information. This examination is conducted in line with the relation between genetic analysis as a research area and genetic testing and counseling as a clinical area, government and expert groups, and legislation and guidelines. We can find such problems as possible violation of genetic privacy by clinical genetic testing and non-medical business use of genetic information. On the basis of this consideration, we propose that it is necessary to establish a basic and comprehensive law and official guidelines that would regulate all areas of genetic technology including genetic research, clinical practice, and non-medical use of genetic information.
NOTE: 資料1: 別表 2005年度の機関別・遺伝学的検査数および遺伝カウンセリング数, 資料2: 遺伝子診療とその社会文化的側面についてのアンケート調査, 資料3: 遺伝子診療とその社会文化的側面についてのアンケート調査・単純集計表. 本文および資料はそれぞれ別PDFファイル
In Japan, "death with dignity" is a widely known term that is distinguished from "euthanasia." It is generally defined as "the act of letting a terminally ill or a patient in a persistent vegetative state die by withdrawing life-sustaining treatment on request in the form of a living will." Most Japanese people consider death with dignity a desirable way of terminating one's life and it is therefore acceptable as a "natural death" or "humane death." Originally, death with dignity was regarded as a passive intervention, but since the 1990s, its connotations have changed in western countries; people claim that voluntary active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide should be legalized as death with dignity or the "right to die." In this paper, I examine the points and problems of this new type of death with dignity and propose an alternative version of death with dignity especially for the Japanese context, i.e. the end-of-life care process in support of terminal living with dignity.
Résumé Au Japon le terme bien connu de « mort avec dignité » se distingue de « l’euthanasie ». On le définit en général comme « le fait de permettre à un patient en phase terminale de sa maladie ou dans un état végétatif persistant de mourir en lui retirant un traitement de maintien en vie à la demande sous forme de testament vivant ». La plupart des Japonais considèrent que la mort avec dignité est une manière souhaitable de mettre un terme à sa vie et qu’elle est donc acceptable comme « mort naturelle » ou « mort humaine ». A l’origine, la mort avec dignité était considérée comme intervention passive, mais depuis les années 1990, les connotations ont changé dans les pays occidentaux ; les gens pensent que l’euthanasie active volontaire et le suicide assisté par un médecin devraient être légalisés en tant que mort avec dignité ou « le droit de mourir ». Dans cet article, j’examine les aspects et les problèmes de ce nouveau type de mort avec dignité et je propose une version alternative de la mort avec dignité qui conviendrait spécialement au contexte japonais, c’est-à-dire le processus de soins de fin de vie pour soutenir la fin de vie avec dignité.